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Kim S, Kaiser P, Borowska D, Vervelde L. Synergistic effect of co-stimulation of membrane and endosomal TLRs on chicken innate immune responses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 199:15-21. [PMID: 29678225 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands (TLR-Ls) are critical activators of immunity and are successfully being developed as vaccine adjuvants in both mammals and birds. In this study, we investigated the synergistic effect of co-stimulation of membrane and endosomal TLRs on the innate immune responses using chicken bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs), and studied the effect of age on the induction of innate responses. BMMs from 1 and 4-week-old birds were stimulated with Pam3Cys-SK4 (PCSK; TLR2), synthetic monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA), Di[3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonyl]-lipid A ammonium salt (KLA; TLR4), Gardiquimod, Resiquimod (R848; TLR7), CpG class B and C (TLR21). Nitric oxide (NO) production and mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-10 and IL-12p40 showed macrophages from 4-week-old birds showed more sensitive responses compared to 1-week-old birds. The most potent TLR-Ls, PCSK, MPLA and CpG B were used to study the effect of co-stimulation on macrophages. Co-stimulation with TLR21 and TLR4 synergistically up-regulated inflammatory-related genes, as well as NO production. However, incubation of splenocytes with PCSK, MPLA and CpG B did not induce cell proliferation. Moreover, treatment with CpG B led to significant cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwon Kim
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Pete Kaiser
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Dominika Borowska
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
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Gholami M, Reimer C, Erbe M, Preisinger R, Weigend A, Weigend S, Servin B, Simianer H. Genome Scan for Selection in Structured Layer Chicken Populations Exploiting Linkage Disequilibrium Information. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130497. [PMID: 26151449 PMCID: PMC4494984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing interest is being placed in the detection of genes, or genomic regions, that have been targeted by selection because identifying signatures of selection can lead to a better understanding of genotype-phenotype relationships. A common strategy for the detection of selection signatures is to compare samples from distinct populations and to search for genomic regions with outstanding genetic differentiation. The aim of this study was to detect selective signatures in layer chicken populations using a recently proposed approach, hapFLK, which exploits linkage disequilibrium information while accounting appropriately for the hierarchical structure of populations. We performed the analysis on 70 individuals from three commercial layer breeds (White Leghorn, White Rock and Rhode Island Red), genotyped for approximately 1 million SNPs. We found a total of 41 and 107 regions with outstanding differentiation or similarity using hapFLK and its single SNP counterpart FLK respectively. Annotation of selection signature regions revealed various genes and QTL corresponding to productions traits, for which layer breeds were selected. A number of the detected genes were associated with growth and carcass traits, including IGF-1R, AGRP and STAT5B. We also annotated an interesting gene associated with the dark brown feather color mutational phenotype in chickens (SOX10). We compared FST, FLK and hapFLK and demonstrated that exploiting linkage disequilibrium information and accounting for hierarchical population structure decreased the false detection rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Gholami
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Christian Reimer
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Malena Erbe
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Annett Weigend
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics (ING), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Neustadt, Germany
| | - Steffen Weigend
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics (ING), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Neustadt, Germany
| | - Bertrand Servin
- Laboratoire Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d’Elevage, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Henner Simianer
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Bao L, Alexander JB, Shi VY, Mohan GC, Chan LS. Interleukin-4 up-regulation of epidermal interleukin-19 expression in keratinocytes involves the binding of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (Stat6) to the imperfect Stat6 sites. Immunology 2015; 143:601-8. [PMID: 24943510 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-19 (IL-19) plays an important role in asthma by stimulating T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine production. Interestingly, IL-4, a key Th2 cytokine, in turn up-regulates IL-19 expression in bronchial epithelial cells, so forming a positive feedback loop. In atopic dermatitis (AD), another Th2 disease closely related to asthma, IL-19 is up-regulated in the skin. We propose to use IL-4 transgenic (Tg) mice and human keratinocyte culture to delineate the molecular mechanisms involved in the up-regulation of IL-19 in AD. IL-19 is similarly up-regulated in the skin of IL-4 Tg mice as in human AD. Next we show that IL-4 up-regulates IL-19 expression in keratinocytes. Interestingly, the up-regulation was suppressed by a pan-Janus kinase (Jak) inhibitor, suggesting that the Jak-signal transducer and activator of transcription (Jak-STAT) pathway may be involved. Dominant negative studies further indicate that STAT6, but not other STATs, mediates the up-regulation. Serial 5' deletion of the IL-19 promoter and mutagenesis studies demonstrate that IL-4 up-regulation of IL-19 in keratinocytes involves two imperfect STAT6 response elements. Finally, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay studies indicate that IL-4 increases the binding of STAT6 to its response elements in the IL-19 promoter. Taken together, we delineate the detailed molecular pathway for IL-4 up-regulation of IL-19 in keratinocytes, which may play an important role in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Bao
- Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
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Gholami M, Erbe M, Gärke C, Preisinger R, Weigend A, Weigend S, Simianer H. Population genomic analyses based on 1 million SNPs in commercial egg layers. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94509. [PMID: 24739889 PMCID: PMC3989219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying signatures of selection can provide valuable insight about the genes or genomic regions that are or have been under selective pressure, which can lead to a better understanding of genotype-phenotype relationships. A common strategy for selection signature detection is to compare samples from several populations and search for genomic regions with outstanding genetic differentiation. Wright's fixation index, FST, is a useful index for evaluation of genetic differentiation between populations. The aim of this study was to detect selective signatures between different chicken groups based on SNP-wise FST calculation. A total of 96 individuals of three commercial layer breeds and 14 non-commercial fancy breeds were genotyped with three different 600K SNP-chips. After filtering a total of 1 million SNPs were available for FST calculation. Averages of FST values were calculated for overlapping windows. Comparisons of these were then conducted between commercial egg layers and non-commercial fancy breeds, as well as between white egg layers and brown egg layers. Comparing non-commercial and commercial breeds resulted in the detection of 630 selective signatures, while 656 selective signatures were detected in the comparison between the commercial egg-layer breeds. Annotation of selection signature regions revealed various genes corresponding to productions traits, for which layer breeds were selected. Among them were NCOA1, SREBF2 and RALGAPA1 associated with reproductive traits, broodiness and egg production. Furthermore, several of the detected genes were associated with growth and carcass traits, including POMC, PRKAB2, SPP1, IGF2, CAPN1, TGFb2 and IGFBP2. Our approach demonstrates that including different populations with a specific breeding history can provide a unique opportunity for a better understanding of farm animal selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Gholami
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Malena Erbe
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Gärke
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Annett Weigend
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics (ING), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Neustadt, Germany
| | - Steffen Weigend
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics (ING), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Neustadt, Germany
| | - Henner Simianer
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Kapczynski DR, Jiang HJ, Kogut MH. Characterization of cytokine expression induced by avian influenza virus infection with real-time RT-PCR. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1161:217-33. [PMID: 24899432 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0758-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of how birds react to infection from avian influenza virus is critical to understanding disease pathogenesis and host response. The use of real-time (R) RT-PCR to measure innate immunity, including cytokine and interferon gene expression, has become a standard technique employed by avian immunologists interested in examining these responses. This technique utilizes nucleotide primers and fluorescent reporter molecules to measure amplification of the gene of interest. The use of RRT-PCR negates the need for northern blot analysis or DNA sequencing. It is simple, specific and sensitive for the gene of interest. However, it is dependent on knowing the target sequence prior to testing so that the optimal primers can be designed. The recent publication of genomic sequences of Gallus gallus, Meleagris gallopavo, and Anas platyrhynchos species makes it possible to measure cytokine expression in chicken, turkey, and duck species, respectively. Although these tests do not measure functionally expressed protein, the lack of antibodies to identify and quantify avian cytokines from different avian species makes this technique critical to any characterization of innate immune responses through cytokine and interferon activation or repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell R Kapczynski
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30605, USA,
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Sun Y, Biscarini F, Bovenhuis H, Parmentier HK, van der Poel JJ. Genetic parameters and across-line SNP associations differ for natural antibody isotypes IgM and IgG in laying hens. Anim Genet 2012; 44:413-24. [DOI: 10.1111/age.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Sun
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre; Wageningen University; PO Box 338; 6700 AH; Wageningen; The Netherlands
| | - F. Biscarini
- Department of Bioinformatics; Parco Tecnologico Padano; 26900; Lodi; Italy
| | - H. Bovenhuis
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre; Wageningen University; PO Box 338; 6700 AH; Wageningen; The Netherlands
| | - H. K. Parmentier
- Adaptation Physiology Group; Wageningen University; PO Box 338; 6700 AH; Wageningen; The Netherlands
| | - J. J. van der Poel
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre; Wageningen University; PO Box 338; 6700 AH; Wageningen; The Netherlands
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Kim S, Faris L, Cox CM, Sumners LH, Jenkins MC, Fetterer RH, Miska KB, Dalloul RA. Molecular characterization and immunological roles of avian IL-22 and its soluble receptor IL-22 binding protein. Cytokine 2012; 60:815-27. [PMID: 22980486 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As a member of the interleukin (IL)-10 family, IL-22 is an important mediator in modulating tissue responses during inflammation. Through activation of STAT3-signaling cascades, IL-22 induces proliferative and anti-apoptotic pathways, as well as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), that help prevent tissue damage and aid in its repair. This study reports the cloning and expression of recombinant chicken IL-22 (rChIL-22) and its soluble receptor, rChIL22BP, and characterization of biological effects of rChIL-22 during inflammatory responses. Similar to observations with mammalian IL-22, purified rChIL-22 had no effect on either peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or lymphocytes. This was due to the low expression of the receptor ChIL22RA1 chain compared to ChIL10RB chain. rChIL-22 alone did not affect chicken embryo kidney cells (CEKCs); however, co-stimulation of CEKCs with LPS and rChIL-22 enhanced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and AMPs. Furthermore, rChIL-22 alone stimulated and induced acute phase reactants in chicken embryo liver cells (CELCs). These effects of rChIL-22 were abolished by pre-incubation of rChIL-22 with rChIL22BP. Together, this study indicates an important role of ChIL-22 on epithelial cells and hepatocytes during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwon Kim
- Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Gallagher G. Interleukin-19: multiple roles in immune regulation and disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2011; 21:345-52. [PMID: 20889366 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
First reported in 1999, IL-19 remains a mystery in many ways. Despite appearing in many genome scans and candidate gene studies, and having been searched for specifically as part of the IL-10 family, its function is still to be defined. Nonetheless, a pattern of Th2 promotion is coalescing from this nebulous body of work, supported by increasing evidence for a role in asthma. Similarly, a clear but less intuitive role as a subtle immunomodulator is emerging in psoriasis and chronic inflammatory disorders in general. Indeed, several human diseases and their animal models have highlighted a role for IL-19. Key questions remain, relating to the nature of its receptor, its function (if any) on leukocytes and how its effects are distinguished by the cell from those of IL-20 and IL-24. In this review, I shall attempt to bring together a summary of the known work - disparate as it may be - as well as presenting a picture of these two important clinical disorders and the potential involvement of this somewhat enigmatic cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Gallagher
- Genetic Immunology Laboratory, HUMIGEN, The Institute for Genetic Immunology, 2439 Kuser Road, Hamilton, NJ 08690-3303, USA.
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