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Ramos L. Dimorphic Regulation of the MafB Gene by Sex Steroids in Hamsters, Mesocricetus auratus. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1728. [PMID: 38929347 PMCID: PMC11200555 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
MafB is a transcription factor that regulates macrophage differentiation. Macrophages are a traditional feature of the hamster Harderian gland (HG); however, studies pertaining to MafB expression in the HG are scant. Here, the full-length cDNA of the MafB gene in hamsters was cloned and sequenced. Molecular characterization revealed that MafB encodes a protein containing 323 amino acids with a DNA-binding domain, a transactivation domain, and a leucine zipper domain. qPCR assays indicated that MafB was expressed in different tissues of both sexes. The highest relative expression levels in endocrine tissues were identified in the pancreas. Gonadectomy in male hamsters was associated with significantly higher mRNA levels in the HG; replacement with dihydrotestosterone restored mRNA expression. The HG in male hamsters contained twofold more MafB mRNA than the HG of female hamsters. Adrenals revealed similar mRNA relative expression levels during the estrous cycle. The estrous phase was associated with higher mRNA levels in the ovary. A significantly up-regulated expression and sexual dimorphism of MafB was found in the pancreas. Therefore, MafB in the HG may play an active role in the macrophage differentiation required for phagocytosis activity and intraocular repair. Additionally, sex steroids appear to strongly influence the MafB expression in the HG and pancreas. These studies highlight the probable biological importance of MafB in immunological defense and pancreatic β cell regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Ramos
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City 14080, Mexico
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Ortiz M, Esteban MÁ. Biology and functions of fish thrombocytes: A review. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 148:109509. [PMID: 38493985 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
This comprehensive review examines the role of fish thrombocytes, cells considered functionally analogous to platelets in terms of coagulation, but which differ in their origin and morphology. Despite the evolutionary distance between teleosts and mammals, genomic studies reveal conserved patterns in blood coagulation, although there are exceptions such as the absence of factors belonging to the contact system. Beyond coagulation, fish thrombocytes have important immunological functions. These cells express both proinflammatory genes and genes involved in antigen presentation, suggesting a role in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Moreover, having demonstrated their phagocytic abilities, crucial in the fight against pathogenic microorganisms, underscores their multifaceted involvement in immunity. Finally, the need for further research on the functions of these cells is highlighted, in order to better understand their involvement in maintaining the health of aquaculture fish. The use of standardized and automated methods for the analysis of these activities is advocated, emphaiszing their potential to facilitate the early detection of stress or infection, thus minimizing the economic losses that these adverse situations can generate in the field of aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ortiz
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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Gouife M, Zhu S, Huang K, Nawaz M, Yue X, Ma R, Jiang J, Zhou S, Xie J. Identification and functional characterization of Interleukin-11 in goldfish ( Carassius auratus L.). FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 5:100117. [PMID: 37771817 PMCID: PMC10523422 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-11 (IL-11) is a versatile cytokine that modulates cellular differentiation and proliferation in various cell types and tissues. In this study, IL-11 gene from goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) has been identified and characterized. Goldfish IL-11 (gfIL-11) has an open reading frame (ORF) that spans 591 base pairs (bp). The ORF encodes a precursor protein consisting of 196 amino acids (aa), which includes a 26 aa signal peptide and a conserved domain belonging to the IL-11 superfamily. Based on phylogenetic analysis, gfIL-11 was found to be closely related to other IL-11 homologues identified in various fish species. The gfIL-11 transcript exhibited varied expression levels across all the analyzed tissues, with the highest expression observed in the gill and spleen. Treatment of goldfish head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) with LPS and live Aeromonas hydrophila, increased gfIL-11 mRNA expression level. Recombinant gfIL-11 protein (rgIL-11) induced a dose-dependent production of TNF-α and IFNγ from goldfish HKLs. Furthermore, the administration of rgIL-11 to goldfish HKLs triggered an increase in the expression of various transcription factors such as MafB, cJun, GATA2, and Egr1, which play a vital role in the differentiation of myeloid precursors into macrophages and monocytes. Our findings provide evidence that IL-11 is a crucial cytokine that promotes cell proliferation, immune response, and differentiation across various hematopoietic lineages and stages of goldfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa Gouife
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Songwei Zhu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Kejing Huang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Mateen Nawaz
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Xinyuan Yue
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Rongrong Ma
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Jianhu Jiang
- Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313001, China
| | - Suming Zhou
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Jiasong Xie
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
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Gouife M, Wang F, Ban Z, Yue X, Jiang J, Xie J. Molecular and functional characterization of two granulocyte colony stimulating factors in goldfish (Carassius auratus L.). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 268:110879. [PMID: 37490965 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2023.110879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) is a member of the hematopoietic growth factor family that acts primarily on neutrophils and neutrophilic precursors to promote cell proliferation and differentiation. Although multiple GCSF genes have been found in teleosts, knowledge of their functions during fish hematopoietic development is still limited. Here, we report for the first time the molecular and functional characterization of two goldfish GCSFs (gfGCSF-a and gfGCSF-b). The open reading frame (ORF) of the gfGCSF-a and gfGCSF-b cDNA transcript consisted respectively of 624 bp and 678 bp with its ORF encoding 207 and 225 amino acids (aa), with a 17 aa signal peptide for each gene and a conserved domain of the IL-6 superfamily. Treatment of goldfish head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) with LPS increased gfGCSF-a and gfGCSF-b mRNA expression levels, also exposure of HKLs to either heat-killed or live A. hydrophila, induced transcriptional upregulation of gfGCSF-a and gfGCSF-b levels. Recombinant gfGCSF-a and gfGCSF-b protein (rgGCSF-a and rgGCSF-b) induced a dose-dependent production of TNFα and IL-1β from goldfish neutrophils. In vitro experiments showed rgGCSF-a and rgGCSF-b differentially promoted the proliferation and differentiation of leukocytes in goldfish. Furthermore, treatment of HKLs with rgGCSF-a showed significant upregulation of mRNA levels of the hematopoietic transcription factor GATA2, Runx1, MafB, and cMyb, while gfGCSF-b induces not only all four transcriptional factors mentioned above but also CEBPα. Our results indicate that goldfish GCSF-a and GCSF-b are important regulators of neutrophil proliferation and differentiation, which could stimulate different stages and lineages of hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa Gouife
- Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313001, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China. https://twitter.com/Mouskharim
| | - Feiyang Wang
- Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313001, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Ziqi Ban
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Xinyuan Yue
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Jianhu Jiang
- Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313001, China.
| | - Jiasong Xie
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China; National Engineering Research Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
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Gouife M, Ban Z, Yue X, Jiang J, Xie J. Molecular characterization, gene expression and functional analysis of goldfish ( Carassius auratus L.) macrophage colony stimulating factor 2. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1235370. [PMID: 37593738 PMCID: PMC10431942 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1235370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Macrophage colony-stimulating factor 2 (MCSF-2) is an important cytokine that controls how cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage proliferate, differentiate, and survive in vertebrates. Two isoforms of MCSF have been identified in fish, each exhibiting distinct gene organization and expression patterns. In this study, we investigated a goldfish MCSF-2 gene in terms of its immunomodulatory and functional properties. Methods In this study, goldfish were acclimated for 3 weeks and sedated with TMS prior to handling. Two groups of fish were used for infection experiments, and tissues from healthy goldfish were collected for RNA isolation. cDNA synthesis was performed, and primers were designed based on transcriptome database sequences. Analysis of gfMCSF-2 sequences, including nucleotide and amino acid analysis, molecular mass prediction, and signal peptide prediction, was conducted. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to analyze gene expression levels, while goldfish head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) were isolated using standard protocols. The expression of gfMCSF-2 in activated HKLs was investigated, and recombinant goldfish MCSF-2 was expressed and purified. Western blot analysis, cell proliferation assays, and flow cytometric analysis of HKLs were performed. Gene expression analysis of transcription factors and pro-inflammatory cytokines in goldfish head kidney leukocytes exposed to rgMCSF-2 was conducted. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA and Dunnett's post hoc test was applied. Results We performed a comparative analysis of MCSF-1 and MCSF-2 at the protein and nucleotide levels using the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm. The results revealed significant differences between the two sequences, supporting the notion that they represent distinct genes rather than isoforms of the same gene. Sequence alignment demonstrated high sequence identity with MCSF-2 homologs from fish species, particularly C. carpio, which was supported by phylogenetic analysis. Expression analysis in various goldfish tissues demonstrated differential expression levels, with the spleen exhibiting the highest expression. In goldfish head kidney leukocytes, gfMCSF-2 expression was modulated by chemical stimuli and bacterial infection, with upregulation observed in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and live Aeromonas hydrophila. Recombinant gfMCSF-2 (rgMCSF-2) was successfully expressed and purified, showing the ability to stimulate cell proliferation in HKLs. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that rgMCSF-2 induced differentiation of sorted leukocytes at a specific concentration. Moreover, rgMCSF-2 treatment upregulated TNFα and IL-1β mRNA levels and influenced the expression of transcription factors, such as MafB, GATA2, and cMyb, in a time-dependent manner. Conclusion Collectively, by elucidating the effects of rgMCSF-2 on cell proliferation, differentiation, and the modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and transcription factors, our findings provided a comprehensive understanding of the potential mechanisms underlying gfMCSF-2-mediated immune regulation. These results contribute to the fundamental knowledge of MCSF-2 in teleosts and establish a foundation for further investigations on the role of gfMCSF-2 in fish immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa Gouife
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ziqi Ban
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyuan Yue
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianhu Jiang
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Zhejiang Institule of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiasong Xie
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- National Engineering Research Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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Gouife M, Zhu S, Yue X, Nawaz M, Li X, Ma R, Jiang J, Jin S, Xie J. Characterization of the pro-inflammatory roles of the goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) M17 protein. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 145:104714. [PMID: 37085019 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The interleukin-6 family of cytokines possesses a diversity of roles with significant redundancy. The roles of these molecules have been relatively well characterized in mammals, with limited attention in other species. Progress has been made in the discovery of homologous molecules in fish. Here we report the characterization of pro-inflammatory properties of recombinant goldfish M17. Recombinant goldfish M17 enhanced phagocytosis, primed production of reactive oxygen intermediates, and was chemotactic to macrophages. Treatment of goldfish macrophages with LPS, heat-killed and live Aeromonas hydrophila resulted in higher M17 mRNA levels. Recombinant M17 (RgM17) induced dose-dependent production of IFNγ and IL-1β1 in goldfish macrophages. Furthermore, treatment of macrophages with rgM17 resulted in upregulation of transcription factors that were important in the differentiation of myeloid progenitors into monocytes/macrophages (Runx1 and GATA2). Our results indicate that goldfish M17 is an essential inflammatory cytokine for proliferation and differentiation of goldfish progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa Gouife
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Songwei Zhu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Xinyuan Yue
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Mateen Nawaz
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Xionglin Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Rongrong Ma
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Province, 315211, China
| | - Jianhu Jiang
- Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313001, China
| | - Shan Jin
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Province, 315211, China
| | - Jiasong Xie
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Province, 315211, China.
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Wang J, Soliman AM, Norlin J, Barreda DR, Stafford JL. Expression analysis of Carassius auratus-leukocyte-immune-type receptors (CaLITRs) during goldfish kidney macrophage development and in activated kidney leukocyte cultures. Immunogenetics 2023; 75:171-189. [PMID: 36806761 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-023-01298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Carassius auratus leukocyte immune-type receptors (CaLITRs) were recently discovered immunoregulatory receptors in goldfish that have diverse immunoglobulin-like (Ig-like) ectodomains and intracellular signaling motifs. Genomic analysis shows that CaLITR-types are also located as distinct gene clusters across multiple goldfish chromosomes. For example, CaLITR1 (unplaced) is a functionally ambiguous receptor having two Ig-like domains, a transmembrane domain (TM), and a short cytoplasmic tail (CYT) devoid of any recognizable signaling motifs. CaLITR2 (Chr47) is a putative inhibitory receptor containing four Ig-like domains, a TM, and a long CYT with an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM) and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motif (ITSM). A putative activating receptor-type, CaLITR3 (Chr3), has four Ig-like domains, a TM, and a short CYT containing a positively charged histidine residue and CaLITR4 (ChrLG28B) is a receptor with putative multifunctional signaling potential as well as five Ig-like domains, a TM, and a long tyrosine-motif containing CYT region. The variable genomic locations of the CaLITRs suggest that they are likely under the influence of different cis- and/or trans-regulatory elements. To better understand the transcriptional activities of select CaLITRs from variable genomic regions, we used an RT-qPCR-based approach to examine the expression of CaLITR1, CaLITR2, CaLITR3, and CaLITR4 during goldfish primary kidney macrophage (PKM) development and in mixed leukocyte reaction cultures (MLRs) of the goldfish. Our results showed that the select CaLITRs are differentially expressed during PKM development and in goldfish MLRs exposed to T-cell mitogens/immunosuppressive drugs, supporting that the transcription of these CaLITRs is likely regulated by distinct cis- and/or trans-regulatory elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW 405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Amro M Soliman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW 405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Jeff Norlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW 405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Daniel R Barreda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW 405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW 405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.
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Knockout of mafba Causes Inner-Ear Developmental Defects in Zebrafish via the Impairment of Proliferation and Differentiation of Ionocyte Progenitor Cells. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111699. [PMID: 34829928 PMCID: PMC8616026 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish is an excellent model for exploring the development of the inner ear. Its inner ear has similar functions to that of humans, specifically in the maintenance of hearing and balance. Mafba is a component of the Maf transcription factor family. It participates in multiple biological processes, but its role in inner-ear development remains poorly understood. In this study, we constructed a mafba knockout (mafba−/−) zebrafish model using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The mafba−/− mutant inner ear displayed severe impairments, such as enlarged otocysts, smaller or absent otoliths, and insensitivity to sound stimulation. The proliferation of p63+ epidermal stem cells and dlc+ ionocyte progenitors was inhibited in mafba−/− mutants. Moreover, the results showed that mafba deletion induces the apoptosis of differentiated K+-ATPase-rich (NR) cells and H+-ATPase-rich (HR) cells. The activation of p53 apoptosis and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest resulted from DNA damage in the inner-ear region, providing a mechanism to account for the inner ear deficiencies. The loss of homeostasis resulting from disorders of ionocyte progenitors resulted in structural defects in the inner ear and, consequently, loss of hearing. In conclusion, the present study elucidated the function of ionic channel homeostasis and inner-ear development using a zebrafish Mafba model and clarified the possible physiological roles.
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Two transcription factors PU.1a and PU.1b have different functions in the immune system of teleost ayu. Mol Immunol 2021; 133:1-13. [PMID: 33610121 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factor PU.1 is a regulator of macrophage function, however, the specific function of PU.1 in teleost monocytes/macrophages (MO/MФ) remains unknown. We determined the cDNA sequence of two PU.1 genes from ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis; PaPU.1a and PaPU.1b). Sequence comparisons showed that PaPU.1 were most closely related to the PU.1 of rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax). The PU.1 transcripts were mainly expressed in the spleen, and their expression was altered in various tissues upon infection with Vibrio anguillarum. PaPU.1a and PaPU.1b proteins were upregulated in MO/MФ, after infection. RNA interference was employed to knockdown PaPU.1a and PaPU.1b to investigate their function in MO/MФ. The expression of inflammatory cytokines was regulated by PaPU.1a, but not PaPU.1b, in ayu MO/MФ upon V. anguillarum infection. Both PaPU.1a and PaPU.1b knockdown lowered the phagocytic activity of MO/MФ. Furthermore, PaPU.1b knockdown attenuated MO/MФ bacterial killing capability. Our results indicate that two PaPU.1 genes differentially modulate the immune response in ayu MO/MФ against bacterial infection.
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Abstract
Thrombocytes in vertebrates other than mammals, inter alia in fish, are analogues of platelets in mammals. In Osteichthyes, these cells take part in haemostatic processes, including aggregation and release reactions in cases of blood vessel damage, and in the immune response development as well. This paper discusses the development of thrombocytes in Osteichthyes, taking into account the need to make changes to the concept of grouping progenitor cells as suggested in the literature. The following pages present the morphological and cytochemical properties of thrombocytes as well as their defence functions, and also point out differences between thrombocytes in fish and platelets in mammals. The paper further highlights the level of thrombocytes' immune activity observed in fish and based on an increased proportion of these cells in response to antigenic stimulation, on morphological shifts towards forms characteristic of dendritic cells after antigenic stimulation and on the presence of surface structures and cytokines released through, inter alia, gene expression of TLR receptors, MHC class II protein-coding genes and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The study also points out the need to recognise thrombocytes in Osteichthyes as specialised immune cells conditioning non-specific immune mechanisms and playing an important role in affecting adaptive immune mechanisms.
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Katzenback BA, Katakura F, Belosevic M. Goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) as a model system to study the growth factors, receptors and transcription factors that govern myelopoiesis in fish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:68-85. [PMID: 26546240 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The process of myeloid cell development (myelopoiesis) in fish has mainly been studied in three cyprinid species: zebrafish (Danio rerio), ginbuna carp (Carassius auratus langsdorfii) and goldfish (C. auratus, L.). Our studies on goldfish myelopoiesis have utilized in vitro generated primary kidney macrophage (PKM) cultures and isolated primary kidney neutrophils (PKNs) cultured overnight to study the process of macrophage (monopoiesis) and neutrophil (granulopoiesis) development and the key growth factors, receptors, and transcription factors that govern this process in vitro. The PKM culture system is unique in that all three subpopulations of macrophage development, namely progenitor cells, monocytes, and mature macrophages, are simultaneously present in culture unlike mammalian systems, allowing for the elucidation of the complex mixture of cytokines that regulate progressive and selective macrophage development from progenitor cells to fully functional mature macrophages in vitro. Furthermore, we have been able to extend our investigations to include the development of erythrocytes (erythropoiesis) and thrombocytes (thrombopoiesis) through studies focusing on the progenitor cell population isolated from the goldfish kidney. Herein, we review the in vitro goldfish model systems focusing on the characteristics of cell sub-populations, growth factors and their receptors, and transcription factors that regulate goldfish myelopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Katzenback
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Fumihiko Katakura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Miodrag Belosevic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
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Wen CM. Development and characterization of a cell line from tilapia head kidney with melanomacrophage characteristics. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 49:442-449. [PMID: 26806163 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel cell line THK, derived from the tilapia head kidney, was developed and characterized. The THK cell line comprised fibroblastoid cells that markedly proliferated in Leibovitz L-15 medium containing 2%-15% fetal bovine serum (FBS) at 20 °C-35 °C. Cell proliferation was dependent on the FBS concentration, and the optimal temperature for proliferation ranged between 25 °C and 30 °C. THK cells were characterized for the presence of phagocytic activity, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, α-naphthyl acetate esterase, lipofuscin, and tyrosinase. Transcripts of CD33, CD53, CD82, CD205, macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor, GATA2, and GATA3 that are specific for leucocytes or monocytes/macrophages or both were detected in the THK cells through PCR. However, THK cells lacked for CD83, a specific marker for dendritic cells. The results indicated that the fibroblastoid THK cells were melanomacrophage-related progenitors. PCR revealed that the THK cells exhibited the transcripts of toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1), TLR2, TLR3, and CD200, of which concern with immunity as well as the transcripts of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3, angiomotin, and angiopoietin-like protein 2 that associate with angiogenesis regulation and macrophage proliferation. THK cells were subcultured more than 90 times and can be useful for investigating the development and functioning of the teleostean innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Ming Wen
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
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Katakura F, Katzenback BA, Belosevic M. Recombinant goldfish thrombopoietin up-regulates expression of genes involved in thrombocyte development and synergizes with kit ligand A to promote progenitor cell proliferation and colony formation. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 49:157-169. [PMID: 25450454 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Thrombopoietin (TPO) is the principal regulator of thrombopoiesis and promotes the proliferation, differentiation and maturation of megakaryocytic progenitor cells in mammals. In this study we report on the molecular and functional characterization of goldfish TPO. Quantitative expression analysis of goldfish tpo revealed the highest mRNA levels in heart, followed by spleen, liver, brain, intestine and kidney tissues. Significant decrease of tpo and c-mpl expressions in goldfish primary kidney macrophage (PKM) cultures, as progenitor to macrophage development progressed, indicates that TPO is not involved in monopoiesis. Recombinant goldfish TPO (rgTPO) alone did not induce significant proliferation of progenitor cells, but TPO in cooperation with recombinant goldfish kit ligand A (rgKITLA) supported proliferation of progenitor cells in a dose-dependent manner. In response to rgTPO or a combination of rgTPO and rgKITLA, the mRNA levels of thrombopoietic markers cd41 and c-mpl as well as thrombo/erythropoietic transcription factors gata1 and lmo2 in sorted progenitor cells were up-regulated, while the mRNA levels of granulopoietic markers (cebpα and gcsfr) and the lymphoid transcription factor gata3 were down-regulated. Furthermore, rgTPO and rgKITLA synergistically stimulated thrombocytic colony-formation. Our results demonstrate that goldfish TPO has similar functions to mammalian TPO as a regulator of thrombopoiesis, and suggests a highly conserved molecular mechanism of thrombocyte development throughout evolution of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Katakura
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Barbara A Katzenback
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Miodrag Belosevic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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14
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Katakura F, Katzenback BA, Belosevic M. Molecular and functional characterization of erythropoietin receptor of the goldfish (Carassius auratus L.). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 45:191-198. [PMID: 24657210 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) is a member of the class I cytokine receptor superfamily and signaling through this receptor is important for the proliferation, differentiation and survival of erythrocyte progenitor cells. This study reports on the molecular and functional characterization of goldfish EPOR. The identified goldfish EPOR sequence possesses the conserved EPOR ligand binding domain, the fibronectin domain, the class I cytokine receptor superfamily motif (WSXWS) as well as several intracellular signaling motifs characteristic of other vertebrate EPORs. The expression of epor mRNA in goldfish tissues, cell populations and cells treated with recombinant goldfish EPO (rgEPO) were evaluated by quantitative PCR revealing that goldfish epor mRNA is transcribed in both erythropoietic tissues (blood, kidney and spleen) and non-hematopoietic tissues (brain, heart and gill), as well as in immature erythrocytes. Recombinant goldfish EPOR (rgEPOR), consisting of its extracellular domain, dose-dependently inhibited proliferation of progenitor cells induced by rgEPO. In vitro binding studies indicated that rgEPO exists as monomer, dimer and/or trimmer and that rgEPOR exists as monomer and/or homodimer, and when incubated together, formed a ligand-receptor complex. Our results demonstrate that goldfish EPO/EPOR signaling has been highly conserved throughout vertebrate evolution as a required mechanism for erythrocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Katakura
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Barbara A Katzenback
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Miodrag Belosevic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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15
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Woo PTK, Ardelli BF. Immunity against selected piscine flagellates. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 43:268-279. [PMID: 23872230 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This discussion is on immune response to Amyloodinium ocellatum, Cryptobia salmositica, Trypanoplasma borreli and Trypanosoma carassii. Piscidin and histone-like proteins enhance innate resistance to Amyloodinium. Fish that are naturally resistant to Cryptobia and Trypanoplasma can be bred. Cryptobia resistance in charr is controlled by a dominant Mendelian locus and protection is via the Alternative Pathway of Complement Activation. Studies on Cryptobia-tolerant charr may lead to production of transgenic Cryptobia-tolerant salmon. Innate response to T. borreli is associated with NO in macrophages. Transferrin regulates resistance and carp have been bred for transferrin genotypes. Recovered fish are protected from homologous challenge, and complement fixing antibodies are crucial in protection. Studies on antigens in T. carassii may lead to a vaccine. There are two vaccines against cryptobiosis; a single dose of the attenuated vaccine protects salmonids. On challenge fish inoculated with the metalloprotease-DNA vaccine do not have the disease and they recover faster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T K Woo
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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16
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Katzenback BA, Foroutanpay BV, Belosevic M. Expressions of transcription factors in goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) macrophages and their progenitors. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:230-239. [PMID: 23748037 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of macrophages is a highly regulated process requiring coordination amongst transcription factors. The presence/absence, relative levels, antagonism, or synergy of all transcription factors involved is critical to directing lineage cell fate and differentiation. While relative levels of many key myeloid transcription factors have been determined in mammalian macrophage differentiation, a similar set of studies have yet to be conducted in a teleost system. In this study, we report on the mRNA levels of transcription factors (cebpa, cjun, cmyb, egr1, gata1, gata2, gata3, lmo2, mafb, pax5, pu.1 and runx1) in sorted goldfish progenitor cells, monocytes, and macrophages from primary kidney macrophage cultures. The mRNA levels of runx1 and pu.1 were significantly higher, gata3 and pax5 mRNA levels were lower, in monocytes compared to progenitors, and the mRNA levels of cjun, egr1, gata2, gata3, mafb and pax5 were significantly decreased in macrophages compared to progenitor cells. The relative mRNA levels of the interferon regulatory factor family of transcription factors, irf1, irf2, irf5, irf7, irf8 and irf9 in sorted progenitors, monocytes and macrophages were also measured. In contrast to other irf family transcription factors examined, irf8 mRNA levels were increased in monocytes compared to progenitors by greater than three-fold, suggesting that irf8 is important for monopoiesis. Lastly, we show the differential regulation of myeloid transcription factor mRNA levels in sorted progenitor cells from 1, 2, or 3-day old cultures in response to the recombinant goldfish growth factors, rgCSF-1 and rgKITLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Katzenback
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Katakura F, Katzenback BA, Belosevic M. Molecular and functional characterization of erythropoietin of the goldfish (Carassius auratus L.). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 40:148-157. [PMID: 23474427 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Erythropoietin is the principal regulator of erythropoiesis and promotes the survival, proliferation and differentiation of erythroid progenitor cells in mammals. In this study we report on the molecular and functional characterization of erythropoietin from the goldfish. Quantitative expression analysis of goldfish epo revealed the highest mRNA levels in heart, followed by brain, liver, spleen and kidney tissues. There was no marked change of epo expression in goldfish primary kidney macrophage cultures, as progenitor cell to macrophage development progressed, indicating that erythropoietin is not involved in monopoiesis. Recombinant goldfish erythropoietin induced proliferation of progenitor cells in a dose-dependent manner, and up-regulated the expression of erythroid transcription factors gata1 and lmo2 in progenitor cells. Furthermore, recombinant goldfish erythropoietin stimulated erythroid colony formation in a dose-dependent manner and promoted survival of erythroid progenitor cells as colony-forming cells. Our results demonstrate that the function of erythropoietin in the goldfish is similar to that of mammals and suggest a highly conserved mechanism of early erythrocyte development in lower and higher vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Katakura
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Katzenback BA, Belosevic M. Colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor protein expression is a specific marker for goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) macrophage progenitors and their differentiated cell types. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:434-445. [PMID: 22202746 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Revised: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Signaling through the colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) mediates the proliferation, differentiation, and activation of macrophages and their progenitors. In this study we report on the use of an anti-goldfish CSF-1R antibody to specifically recognize a population of CSF-1R positive cells from goldfish tissues. Furthermore, using our previously characterized primary kidney macrophage culture system, we show that CSF-1R positive cells include monocytes, macrophages, and their progenitor cells. Freshly isolated progenitor cells had a higher median florescent intensity ratio than those progenitor cells cultured for up to four days. The decrease in CSF-1R expression on the progenitor cells coincides with the appearance and development of monocytes and macrophages. Monocytes were consistently CSF-1R+ and maintained the high level of CSF-1R expression as they developed into macrophages. Like that of mammalian systems, CSF-1R is expressed on all macrophage sub-populations (progenitors, monocytes, macrophages), and CSF-1R expression increases with macrophage development in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Katzenback
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Katzenback BA, Belosevic M. Characterization of granulocyte colony stimulating factor receptor of the goldfish (Carassius auratus L.). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 36:199-207. [PMID: 21801744 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Granulocyte colony stimulating factor receptor (GCSFR) is a member of the class I cytokine receptor superfamily and signaling through this receptor is important for the proliferation, differentiation and activation of neutrophils and their precursors. In this study we report on the cloning and molecular characterization of goldfish GCSFR. The identified goldfish GCSFR sequence possesses the conserved Ig-like domain, the cytokine receptor homology domain (CRH), three fibronectin domains as well as several intracellular signaling motifs characteristic of other vertebrate GCSFRs. Goldfish gcsfr mRNA was highly expressed in kidney and spleen, and in primary kidney neutrophils. The neutrophils have significantly higher mRNA levels of the transcription factors pu.1 and cebpα, and down-regulated levels of transcription factors important for macrophage development such as egr1 and cjun, compared to progenitor cells from the kidney. The gcsfr mRNA was present in the kidney progenitor cells, albeit at much lower levels compared to the neutrophils, and the expression of gcsfr in progenitor cells was not affected by duration of cultivation. Furthermore, gcsfr mRNA levels were up-regulated in neutrophils after treatment with heat-killed Aeromonas salmonicida A449 or with mitogens. Our results indicate that GCSFR may be a useful marker for fish neutrophils.
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