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Gao J, Xia Z, Vohidova D, Joseph J, Luo JN, Joshi N. Progress in non-viral localized delivery of siRNA therapeutics for pulmonary diseases. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 13:1400-1428. [PMID: 37139423 PMCID: PMC10150162 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging therapies based on localized delivery of siRNA to lungs have opened up exciting possibilities for treatment of different lung diseases. Localized delivery of siRNA to lungs has shown to result in severalfold higher lung accumulation than systemic route, while minimizing non-specific distribution in other organs. However, to date, only 2 clinical trials have explored localized delivery of siRNA for pulmonary diseases. Here we systematically reviewed recent advances in the field of pulmonary delivery of siRNA using non-viral approaches. We firstly introduce the routes of local administration and analyze the anatomical and physiological barriers towards effective local delivery of siRNA in lungs. We then discuss current progress in pulmonary delivery of siRNA for respiratory tract infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, acute lung injury, and lung cancer, list outstanding questions, and highlight directions for future research. We expect this review to provide a comprehensive understanding of current advances in pulmonary delivery of siRNA.
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2
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Fan Y, Yang Z. Inhaled siRNA Formulations for Respiratory Diseases: From Basic Research to Clinical Application. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1193. [PMID: 35745766 PMCID: PMC9227582 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of siRNA technology has provided new opportunities for gene-specific inhibition and knockdown, as well as new ideas for the treatment of disease. Four siRNA drugs have already been approved for marketing. However, the instability of siRNA in vivo makes systemic delivery ineffective. Inhaled siRNA formulations can deliver drugs directly to the lung, showing great potential for treating respiratory diseases. The clinical applications of inhaled siRNA formulations still face challenges because effective delivery of siRNA to the lung requires overcoming the pulmonary and cellular barriers. This paper reviews the research progress for siRNA inhalation formulations for the treatment of various respiratory diseases and summarizes the chemical structural modifications and the various delivery systems for siRNA. Finally, we conclude the latest clinical application research for inhaled siRNA formulations and discuss the potential difficulty in efficient clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhijun Yang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 224 Waterloo Rd., Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China;
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3
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Perilla Leaf Extract Attenuates Asthma Airway Inflammation by Blocking the Syk Pathway. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:6611219. [PMID: 34045925 PMCID: PMC8128618 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6611219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton is a classic herbal plant used widely against asthma in China. But its mechanism of beneficial effect remains undermined. In the study, the antiallergic asthma effects of Perilla leaf extract (PLE) were investigated, and the underlying mechanism was also explored. Results showed that PLE treatment significantly attenuated airway inflammation in OVA-induced asthma mice, by ameliorating lung pathological changes, inhibiting recruitment of inflammatory cells in lung tissues and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), decreasing the production of inflammatory cytokines in the BALF, and reducing the level of immunoglobulin in serum. PLE treatment suppressed inflammatory response in antigen-induced rat basophilic leukemia 2H3 (RBL-2H3) cells as well as in OVA-induced human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Furthermore, PLE markedly inhibited the expression and phosphorylation of Syk, NF-κB, PKC, and cPLA2 both in vivo and in vitro. By cotreating with inhibitors (BAY61-3606, Rottlerin, BAY11-7082, and arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone) in vitro, results revealed that PLE's antiallergic inflammatory effects were associated with the inhibition of Syk and its downstream signals NF-κB, PKC, and cPLA2. Collectively, the present results suggested that PLE could attenuate allergic inflammation, and its mechanism might be partly mediated through inhibiting the Syk pathway.
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Wadhwa A, Aljabbari A, Lokras A, Foged C, Thakur A. Opportunities and Challenges in the Delivery of mRNA-based Vaccines. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E102. [PMID: 32013049 PMCID: PMC7076378 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, there has been increasing focus on the use of messenger RNA (mRNA) as a new therapeutic modality. Current clinical efforts encompassing mRNA-based drugs are directed toward infectious disease vaccines, cancer immunotherapies, therapeutic protein replacement therapies, and treatment of genetic diseases. However, challenges that impede the successful translation of these molecules into drugs are that (i) mRNA is a very large molecule, (ii) it is intrinsically unstable and prone to degradation by nucleases, and (iii) it activates the immune system. Although some of these challenges have been partially solved by means of chemical modification of the mRNA, intracellular delivery of mRNA still represents a major hurdle. The clinical translation of mRNA-based therapeutics requires delivery technologies that can ensure stabilization of mRNA under physiological conditions. Here, we (i) review opportunities and challenges in the delivery of mRNA-based therapeutics with a focus on non-viral delivery systems, (ii) present the clinical status of mRNA vaccines, and (iii) highlight perspectives on the future of this promising new type of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Aneesh Thakur
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Dua K, Wadhwa R, Singhvi G, Rapalli V, Shukla SD, Shastri MD, Gupta G, Satija S, Mehta M, Khurana N, Awasthi R, Maurya PK, Thangavelu L, S R, Tambuwala MM, Collet T, Hansbro PM, Chellappan DK. The potential of siRNA based drug delivery in respiratory disorders: Recent advances and progress. Drug Dev Res 2019; 80:714-730. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of HealthUniversity of Technology Sydney Ultimo New South Wales Australia
- Centenary InstituteRoyal Prince Alfred Hospital Camperdown New South Wales Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI) and School of Biomedical Sciences and PharmacyUniversity of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Ridhima Wadhwa
- Faculty of Life Sciences and BiotechnologySouth Asian University New Delhi India
| | - Gautam Singhvi
- Department of PharmacyBirla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani India
| | | | - Shakti Dhar Shukla
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI) and School of Biomedical Sciences and PharmacyUniversity of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Madhur D. Shastri
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and MedicineUniversity of Tasmania Launceston Australia
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of PharmacySuresh Gyan Vihar University Jaipur India
| | - Saurabh Satija
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesLovely Professional University Phagwara Punjab India
| | - Meenu Mehta
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesLovely Professional University Phagwara Punjab India
| | - Navneet Khurana
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesLovely Professional University Phagwara Punjab India
| | - Rajendra Awasthi
- Amity Institute of PharmacyAmity University Noida Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Pawan Kumar Maurya
- Department of BiochemistryCentral University of Haryana Mahendergarh Haryana India
| | - Lakshmi Thangavelu
- Nanobiomedicine Lab, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental CollegeSaveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences Chennai Tamil Nadu India
| | - Rajeshkumar S
- Nanobiomedicine Lab, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental CollegeSaveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences Chennai Tamil Nadu India
| | - Murtaza M. Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUlster University, Coleraine London United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Trudi Collet
- Inovative Medicines Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical InnovationQueensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Philip M. Hansbro
- Centenary InstituteRoyal Prince Alfred Hospital Camperdown New South Wales Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI) and School of Biomedical Sciences and PharmacyUniversity of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Technology Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of PharmacyInternational Medical University Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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McAdoo S, Tam FWK. Role of the Spleen Tyrosine Kinase Pathway in Driving Inflammation in IgA Nephropathy. Semin Nephrol 2019; 38:496-503. [PMID: 30177021 PMCID: PMC6135887 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Summary: IgA nephropathy is the most common type of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide. At least 25% of patients may progress to kidney failure requiring dialysis or transplantation. Treatment of IgA nephropathy using generalized immunosuppression is controversial, with concerns regarding the balance of safety and efficacy in a nonspecific approach. This review describes the recent scientific evidence, and a current clinical trial, investigating whether spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) may be a novel and selective therapeutic target for IgA nephropathy. SYK, a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase, has a pivotal role as an early intermediate in intracellular signal transduction cascades for the B-cell receptor and the immunoglobulin Fc receptor, and thus is critical for B-cell proliferation, differentiation, and activation, and for mediating proinflammatory responses after Fc-receptor engagement in various cell types. In renal biopsy specimens of patients with IgA nephropathy, increased expression and phosphorylation of SYK were detected, and this correlated with the histologic features of mesangial and endocapillary proliferation. In cell culture studies, patient-derived IgA1 stimulated mesangial cell SYK activation, cell proliferation, and cytokine production, and these responses were attenuated by pharmacologic or molecular inhibition of SYK. A global, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial investigating the safety and efficacy of fostamatinib (an oral prodrug SYK inhibitor) in the treatment of patients with IgA nephropathy is ongoing, which may provide important evidence of the safety and efficacy of targeting this pathway in clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen McAdoo
- Renal and Vascular Inflammation Section, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frederick W K Tam
- Renal and Vascular Inflammation Section, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom..
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Kao ST, Wang SD, Lin CC, Lin LJ. Jin Gui Shen Qi Wan, a traditional Chinese medicine, alleviated allergic airway hypersensitivity and inflammatory cell infiltration in a chronic asthma mouse model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 227:181-190. [PMID: 30172058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In Asia, Jin Gui Shen Qi Wan (JGSQW) has been used for hundreds of years to treat asthma. AIM OF THE STUDY The traditional Chinese medicine JGSQW is composed of Rehmannia glutinosa, Dioscorea opposita, Cornus officinalis, Poria cocos, Paeonia suffruticosa, Alisma orientalis, Aconitum carmichaelii and Cinnamomum cassia. However, the immunological mechanism underlying the effect of JGSQW treatment on asthma remains unclear. This study examined whether JGSQW has the potential to reduce asthma symptoms in mice with chronic asthma induced by recurrent Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) stimulation, as well as its immunoregulatory mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS The airways of BALB/c mice were stimulated with Der p (i.t.) once per week (50 μL, 1 mg/mL) for 6 consecutive weeks, and the mice were fed JGSQW (1 g/kg) 30 min prior to the Der p stimulation. Three days after the last stimulation, the mice were sacrificed to evaluate the airway remodelling, infiltration of inflammatory cells, lung histological features, and total IgE in the blood. Additionally, after A549 cells were treated with JGSQW, loganin, or paeoniflorin for 30 min, 10 ng/mL IL-1β was added to stimulate the A549 cells to evaluate the effect of the medicine on the ICAM-1 gene expression after IL-1β stimulation. RESULTS JGSQW significantly reduced the Der p-induced infiltration of inflammatory cells into airways and decreased the total IgE and Der p-specific IgG1 in serum. Collagen assays and histopathological examinations showed that JGSQW reduced lung airway remodelling. Additionally, an electrophoretic mobility shift assay and immunohistochemical staining verified that JGSQW inhibited the NF-kB expression in airway epithelial cell nuclei. JGSQW, loganin, and paeoniflorin inhibited the ICAM-1 gene expression caused by the IL-1β stimulation of A549 cells, and loganin and paeoniflorin had the maximum inhibitory effect when mixed according to the combination of doses in JGSQW. CONCLUSION These results indicated that in the chronic asthma mouse model, JGSQW inhibits the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the airways and airway remodelling and exhibits specific immunoregulatory effects. JGSQW with certain doses of loganin and paeoniflorin inhibited ICAM-1 gene expression in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shung-Te Kao
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Shulhn-Der Wang
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Che Lin
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Jen Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
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Hayashi H, Kaneko R, Demizu S, Akasaka D, Tayama M, Harada T, Irie H, Ogino Y, Fujino N, Sasaki E. TAS05567, a Novel Potent and Selective Spleen Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor, Abrogates Immunoglobulin-Mediated Autoimmune and Allergic Reactions in Rodent Models. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 366:84-95. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.248153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Tabeling C, Herbert J, Hocke AC, Lamb DJ, Wollin SL, Erb KJ, Boiarina E, Movassagh H, Scheffel J, Doehn JM, Hippenstiel S, Maurer M, Gounni AS, Kuebler WM, Suttorp N, Witzenrath M. Spleen tyrosine kinase inhibition blocks airway constriction and protects from Th2-induced airway inflammation and remodeling. Allergy 2017; 72:1061-1072. [PMID: 27906453 DOI: 10.1111/all.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is an intracellular nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, which has been implicated as central immune modulator promoting allergic airway inflammation. Syk inhibition has been proposed as a new therapeutic approach in asthma. However, the direct effects of Syk inhibition on airway constriction independent of allergen sensitization remain elusive. METHODS Spectral confocal microscopy of human and murine lung tissue was performed to localize Syk expression. The effects of prophylactic or therapeutic Syk inhibition on allergic airway inflammation, hyperresponsiveness, and airway remodeling were analyzed in allergen-sensitized and airway-challenged mice. The effects of Syk inhibitors BAY 61-3606 or BI 1002494 on airway function were investigated in isolated lungs of wild-type, PKCα-deficient, mast cell-deficient, or eNOS-deficient mice. RESULTS Spleen tyrosine kinase expression was found in human and murine airway smooth muscle cells. Syk inhibition reduced allergic airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and pulmonary collagen deposition. In naïve mice, Syk inhibition diminished airway responsiveness independently of mast cells, or PKCα or eNOS expression and rapidly reversed established bronchoconstriction independently of NO. Simultaneous inhibition of Syk and PKC revealed additive dilatory effects, whereas combined inhibition of Syk and rho kinase or Syk and p38 MAPK did not cause additive bronchodilation. CONCLUSIONS Spleen tyrosine kinase inhibition directly attenuates airway smooth muscle cell contraction independent of its protective immunomodulatory effects on allergic airway inflammation, hyperresponsiveness, and airway remodeling. Syk mediates bronchoconstriction in a NO-independent manner, presumably via rho kinase and p38 MAPK, and Syk inhibition might present a promising therapeutic approach in chronic asthma as well as acute asthma attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Tabeling
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Biberach Germany
| | - J. Herbert
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Biberach Germany
| | - A. C. Hocke
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Biberach Germany
| | - D. J. Lamb
- Respiratory Diseases Research; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG; Biberach Germany
| | - S. L. Wollin
- Respiratory Diseases Research; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG; Biberach Germany
| | - K. J. Erb
- Respiratory Diseases Research; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG; Biberach Germany
| | - E. Boiarina
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Biberach Germany
| | - H. Movassagh
- Department of Immunology; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - J. Scheffel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - J. M. Doehn
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Biberach Germany
| | - S. Hippenstiel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Biberach Germany
| | - M. Maurer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - A. S. Gounni
- Department of Immunology; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - W. M. Kuebler
- Department of Physiology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
- The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Departments of Physiology and Surgery; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - N. Suttorp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Biberach Germany
| | - M. Witzenrath
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Biberach Germany
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Salehi S, Wang X, Juvet S, Scott JA, Chow CW. Syk Regulates Neutrophilic Airway Hyper-Responsiveness in a Chronic Mouse Model of Allergic Airways Inflammation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0163614. [PMID: 28107345 PMCID: PMC5249072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by airways hyper-responsiveness (AHR), reversible airway obstruction, and airway inflammation and remodeling. We previously showed that Syk modulates methacholine-induced airways contractility in naïve mice and in mice with allergic airways inflammation. We hypothesize that Syk plays a role in the pathogenesis of AHR; this was evaluated in a chronic 8-week mouse model of house dust mite (HDM)-induced allergic airways inflammation. Methods We used the Sykflox/flox//rosa26CreERT2 conditional Syk knock-out mice to assess the role of Syk prior to HDM exposure, and treated HDM-sensitized mice with the Syk inhibitor, GSK143, to evaluate its role in established allergic airways inflammation. Respiratory mechanics and methacholine (MCh)-responsiveness were assessed using the flexiVent® system. Lungs underwent bronchoalveolar lavage to isolate inflammatory cells or were frozen for determination of gene expression in tissues. Results MCh-induced AHR was observed following HDM sensitization in the Syk-intact (Sykflox/flox) and vehicle-treated BALB/c mice. MCh responsiveness was reduced to control levels in HDM-sensitized Sykdel/del mice and in BALB/c and Sykflox/flox mice treated with GSK143. Both Sykdel/del and GSK143-treated mice mounted appropriate immune responses to HDM, with HDM-specific IgE levels that were comparable to Sykflox/flox and vehicle-treated BALB/c mice. HDM-induced increases in bronchoalveolar lavage cell counts were attenuated in both Sykdel/del and GSK143-treated mice, due primarily to decreased neutrophil recruitment. Gene expression analysis of lung tissues revealed that HDM-induced expression of IL-17 and CXCL-1 was significantly attenuated in both Sykdel/del and GSK143-treated mice. Conclusion Syk inhibitors may play a role in the management of neutrophilic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepehr Salehi
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen Juvet
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremy A. Scott
- Division of Medical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- Southern Ontario Center for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chung-Wai Chow
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Southern Ontario Center for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Multi-Organ Transplant Programme, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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11
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Koziol-White CJ, Jia Y, Baltus GA, Cooper PR, Zaller DM, Crackower MA, Sirkowski EE, Smock S, Northrup AB, Himes BE, Alves SE, Panettieri RA. Inhibition of spleen tyrosine kinase attenuates IgE-mediated airway contraction and mediator release in human precision cut lung slices. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:3080-3087. [PMID: 27417329 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Asthma presents as a heterogeneous syndrome characterized by airway obstruction, inflammation and hyper-reactivity (AHR). Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) mediates allergen-induced mast cell degranulation, a central component of allergen-induced inflammation and AHR. However, the role of Syk in IgE-mediated constriction of human small airways remains unknown. In this study, we addressed whether selective inhibition of Syk attenuates IgE-mediated constriction and mast cell mediator release in human small airways. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Human precision cut lung slices (hPCLS) ex vivo derived from non-asthmatic donors were incubated overnight with human IgE, dexamethasone, montelukast, antihistamines or a selective Syk inhibitor (SYKi). High-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) activation by anti-IgE cross-linking was performed, and constriction and mediator release measured. Airway constriction was normalized to that induced by maximal carbachol stimulation. Syk expression (determined by qPCR and immunoblot) was also evaluated in human primary airway smooth muscle (HASM) cells to determine whether Syk directly modulates HASM function. KEY RESULTS While dexamethasone had little effect on FcεR-mediated contraction, montelukast or antihistamines partially attenuated the response. SYKi abolished anti-IgE-mediated contraction and suppressed the release of mast cell or basophil mediators from the IgE-treated hPCLS. In contrast, SYKi had little effect on the non-allergic contraction induced by carbachol. Syk mRNA and protein were undetectable in HASM cells. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS A selective Syk inhibitor, but not corticosteroids, abolished FcεR-mediated contraction in human small airways ex vivo. The mechanism involved FcεRI receptor activation on mast cells or basophils that degranulate causing airway constriction, rather than direct actions on HASM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia J Koziol-White
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, Canada
| | - Yanlin Jia
- Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Philip R Cooper
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Blanca E Himes
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Reynold A Panettieri
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, Canada.
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12
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Delivery of RNAi Therapeutics to the Airways-From Bench to Bedside. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21091249. [PMID: 27657028 PMCID: PMC6272875 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a potent and specific post-transcriptional gene silencing process. Since its discovery, tremendous efforts have been made to translate RNAi technology into therapeutic applications for the treatment of different human diseases including respiratory diseases, by manipulating the expression of disease-associated gene(s). Similar to other nucleic acid-based therapeutics, the major hurdle of RNAi therapy is delivery. Pulmonary delivery is a promising approach of delivering RNAi therapeutics directly to the airways for treating local conditions and minimizing systemic side effects. It is a non-invasive route of administration that is generally well accepted by patients. However, pulmonary drug delivery is a challenge as the lungs pose a series of anatomical, physiological and immunological barriers to drug delivery. Understanding these barriers is essential for the development an effective RNA delivery system. In this review, the different barriers to pulmonary drug delivery are introduced. The potential of RNAi molecules as new class of therapeutics, and the latest preclinical and clinical studies of using RNAi therapeutics in different respiratory conditions are discussed in details. We hope this review can provide some useful insights for moving inhaled RNAi therapeutics from bench to bedside.
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13
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Deng GM, Kyttaris VC, Tsokos GC. Targeting Syk in Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases. Front Immunol 2016; 7:78. [PMID: 27014261 PMCID: PMC4779881 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is a member of the Src family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases, which associates directly with surface receptors, including B-cell receptor and Fcγ receptor, and is involved in a variety of signal transduction pathways. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus are autoimmune diseases in which autoantibodies, immune complexes, and autoreactive T cells account for the expression of tissue inflammation and damage. Syk inhibitors efficiently suppress RA in patients albeit in the expression of unwanted side effects, including gastrointestinal effects, hypertension, and neutropenia. Syk inhibitors also inhibit clinical manifestations in lupus-prone mice. Here, we review the evidence that supports the use of Syk inhibitors to treat rheumatic and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Min Deng
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - George C Tsokos
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
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14
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Xie Y, Merkel OM. Pulmonary Delivery of siRNA via Polymeric Vectors as Therapies of Asthma. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2015; 348:681-8. [PMID: 26148454 PMCID: PMC4665213 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201500120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease. Despite the fact that current therapies, such as the combination of inhaled corticosteroids and β2-agonists, can control the symptoms of asthma in most patients, there is still an urgent need for an alternative anti-inflammatory therapy for patients who suffer from severe asthma but lack acceptable response to conventional therapies. Many molecular factors are involved in the inflammatory process in asthma, and thus blocking the function of these factors could efficiently alleviate airway inflammation. RNA interference (RNAi) is often thought to be the answer in the search for more efficient and biocompatible treatments. However, difficulties of efficient delivery of small interference RNA (siRNA), the key factor in RNAi, to target cells and tissues have limited its clinical application. In this review, we summarize cytokines and chemokines, transcription factors, tyrosine kinases, and costimulatory factors that have been reported as targets of siRNA-mediated treatment in experimental asthma. Additionally, we conclude several targeted delivery systems of siRNA to specific cells such as T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, which could potentially be applied in asthma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuran Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Olivia M Merkel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201
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15
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Chen SS, Sun LW, Brickner H, Sun PQ. Downregulating galectin-3 inhibits proinflammatory cytokine production by human monocyte-derived dendritic cells via RNA interference. Cell Immunol 2015; 294:44-53. [PMID: 25684095 PMCID: PMC4704704 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a β-galactoside-binding lectin, serves as a pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) of dendritic cells (DCs) in regulating proinflammatory cytokine production. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) siRNA downregulates expression of IL-6, IL-1β and IL-23 p19, while upregulates IL-10 and IL-12 p35 in TLR/NLR stimulated human MoDCs. Furthermore, Gal-3 siRNA-treated MoDCs enhanced IFN-γ production in SEB-stimulated CD45RO CD4 T-cells, but attenuated IL-17A and IL-5 production by CD4 T-cells. Addition of neutralizing antibodies against Gal-3, or recombinant Gal-3 did not differentially modulate IL-23 p19 versus IL-12 p35. The data indicate that intracellular Gal-3 acts as cytokine hub of human DCs in responding to innate immunity signals. Gal-3 downregulation reprograms proinflammatory cytokine production by MoDCs that inhibit Th2/Th17 development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swey-Shen Chen
- Department of Immunology, The Institute of Genetics, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Allergy, Inflammation and Vaccinology, IGE Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Liang-Wu Sun
- Department of Immunology, The Institute of Genetics, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Allergy, Inflammation and Vaccinology, IGE Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Howard Brickner
- Department of Immunology, The Institute of Genetics, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Allergy, Inflammation and Vaccinology, IGE Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Pei-Qing Sun
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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16
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Liang W, Chow MYT, Lau PN, Zhou QT, Kwok PCL, Leung GPH, Mason AJ, Chan HK, Poon LLM, Lam JKW. Inhalable dry powder formulations of siRNA and pH-responsive peptides with antiviral activity against H1N1 influenza virus. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:910-21. [PMID: 25599953 DOI: 10.1021/mp500745v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary delivery of siRNA has considerable therapeutic potential for treating viral respiratory infectious diseases including influenza. By introducing siRNA that targets the conserved region of viral genes encoding nucleocapsid protein (NP), viral mRNAs can be degraded and viral replication can be inhibited in mammalian cells. To enable siRNA to be used as an antiviral agent, the nucleic acid delivery barrier must be overcome. Effective local delivery of siRNA to lung tissues is required to reduce the therapeutic dose and minimize systemic adverse effects. To develop a formulation suited for clinical application, complexes of pH-responsive peptides, containing either histidine or 2,3-diaminopropionic acid (Dap), and siRNA were prepared into dry powders by spray drying with mannitol, which was used as a bulking agent. The spray-dried (SD) powders were characterized and found to be suitable for inhalation with good stability, preserving the integrity of the siRNA as well as the biological and antiviral activities. The formulations mediated highly effective in vitro delivery of antiviral siRNA into mammalian lung epithelial cells, leading to significant inhibition of viral replication when the transfected cells were subsequently challenged with H1N1 influenza virus. SD siRNA powders containing pH-responsive peptides are a promising inhalable formulation to deliver antiviral siRNA against influenza and are readily adapted for the treatment of other respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanling Liang
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, ‡School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong , 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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17
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Small-molecule inhibitors of spleen tyrosine kinase as therapeutic agents for immune disorders: will promise meet expectations? Future Med Chem 2014; 6:1811-27. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Following on the heels of the US FDA approval of tofacitinib (Xeljanz, Pfizer, USA), an inhibitor of the JAK family members, and ibrutinib (Imbruvica, Janssen, Belgium), an inhibitor of BTK, for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, respectively, there is now renewed interest in the biopharmaceutical industry in the development of orally active small-molecule agents targeting key protein kinases implicated in immune regulation. One such ‘immunokinase’ target is SYK, a non-receptor tyrosine protein kinase critical for transducing intracellular signaling cascades for various immune recognition receptors, such as the B-cell receptor and the Fc receptor. Here, we review and discuss the progress and challenges in the development of small-molecule inhibitors of SYK and their potential as a new class of disease-modifying immunosuppressive agents for certain inflammatory and autoimmune disorders.
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18
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Geahlen RL. Getting Syk: spleen tyrosine kinase as a therapeutic target. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2014; 35:414-22. [PMID: 24975478 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase well known for its ability to couple immune cell receptors to intracellular signaling pathways that regulate cellular responses to extracellular antigens and antigen-immunoglobulin (Ig) complexes of particular importance to the initiation of inflammatory responses. Thus, Syk is an attractive target for therapeutic kinase inhibitors designed to ameliorate the symptoms and consequences of acute and chronic inflammation. Its more recently recognized role as a promoter of cell survival in numerous cancer cell types ranging from leukemia to retinoblastoma has attracted considerable interest as a target for a new generation of anticancer drugs. This review discusses the biological processes in which Syk participates that have made this kinase such a compelling drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Geahlen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, Hansen Life Sciences Research Building, 210 South University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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19
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Mukhopadhyay S, Malik P, Arora SK, Mukherjee TK. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 as a drug target in asthma and rhinitis. Respirology 2014; 19:508-13. [PMID: 24689994 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Endothelial cells, epithelial cells, leukocytes and neutrophils are the major cells expressing ICAM-1. Ligands of ICAM-1 are macrophage adhesion ligand-1, leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 and fibrinogen (extracellular matrix protein). In normal physiological conditions, engagement of ICAM-1 receptor with immunological cells surface ligands assists in homing and trafficking of inflammatory cells to distant tissues. ICAM-1 has also long been known to mediate cell-to-cell interaction during antigen presentation and outside-in cell signalling pathways. ICAM-1-mediated elevated inflammation is implicated in asthma. On respiratory epithelial cells surface, ICAM-1 acts as natural binding site for human rhinovirus (HRV), a common cold virus that ultimately causes exacerbation of asthma. This review presents the findings on the role of ICAM-1 in the complication of asthma and in particular asthma exacerbation by HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srirupa Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Immunopathology, Research Block A, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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20
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Moy LY, Jia Y, Caniga M, Lieber G, Gil M, Fernandez X, Sirkowski E, Miller R, Alexander JP, Lee HH, Shin JD, Ellis JM, Chen H, Wilhelm A, Yu H, Vincent S, Chapman RW, Kelly N, Hickey E, Abraham WM, Northrup A, Miller T, Houshyar H, Crackower MA. Inhibition of spleen tyrosine kinase attenuates allergen-mediated airway constriction. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 49:1085-92. [PMID: 23889698 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0200oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is a key activator of signaling pathways downstream of multiple surface receptors implicated in asthma. SYK function has been extensively studied in mast cells downstream of the high-affinity IgE receptor, FcεR1. Preclinical studies have demonstrated a role for SYK in models of allergic inflammation, but a role in airway constriction has not been demonstrated. Here, we have used a potent and selective pharmacological inhibitor of SYK to determine the role of SYK in allergen-mediated inflammation and airway constriction in preclinical models. Attenuation of allergic airway responses was evaluated in a rat passive anaphylaxis model and rat and sheep inhaled allergen challenge models, as well as an ex vivo model of allergen-mediated airway constriction in rats and cynomolgus monkeys. Pharmacological inhibition of SYK dose-dependently blocked IgE-mediated tracheal plasma extravasation in rats. In a rat ovalbumin-sensitized airway challenge model, oral dosing with an SYK inhibitor led to a dose-dependent reduction in lung inflammatory cells. Ex vivo analysis of allergen-induced airway constriction in ovalbumin-sensitized brown Norway rats showed a complete attenuation with treatment of a SYK inhibitor, as well as a complete block of allergen-induced serotonin release. Similarly, allergen-mediated airway constriction was attenuated in ex vivo studies from nonhuman primate lungs. Intravenous administration of an SYK inhibitor attenuated both early- and late-phase allergen-induced increases in airway resistance in an Ascaris-sensitive sheep allergen challenge model. These data support a key role for SYK signaling in mediating allergic airway responses.
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