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Xie Q, Wang J, Gu C, Wu J, Liu W. Structure and function of the parvoviral NS1 protein: a review. Virus Genes 2023; 59:195-203. [PMID: 36253516 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01944-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Parvoviruses possess a single-stranded DNA genome of about 5 kb, which contains two open reading frames (ORFs), one encoding nonstructural (NS) proteins, the other capsid proteins. The NS1 protein contains an N-terminal origin-binding domain, a helicase domain, and a C-terminal transactive domain, and is essential for effective viral replication and production of infectious virus. We first summarize the developments in the structure of NS1 protein, including the original binding domain and the helicase domain. We discuss the role of different DNA substrates in the oligomerization of these two domains of NS1. During the parvovirus life cycle, the NS1 protein is closely related to the viral gene expression, viral replication, and infection. We provide the current understanding of the impact of parvovirus NS1 protein mutations on its biological properties. Overall, in this review, we focus on the structure and function of the parvoviral NS1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jigui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chenchen Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Weiquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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2
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Xu M, Jin X, Zhang C, Liao H, Wang P, Zhou Y, Song Y, Xia L, Wang L. TLR2-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway is involved in PPV1-induced apoptosis in PK-15 cells. Vet Res Commun 2022; 47:397-407. [PMID: 35729483 PMCID: PMC9213050 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09954-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1) mainly induces severe reproductive failure in pregnant swine, and causes huge economic losses to the swine industry. Cell apoptosis induced by PPV1 infection has been identified the major cause of reproductive failure. However, the molecular mechanism was not fully elucidated. In this study, the potential mechanism of PPV1 induced apoptosis in PK-15 cells was investigated. Our results showed that PPV1 induced apoptosis in PK-15 cells. Further studies revealed toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) was involved in the PPV1-mediated apoptosis. TLR2 siRNA significantly decreased the apoptosis. Finally, our study showed NF-κB was activated by TLR2 during PPV1-induced apoptosis. The activation of NF-κB signaling was demonstrated by the phosphorylation of p65, p65 nuclear translocation and degradation of inhibitor of kappa B α (IκBα). Together, these results provided evidence that the recognition between PPV1 and PK-15 cells was mainly through TLR2, and then induction of the NF-κB signaling pathway activation, which further induces apoptosis. Our study could provide information to understand the molecular mechanisms of PPV1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglong Xu
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Xiaohui Jin
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Hang Liao
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Pingli Wang
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Yue Song
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Lu Xia
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China.
| | - Linqing Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou, 450044, Henan, China.
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Zheng Y, Xu Y, Xu W, Cao S, Yan Q, Huang X, Wen Y, Zhao Q, Du S, Lang Y, Zhao S, Wu R. CD38 Enhances TLR9 Expression and Activates NLRP3 Inflammasome after Porcine Parvovirus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061136. [PMID: 35746608 PMCID: PMC9229413 DOI: 10.3390/v14061136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Porcine Parvovirus (PPV) is a single-stranded DNA virus without envelope which causes great harm in relation to porcine reproductive disorders in clinic. Cluster of Differentiation 38 (CD38) is a transmembrane protein widely existing in mammals. Its various functions make it a very popular research object, including in the viral infection field. (2) Methods: Western blotting and an EdU Cell Proliferation Kit were used to evaluate the effect of CD38-deficient cells. Relative quantitative real-time RT-PCR was used to detect the transcription levels of cytokines after PPV infection. The renilla luciferase reporter gene assay was used to verify the activation function of CD38 on downstream factors. The fluorescence probe method was used to detect the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). (3) Results: This study found that the loss of CD38 function inhibited the up-regulated state of Toll-like Receptor 9 (TLR9), Interferon-α (IFN-α), and Myxovirus Resistance 1 (Mx1) after PPV infection. The luminescence of the group transfected with both CD38 expression plasmid and TLR9 promoter renilla luciferase reporter plasmid was significantly up-regulated compared with the control, suggesting that CD38 may activate the promoter of TLR9. In addition, CD38 deficiency not only activated the transcription of Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1), but also inhibited ROS level and the transcription of NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3 (NLRP3). (4) Conclusion: (i) CD38 may participate in the TLR9/IFN-α/Mx1 pathway by activating the expression of TLR9 after PPV infected PK-15 cells; (ii) CD38 may activate the NLRP3/CASP1 pathway by increasing ROS level; (iii) CD38 deficiency activates the expression of SIRT1 and can prevent the normal proliferation of PPV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rui Wu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-182-2757-2781
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4
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Cao L, Fu F, Chen J, Shi H, Zhang X, Liu J, Shi D, Huang Y, Tong D, Feng L. Nucleocytoplasmic Shuttling of Porcine Parvovirus NS1 Protein Mediated by the CRM1 Nuclear Export Pathway and the Importin α/β Nuclear Import Pathway. J Virol 2022; 96:e0148121. [PMID: 34643426 PMCID: PMC8754214 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01481-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) NS1, the major nonstructural protein of this virus, plays an important role in PPV replication. We show, for the first time, that NS1 dynamically shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm, although its subcellular localization is predominantly nuclear. NS1 contains two nuclear export signals (NESs) at amino acids 283 to 291 (designated NES2) and amino acids 602 to 608 (designated NES1). NES1 and NES2 are both functional and transferable NESs, and their nuclear export activity is blocked by leptomycin B (LMB), suggesting that the export of NS1 from the nucleus is dependent upon the chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1) pathway. Deletion and site-directed mutational analyses showed that NS1 contains a bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) at amino acids 256 to 274. Coimmunoprecipitation assays showed that NS1 interacts with importins α5 and α7 through its NLS. The overexpression of CRM1 and importins α5 and α7 significantly promoted PPV replication, whereas the inhibition of CRM1- and importin α/β-mediated transport by specific inhibitors (LMB, importazole, and ivermectin) clearly blocked PPV replication. The mutant viruses with deletions of the NESs or NLS motif of NS1 by using reverse genetics could not be rescued, suggesting that the NESs and NLS are essential for PPV replication. Collectively, these findings suggest that NS1 shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm, mediated by its functional NESs and NLS, via the CRM1-dependent nuclear export pathway and the importin α/β-mediated nuclear import pathway, and PPV proliferation was inhibited by blocking NS1 nuclear import or export. IMPORTANCE PPV replicates in the nucleus, and the nuclear envelope is a barrier to its entry into and egress from the nucleus. PPV NS1 is a nucleus-targeting protein that is important for viral DNA replication. Because the NS1 molecule is large (>50 kDa), it cannot pass through the nuclear pore complex by diffusion alone and requires specific transport receptors to permit its nucleocytoplasmic shuttling. In this study, the two functional NESs in the NS1 protein were identified, and their dependence on the CRM1 pathway for nuclear export was demonstrated. The nuclear import of NS1 utilizes importins α5 and α7 in the importin α/β nuclear import pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jianfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jianbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Da Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, China
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, China
| | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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Xia P, Wu Y, Lian S, Yan L, Meng X, Duan Q, Zhu G. Research progress on Toll-like receptor signal transduction and its roles in antimicrobial immune responses. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:5341-5355. [PMID: 34180006 PMCID: PMC8236385 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11406-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
When microorganisms invade a host, the innate immune system first recognizes the pathogen-associated molecular patterns of these microorganisms through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are known transmembrane PRRs existing in both invertebrates and vertebrates. Upon ligand recognition, TLRs initiate a cascade of signaling events; promote the pro-inflammatory cytokine, type I interferon, and chemokine expression; and play an essential role in the modulation of the host's innate and adaptive immunity. Therefore, it is of great significance to improve our understanding of antimicrobial immune responses by studying the role of TLRs and their signal molecules in the host's defense against invading microbes. This paper aims to summarize the specificity of TLRs in recognition of conserved microbial components, such as lipoprotein, lipopolysaccharide, flagella, endosomal nucleic acids, and other bioactive metabolites derived from microbes. This set of interactions helps to elucidate the immunomodulatory effect of TLRs and the signal transduction changes involved in the infectious process and provide a novel therapeutic strategy to combat microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, 12th East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 China
| | - Yunping Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, 12th East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 China
| | - Siqi Lian
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, 12th East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 China
| | - Li Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, 12th East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 China
| | - Xia Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, 12th East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 China
| | - Qiangde Duan
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, 12th East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, 12th East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 China
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Liu X, Shen H, Zhang X, Liang T, Ban Y, Yu L, Zhang L, Liu Y, Dong J, Zhang P, Lian K, Song C. Porcine circovirus type 3 capsid protein induces NF-κB activation and upregulates pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in HEK-293T cells. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2141-2149. [PMID: 34009439 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05104-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) has been widely detected throughout the world since it was first discovered on pig farms in 2015. PCV3 is closely associated with cardiac and multisystem inflammation, respiratory disease, congenital tremors, myocarditis, diarrhea, encephalitis and neurologic disease, and periarteritis. However, there have been few reports on the relationship between PCV3 and inflammatory pathways. The NF-κB signaling pathway plays an important role in the defense against viral infection. Here, we demonstrate that the capsid protein (Cap) of PCV3 plays a key role in the activation of NF-κB signaling in HEK-293T cells. Furthermore, PCV3 Cap promotes the mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL6 and TNFα. In addition, PCV3 Cap promotes RIG-I and MDA5 mRNA expression in RIG-like receptor (RLR) signaling and MyD88 mRNA expression in Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling but does not influence TRIF mRNA expression in TLR signaling. These results show that PCV3 Cap activates NF-κB signaling, possibly through the RLR and the TLR signaling pathways. This work illustrates that PCV3 Cap activates NF-κB signaling and thus may provide a basis for the pathogenesis of PCV3 and the innate immunity of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhui Liu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Center for Swine Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hanqin Shen
- Wen's Foodstuff Group Co. Ltd, Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Animal Health and Environmental Control, Yunfu, 527439, China
| | - Xinming Zhang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Center for Swine Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Tairun Liang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Center for Swine Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yanfang Ban
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Center for Swine Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Linyang Yu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Center for Swine Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Leyi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Center for Swine Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yanling Liu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Center for Swine Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jianguo Dong
- School of Animal Husbandry and Medical Engineering, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, No. 1 North Road, Pingqiao District, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Center for Swine Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Kaiqi Lian
- School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Changxu Song
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Center for Swine Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Jin X, Yuan Y, Zhang C, Zhou Y, Song Y, Wei Z, Zhang G. Porcine parvovirus nonstructural protein NS1 activates NF-κB and it involves TLR2 signaling pathway. J Vet Sci 2020; 21:e50. [PMID: 32476323 PMCID: PMC7263913 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is a single-stranded DNA virus that causes porcine reproductive failure. It is of critical importance to study PPV pathogenesis for the prevention and control of the disease. NS1, a PPV non-structural protein, is participated in viral DNA replication, transcriptional regulation, and cytotoxicity. Our previous research showed that PPV can activate nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway and then up-regulate the expression of interleukin (IL)-6. OBJECTIVES Herein, the purpose of this study is to determine whether the non-structural protein NS1 of PPV also has the same function. METHODS Real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blot, immunofluorescence assay and small interfering RNA (siRNA) were used. RESULTS Our findings demonstrated that PPV NS1 protein can up-regulate the expression levels of IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, PPV NS1 protein was found to induce the phosphorylation of IκBα, then leading to the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB. In addition, the NS1 protein activated the upstream pathways of NF-κB. Meanwhile, TLR2-siRNA assay showed TLR2 plays an important role in the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway induced by PPV-NS1. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicated that PPV NS1 protein induced the up-regulated of IL-6 expression through activating the TLR2 and NF-κB signaling pathways. In conclusion, these findings provide a new avenue to study the innate immune mechanism of PPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Jin
- The College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, P. R. China
| | - Yixin Yuan
- The College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, P. R. China
| | - Chi Zhang
- The College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, P. R. China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Animal-derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450002, P. R. China
| | - Yue Song
- Key Laboratory for Animal-derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450002, P. R. China
| | - Zhanyong Wei
- The College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Animal-derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450002, P. R. China.
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- The College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, P. R. China
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Detzner J, Gloerfeld C, Pohlentz G, Legros N, Humpf HU, Mellmann A, Karch H, Müthing J. Structural Insights into Escherichia coli Shiga Toxin (Stx) Glycosphingolipid Receptors of Porcine Renal Epithelial Cells and Inhibition of Stx-Mediated Cellular Injury Using Neoglycolipid-Spiked Glycovesicles. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7110582. [PMID: 31752441 PMCID: PMC6920957 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7110582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx) producing Escherichia coli (STEC) cause the edema disease in pigs by releasing the swine-pathogenic Stx2e subtype as the key virulence factor. Stx2e targets endothelial cells of animal organs including the kidney harboring the Stx receptor glycosphingolipids (GSLs) globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer, Galα1-4Galβ1-4Glcβ1-1Cer) and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer, GalNAcβ1-3Galα1-4Galβ1-4Glcβ1-1Cer). Since the involvement of renal epithelial cells in the edema disease is unknown, in this study, we analyzed the porcine kidney epithelial cell lines, LLC-PK1 and PK-15, regarding the presence of Stx-binding GSLs, their sensitivity towards Stx2e, and the inhibitory potential of Gb3- and Gb4-neoglycolipids, carrying phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) as the lipid anchor, towards Stx2e. Immunochemical and mass spectrometric analysis revealed various Gb3Cer and Gb4Cer lipoforms as the dominant Stx-binding GSLs in both LLC-PK1 and PK-15 cells. A dihexosylceramide with proposed Galα1-4Gal-sequence (Gal2Cer) was detected in PK-15 cells, whereas LLC-PK1 cells lacked this compound. Both cell lines were susceptible towards Stx2e with LLC-PK1 representing an extremely Stx2e-sensitive cell line. Gb3-PE and Gb4-PE applied as glycovesicles significantly reduced the cytotoxic activity of Stx2e towards LLC-PK1 cells, whereas only Gb4-PE exhibited some protection against Stx2e for PK-15 cells. This is the first report identifying Stx2e receptors of porcine kidney epithelial cells and providing first data on their Stx2e-mediated damage suggesting possible involvement in the edema disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Detzner
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (C.G.); (G.P.); (N.L.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Caroline Gloerfeld
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (C.G.); (G.P.); (N.L.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Gottfried Pohlentz
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (C.G.); (G.P.); (N.L.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Nadine Legros
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (C.G.); (G.P.); (N.L.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute for Food Chemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Alexander Mellmann
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (C.G.); (G.P.); (N.L.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Helge Karch
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (C.G.); (G.P.); (N.L.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Johannes Müthing
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (J.D.); (C.G.); (G.P.); (N.L.); (A.M.); (H.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)251-8355192
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Porcine parvovirus replication is suppressed by activation of the PERK signaling pathway and endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis. Virology 2019; 539:1-10. [PMID: 31605941 PMCID: PMC7127029 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is associated with numerous mammalian diseases, especially viral diseases. Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is the causative agent of reproductive failure in swine. Here, we observed that the PPV infection of porcine kidney 15 and porcine testis cells resulted in the activation of ER stress sensors mediated by protein kinase R-like ER kinase (PERK), but not inositol-requiring enzyme 1 and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). ER stress activation obviously blocked PPV replication. Depletion of proteins, such as PERK, eukaryotic initiation factor 2, and ATF4, by small interfering RNA significantly enhanced PPV replication. Moreover, the pro-apoptotic factor C/EBP homologous protein was identified a key factor in the inhibition of PPV replication. These data demonstrate that PPV infection activates ER stress through the PERK signaling pathway and that ER stress inhibits further PPV replication by promoting apoptosis.
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Chen S, Miao B, Zhang H, Xiong Y, Zhang X, Shao T, He J, Du Q, Huang Y, Tong D. Construction and characterization of the infectious clone of porcine parvovirus carrying genetic marker. Vet Microbiol 2019; 235:143-150. [PMID: 31282372 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is one of the major pathogens that bring about reproductive failure of pregnant sows. However, the study of the pathogenesis mechanism is circumscribed due to the lack of efficient genetic manipulation method. Infectious clone is a powerful tool for further studying the genetic mechanisms of PPV. In the present study, the gene fragment (157-4812) of PPV was amplified by PPV China isolate strain as a template, and PPV DNA fragments (1-182) forming Y-structure within in 5' end and (4788-5074) forming U-structure in 3' end were synthesized. And then, the above three fragments were inserted into plasmid pKQLL to congregate a PPV full-length recombinant plasmid by means of In-Fusion cloning technology. After the successful sequencing identification of the recombinant plasmid, the EcoR I restriction site was brought out as a genetic marker by nonsense mutation (A3058 T) to produce plasmid Y-PPV, which was transfected into PK-15 cells for rescue of virus. The rescued viral particles were observed under transmission electron microscopy, and the sequencing analysis showed that Y-PPV could stably carry the genetic marker. It could be seen that Y-PPV has similar replicate capability and pathogenicity as the wild-type parental PPV strain by cellular and animal experiments. These results confirmed that Y-PPV maintain similar biological characteristics with wild-type parental PPV strain. Infectious clone could be a valuable tool for studying the individual genes of PPV and applications in gene deletion or live vector vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songbiao Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, YL, China
| | - Bichen Miao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, YL, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, YL, China
| | - Yingli Xiong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, YL, China
| | - Xiujuan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, YL, China
| | - Ting Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, YL, China
| | - Jia He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, YL, China
| | - Qian Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, YL, China
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, YL, China.
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, YL, China.
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11
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Wang N, Zhang S, Wang D, Li F, Liang L, Li X, Zou Y, Zhan Y, Chen G, Yu W, Deng Z, Tu D, Cui S. Protective humoral immunity in guinea pigs induced by PCV2 virus-like particles displaying the B cell linear epitope ( 228QQITDA 233) of PPV1. Vet Microbiol 2019; 235:86-92. [PMID: 31282383 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although PCV2 infections generally cause mild disease in pigs, concurrent co-infections with other pathogens can damage the immune system and cause more severe diseases, collectively termed porcine circovirus associated diseases (PCVAD). Involvement of porcine parvovirus (PPV, a common cause of reproductive failure in naïve dams) in PCVAD caused by PCV2, has been reported. As this co-infection can be difficult to eliminate, there is a critical need to develop an effective vaccine to protect against PPV or synergistic effects of PCV2 and PPV under field conditions. In this study, we designed chimeric PCV2 virus-like particles (cVLPs) displaying a B-cell epitope derived from PPV1 structural protein around the surface of the 2-fold axes of PCV2 VLPs, based on 3D-structure analysis of the PCV2 capsid. The cVLPs were successfully prepared, verified by transmission electron microscopy and chromatography, with robust antibody titers against PCV2 and PPV1 produced in mice and guinea pigs. In addition, in guinea pigs challenged with 106 TCID50 PCV2, cVLPs conferred more effective immune protection (based on viral load) than a commercial PCV2 vaccine. Finally, antibody responses and immune protection against PPV were also evaluated. In guinea pigs vaccinated with cVLPs, although PPV antibodies detected by a hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay appeared later after vaccination in the PCV2 cVLPs group than in the commercial PPV vaccine group, there were fewer PPV genomic DNA copies in the PCV2 cVLPs group than in a PBS group. In conclusion, guinea pigs vaccinated with cVLPs developed effective protective immunity against PCV2 challenge, with some protective immunity against PPV. This study provided valuable research data to pursue molecular design of chimeric epitopes PCV2 VLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naidong Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Sujiao Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Dongliang Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Fuqiang Li
- Tianjin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin, 300381, China
| | - Lin Liang
- Institute of Animal Sciences (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China; Scientifc Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology of Beijing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiuli Li
- Tianjin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin, 300381, China
| | - Yawen Zou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yang Zhan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Guanyu Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Wanting Yu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Zhibang Deng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Di Tu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Shangjin Cui
- Institute of Animal Sciences (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China; Scientifc Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology of Beijing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Villis PCM, Filho JCS, Gomes WC, de Miranda RDCM, Nunes GS, Pissetti FL, Gushikem Y, Lucho AMS. Diethylenetriamine ion-imprinted silica gel for copper determination in tap water. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-018-1206-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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13
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Tong M, Yi L, Sun N, Cheng Y, Cao Z, Wang J, Li S, Lin P, Sun Y, Cheng S. Quantitative Analysis of Cellular Proteome Alterations in CDV-Infected Mink Lung Epithelial Cells. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2564. [PMID: 29312244 PMCID: PMC5743685 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV), a paramyxovirus, causes a severe highly contagious lethal disease in carnivores, such as mink. Mink lung epithelial cells (Mv.1.Lu cells) are sensitive to CDV infection and are homologous to the natural host system of mink. The current study analyzed the response of Mv.1.Lu cells to CDV infection by iTRAQ combined with LC-MS/MS. In total, 151 and 369 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were markedly up-regulated or down-regulated, respectively. Thirteen DEPs were validated via real-time RT-PCR or western blot analysis. Network and KEGG pathway analyses revealed several regulated proteins associated with the NF-κB signaling pathway. Further validation was performed by western blot analysis and immunofluorescence assay, which demonstrated that different CDV strains induced NF-κB P65 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. Moreover, the results provided interesting information that some identified DEPs possibly associated with the pathogenesis and the immune response upon CDV infection. This study is the first overview of the responses to CDV infection in Mv.1.Lu cells, and the findings will help to analyze further aspects of the molecular mechanisms involved in viral pathogenesis and the immune responses upon CDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwei Tong
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Li Yi
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Na Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yuening Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Zhigang Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jianke Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Shuang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yaru Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Shipeng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
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14
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Zhou Y, Jin XH, Jing YX, Song Y, He XX, Zheng LL, Wang YB, Wei ZY, Zhang GP. Porcine parvovirus infection activates inflammatory cytokine production through Toll-like receptor 9 and NF-κB signaling pathways in porcine kidney cells. Vet Microbiol 2017; 207:56-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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