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Zhao G, Bu G, Liu G, Kong X, Sun C, Li Z, Dai D, Sun H, Kang Y, Feng G, Zhong Q, Zeng M. mRNA-based Vaccines Targeting the T-cell Epitope-rich Domain of Epstein Barr Virus Latent Proteins Elicit Robust Anti-Tumor Immunity in Mice. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302116. [PMID: 37890462 PMCID: PMC10724410 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with various malignancies and infects >90% of the global population. EBV latent proteins are expressed in numerous EBV-associated cancers and contribute to carcinogenesis, making them critical therapeutic targets for these cancers. Thus, this study aims to develop mRNA-based therapeutic vaccines that express the T-cell-epitope-rich domain of truncated latent proteins of EBV, including truncatedlatent membrane protein 2A (Trunc-LMP2A), truncated EBV nuclear antigen 1 (Trunc-EBNA1), and Trunc-EBNA3A. The vaccines effectively activate both cellular and humoral immunity in mice and show promising results in suppressing tumor progression and improving survival time in tumor-bearing mice. Furthermore, it is observed that the truncated forms of the antigens, Trunc-LMP2A, Trunc-EBNA1, and Trunc-EBNA3A, are more effective than full-length antigens in activating antigen-specific immune responses. In summary, the findings demonstrate the effectiveness of mRNA-based therapeutic vaccines targeting the T-cell-epitope-rich domain of EBV latent proteins and providing new treatment options for EBV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge‐Xin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer. MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Diagnosis, and TherapySun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhou510060China
| | - Guo‐Long Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer. MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Diagnosis, and TherapySun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhou510060China
| | - Gang‐Feng Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery Section IIThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University/Yunnan Cancer Hospital519 Kunzhou RoadKunming650118China
| | - Xiang‐Wei Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer. MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Diagnosis, and TherapySun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhou510060China
| | - Cong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer. MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Diagnosis, and TherapySun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhou510060China
| | - Zi‐Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer. MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Diagnosis, and TherapySun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhou510060China
| | - Dan‐Ling Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer. MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Diagnosis, and TherapySun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhou510060China
| | - Hai‐Xia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer. MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Diagnosis, and TherapySun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhou510060China
| | - Yin‐Feng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer. MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Diagnosis, and TherapySun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhou510060China
| | - Guo‐Kai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer. MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Diagnosis, and TherapySun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhou510060China
| | - Qian Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer. MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Diagnosis, and TherapySun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhou510060China
| | - Mu‐Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer. MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Diagnosis, and TherapySun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhou510060China
- Guangdong‐Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhou510060China
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2
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Forsdyke DR. Aggregation-prone peptides from within a non-self-protein homoaggregate are preferred for MHC association: Historical overview. Scand J Immunol 2023; 98:e13306. [PMID: 38441340 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
New technologies assist re-evaluation of hypotheses on generation of immune cell repertoires and distinctions of self from non-self. Findings include positive correlations between peptide propensities to aggregate and their binding to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins. This recalls the hypothesis that foreign proteins may homoaggregate in host cytosols prior to releasing their peptides (p) to form pMHC complexes. Clues to this included aggregation-related phenomena associated with infections (rouleaux formation, pyrexia, certain brain diseases). By virtue of 'promiscuous' gene expression by thymic presenting cells - perhaps adapted from earlier evolving gonadal mechanisms - developing T cells monitor surface pMHC clusterings. This evaluates intracellular concentrations of the corresponding proteins, and hence, following Burnet's two signal principle, degrees of self-reactivity. After positive selection in the thymic cortex for reactivity with 'near-self', high-level pMHC clustering suffices in the medulla for negatively selection. Following Burnet's principle, in the periphery low-level clustering suffices for T cell stimulation and high-level clustering again provokes negative selection (immunological tolerance). For evolving intracellular pathogens, fine-tuned polymorphisms of their host species have limited to 'near-self' some mimicking adaptations. It is proposed that while entire pathogen proteins may have evolved to minimize their aggregability, the greater aggregability of their peptides remains partially hidden within. Two-step proofreading mechanisms in prospective hosts select proteins containing aggregable peptide for the generation of pMHC clusters at the surface of presenting cells. Through mutations, some proteins of pathogens and cancer cells tend to converge towards the host 'near-self' that its T cells have auditioned to address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R Forsdyke
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Rich RR, Cron RQ. The Human Immune Response. Clin Immunol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-8165-1.00001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
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4
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Gough MJ, Crittenden MR. The paradox of radiation and T cells in tumors. Neoplasia 2022; 31:100808. [PMID: 35691060 PMCID: PMC9194456 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2022.100808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this review we consider what appears to be a paradox in immunotherapies based around radiation therapy. The paradox is based on three main points. 1. That T cells are needed for radiation's efficacy; 2. That tumor-specific T cells are enriched in the field of treatment; and 3. That radiation kills T cells in the treatment field. We discuss evidence of the effect of radiation on T cells in the field given their ongoing movement in and out of tissues and the tumor, and how the movement of T cells impacts the treated primary tumor and untreated distant metastases. Given this evidence, we revisit the paradox to understand how the extraordinary efficacy of radiation and immunity in preclinical models is dependent on this radiation sensitive cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Gough
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St., Portland, OR 97213, USA.
| | - Marka R Crittenden
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St., Portland, OR 97213, USA; The Oregon Clinic, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
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5
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Gumber D, Wang LD. Improving CAR-T immunotherapy: Overcoming the challenges of T cell exhaustion. EBioMedicine 2022; 77:103941. [PMID: 35301179 PMCID: PMC8927848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has emerged as a cancer treatment with enormous potential, demonstrating impressive antitumor activity in the treatment of hematological malignancies. However, CAR T cell exhaustion is a major limitation to their efficacy, particularly in the application of CAR T cells to solid tumors. CAR T cell exhaustion is thought to be due to persistent antigen stimulation, as well as an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and mitigating exhaustion to maintain CAR T cell effector function and persistence and achieve clinical potency remains a central challenge. Here, we review the underlying mechanisms of exhaustion and discuss emerging strategies to prevent or reverse exhaustion through modifications of the CAR receptor or CAR independent pathways. Additionally, we discuss the potential of these strategies for improving clinical outcomes of CAR T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gumber
- Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope National Medical Center, Beckman Research Institute, Duarte CA, United States; Department of Immunooncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Leo D Wang
- Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope National Medical Center, Beckman Research Institute, Duarte CA, United States; Department of Immunooncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States.
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6
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Beta2-microglobulin(B2M) in cancer immunotherapies: Biological function, resistance and remedy. Cancer Lett 2021; 517:96-104. [PMID: 34129878 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies have made much headway during the past decades. Techniques including the immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) and adoptive cell therapy (ACT) have harvested impressive efficacy and provided far-reaching tools for treating cancer patients. However, due to inadequate priming of the immune system, a certain subgroup of patients remains resistant to cancer immunotherapies during or after the treatment. β2-microglobulin (B2M) is an important subunit of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I which exerts substantive biological functions in tumorigenesis and immune control. Accumulating evidence has shown that alterations of B2M gene and B2M proteins contribute to poor reaction to cancer immunotherapies by dampening antigen presentation. Here, we discuss the basic biological functions of B2M, its distribution in a spectrum of cancers, and current understanding of its role in ICI, cancer vaccines and chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapies. Furthermore, we summarize some promising therapeutic strategies to improve the efficacy inhibited by B2M defects.
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7
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Blair TC, Alice AF, Zebertavage L, Crittenden MR, Gough MJ. The Dynamic Entropy of Tumor Immune Infiltrates: The Impact of Recirculation, Antigen-Specific Interactions, and Retention on T Cells in Tumors. Front Oncol 2021; 11:653625. [PMID: 33968757 PMCID: PMC8101411 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.653625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of tumor infiltration using conventional methods reveals a snapshot view of lymphocyte interactions with the tumor environment. However, lymphocytes have the unique capacity for continued recirculation, exploring varied tissues for the presence of cognate antigens according to inflammatory triggers and chemokine gradients. We discuss the role of the inflammatory and cellular makeup of the tumor environment, as well as antigen expressed by cancer cells or cross-presented by stromal antigen presenting cells, on recirculation kinetics of T cells. We aim to discuss how current cancer therapies may manipulate lymphocyte recirculation versus retention to impact lymphocyte exclusion in the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany C Blair
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University (OHSU), Portland, OR, United States.,Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Alejandro F Alice
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Lauren Zebertavage
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University (OHSU), Portland, OR, United States.,Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Marka R Crittenden
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States.,The Oregon Clinic, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Michael J Gough
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
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8
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Ehx G, Larouche JD, Durette C, Laverdure JP, Hesnard L, Vincent K, Hardy MP, Thériault C, Rulleau C, Lanoix J, Bonneil E, Feghaly A, Apavaloaei A, Noronha N, Laumont CM, Delisle JS, Vago L, Hébert J, Sauvageau G, Lemieux S, Thibault P, Perreault C. Atypical acute myeloid leukemia-specific transcripts generate shared and immunogenic MHC class-I-associated epitopes. Immunity 2021; 54:737-752.e10. [PMID: 33740418 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has not benefited from innovative immunotherapies, mainly because of the lack of actionable immune targets. Using an original proteogenomic approach, we analyzed the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC class I)-associated immunopeptidome of 19 primary AML samples and identified 58 tumor-specific antigens (TSAs). These TSAs bore no mutations and derived mainly (86%) from supposedly non-coding genomic regions. Two AML-specific aberrations were instrumental in the biogenesis of TSAs, intron retention, and epigenetic changes. Indeed, 48% of TSAs resulted from intron retention and translation, and their RNA expression correlated with mutations of epigenetic modifiers (e.g., DNMT3A). AML TSA-coding transcripts were highly shared among patients and were expressed in both blasts and leukemic stem cells. In AML patients, the predicted number of TSAs correlated with spontaneous expansion of cognate T cell receptor clonotypes, accumulation of activated cytotoxic T cells, immunoediting, and improved survival. These TSAs represent attractive targets for AML immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Ehx
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jean-David Larouche
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Chantal Durette
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Laverdure
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Leslie Hesnard
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Krystel Vincent
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Marie-Pierre Hardy
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Catherine Thériault
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Caroline Rulleau
- Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Joël Lanoix
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Eric Bonneil
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Albert Feghaly
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Anca Apavaloaei
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Nandita Noronha
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Céline M Laumont
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jean-Sébastien Delisle
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada; Division of Hematology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Luca Vago
- Unit of Immunogenetics, Leukemia Genomics and Immunobiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Josée Hébert
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; Division of Hematology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Guy Sauvageau
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; Division of Hematology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Sébastien Lemieux
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Pierre Thibault
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Claude Perreault
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
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9
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Puiffe ML, Dupont A, Sako N, Gatineau J, Cohen JL, Mestivier D, Lebon A, Prévost-Blondel A, Castellano F, Molinier-Frenkel V. IL4I1 Accelerates the Expansion of Effector CD8 + T Cells at the Expense of Memory Precursors by Increasing the Threshold of T-Cell Activation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:600012. [PMID: 33343572 PMCID: PMC7746639 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.600012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
IL4I1 is an immunoregulatory enzyme that inhibits CD8 T-cell proliferation in vitro and in the tumoral context. Here, we dissected the effect of IL4I1 on CD8 T-cell priming by studying the differentiation of a transgenic CD8 T-cell clone and the endogenous repertoire in a mouse model of acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection. Unexpectedly, we show that IL4I1 accelerates the expansion of functional effector CD8 T cells during the first several days after infection and increases the average affinity of the elicited repertoire, supporting more efficient LCMV clearance in WT mice than IL4I1-deficient mice. Conversely, IL4I1 restrains the differentiation of CD8 T-cells into long-lived memory precursors and favors the memory response to the most immunodominant peptides. IL4I1 expression does not affect the phenotype or antigen-presenting functions of dendritic cells (DCs), but directly reduces the stability of T-DC immune synapses in vitro, thus dampening T-cell activation. Overall, our results support a model in which IL4I1 increases the threshold of T-cell activation, indirectly promoting the priming of high-affinity clones while limiting memory T-cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Line Puiffe
- Virus-Immunity-Cancer Department, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Aurélie Dupont
- Virus-Immunity-Cancer Department, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Nouhoum Sako
- Virus-Immunity-Cancer Department, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Jérôme Gatineau
- Virus-Immunity-Cancer Department, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - José L Cohen
- Virus-Immunity-Cancer Department, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Denis Mestivier
- Bioinformatics Core Laboratory, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Agnès Lebon
- INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Flavia Castellano
- Virus-Immunity-Cancer Department, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France.,Pathobiology Department, Groupe Hospitalo-Universitaire Chenevier-Mondor, AP-HP, Créteil, France
| | - Valérie Molinier-Frenkel
- Virus-Immunity-Cancer Department, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France.,Pathobiology Department, Groupe Hospitalo-Universitaire Chenevier-Mondor, AP-HP, Créteil, France
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10
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Apavaloaei A, Hardy MP, Thibault P, Perreault C. The Origin and Immune Recognition of Tumor-Specific Antigens. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2607. [PMID: 32932620 PMCID: PMC7565792 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The dominant paradigm holds that spontaneous and therapeutically induced anti-tumor responses are mediated mainly by CD8 T cells and directed against tumor-specific antigens (TSAs). The presence of specific TSAs on cancer cells can only be proven by mass spectrometry analyses. Bioinformatic predictions and reverse immunology studies cannot provide this type of conclusive evidence. Most TSAs are coded by unmutated non-canonical transcripts that arise from cancer-specific epigenetic and splicing aberrations. When searching for TSAs, it is therefore important to perform mass spectrometry analyses that interrogate not only the canonical reading frame of annotated exome but all reading frames of the entire translatome. The majority of aberrantly expressed TSAs (aeTSAs) derive from unstable short-lived proteins that are good substrates for direct major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I presentation but poor substrates for cross-presentation. This is an important caveat, because cancer cells are poor antigen-presenting cells, and the immune system, therefore, depends on cross-presentation by dendritic cells (DCs) to detect the presence of TSAs. We, therefore, postulate that, in the untreated host, most aeTSAs are undetected by the immune system. We present evidence suggesting that vaccines inducing direct aeTSA presentation by DCs may represent an attractive strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pierre Thibault
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; (A.A.); (M.-P.H.)
| | - Claude Perreault
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; (A.A.); (M.-P.H.)
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11
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Zebertavage LK, Alice A, Crittenden MR, Gough MJ. Transcriptional Upregulation of NLRC5 by Radiation Drives STING- and Interferon-Independent MHC-I Expression on Cancer Cells and T Cell Cytotoxicity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7376. [PMID: 32355214 PMCID: PMC7193601 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64408-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy has been shown to enhance the efficacy of various T cell-targeted immunotherapies that improve antigen-specific T cell expansion, T regulatory cell depletion, or effector T cell function. Additionally, radiation therapy has been proposed as a means to recruit T cells to the treatment site and modulate cancer cells as effector T cell targets. The significance of these features remains unclear. We set out to determine, in checkpoint inhibitor resistant models, which components of radiation are primarily responsible for overcoming this resistance. In order to model the vaccination effect of radiation, we used a Listeria monocytogenes based vaccine to generate a large population of tumor antigen specific T cells but found that the presence of cells with cytotoxic capacity was unable to replicate the efficacy of radiation with combination checkpoint blockade. Instead, we demonstrated that a major role of radiation was to increase the susceptibility of surviving cancer cells to CD8+ T cell-mediated control through enhanced MHC-I expression. We observed a novel mechanism of genetic induction of MHC-I in cancer cells through upregulation of the MHC-I transactivator NLRC5. These data support the critical role of local modulation of tumors by radiation to improve tumor control with combination immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Zebertavage
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, 97213, USA.,Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Alejandro Alice
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Marka R Crittenden
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, 97213, USA.,The Oregon Clinic, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Michael J Gough
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, 97213, USA.
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