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Lv M, Cai Y, Hou W, Peng K, Xu K, Lu C, Yu W, Zhang W, Liu L. The C5AR1/TNFSF13B axis alleviates osteoarthritis by activating the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway to inhibit ferroptosis. Exp Cell Res 2024; 441:114195. [PMID: 39098466 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.114195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Chondrocyte ferroptosis induces the occurrence of osteoarthritis (OA). As a key gene of OA, C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1) is related to ferroptosis. Here, we investigated whether C5AR1 interferes with chondrocyte ferroptosis during OA occurrence. C5AR1 was downregulated in PA-treated chondrocytes. Overexpression of C5AR1 increased the cell viability and decreased ferroptosis in chondrocytes. Moreover, Tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 13B (TNFSF13B) was downregulated in PA-treated chondrocytes, and knockdown of TNFSF13B eliminated the inhibitory effect of C5AR1 on ferroptosis in chondrocytes. More importantly, the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway inhibitor LY294002 reversed the inhibition of C5AR1 or TNFSF13B on ferroptosis in chondrocytes. Finally, we found that C5AR1 alleviated joint tissue lesions and ferroptosis in rats and inhibited the progression of OA in the rat OA model constructed by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT), which was reversed by interfering with TNFSF13B. This study shows that C5AR1 reduces the progression of OA by upregulating TNFSF13B to activate the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and thereby inhibiting chondrocyte sensitivity to ferroptosis, indicating that C5AR1 may be a potential therapeutic target for ferroptosis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lv
- Osteonecrosis and Joint Reconstruction Ward, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Yuanzhen Cai
- Osteonecrosis and Joint Reconstruction Ward, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Weikun Hou
- Osteonecrosis and Joint Reconstruction Ward, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Kan Peng
- Osteonecrosis and Joint Reconstruction Ward, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Osteonecrosis and Joint Reconstruction Ward, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Chao Lu
- Osteonecrosis and Joint Reconstruction Ward, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Wenxing Yu
- Osteonecrosis and Joint Reconstruction Ward, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Weisong Zhang
- Osteonecrosis and Joint Reconstruction Ward, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Osteonecrosis and Joint Reconstruction Ward, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China.
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2
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Cabral-Marques O, Moll G, Catar R, Preuß B, Bankamp L, Pecher AC, Henes J, Klein R, Kamalanathan AS, Akbarzadeh R, van Oostveen W, Hohberger B, Endres M, Koolmoes B, Levarht N, Postma R, van Duinen V, van Zonneveld AJ, de Vries-Bouwstra J, Fehres C, Tran F, do Vale FYN, da Silva Souza KB, Filgueiras IS, Schimke LF, Baiocchi GC, de Miranda GC, da Fonseca DLM, Freire PP, Hackel AM, Grasshoff H, Stähle A, Müller A, Dechend R, Yu X, Petersen F, Sotzny F, Sakmar TP, Ochs HD, Schulze-Forster K, Heidecke H, Scheibenbogen C, Shoenfeld Y, Riemekasten G. Autoantibodies targeting G protein-coupled receptors: An evolving history in autoimmunity. Report of the 4th international symposium. Autoimmun Rev 2023; 22:103310. [PMID: 36906052 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) are involved in various physiological and pathophysiological processes. Functional autoantibodies targeting GPCRs have been associated with multiple disease manifestations in this context. Here we summarize and discuss the relevant findings and concepts presented in the biennial International Meeting on autoantibodies targeting GPCRs (the 4th Symposium), held in Lübeck, Germany, 15-16 September 2022. The symposium focused on the current knowledge of these autoantibodies' role in various diseases, such as cardiovascular, renal, infectious (COVID-19), and autoimmune diseases (e.g., systemic sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus). Beyond their association with disease phenotypes, intense research related to the mechanistic action of these autoantibodies on immune regulation and pathogenesis has been developed, underscoring the role of autoantibodies targeting GPCRs on disease outcomes and etiopathogenesis. The observation repeatedly highlighted that autoantibodies targeting GPCRs could also be present in healthy individuals, suggesting that anti-GPCR autoantibodies play a physiologic role in modeling the course of diseases. Since numerous therapies targeting GPCRs have been developed, including small molecules and monoclonal antibodies designed for treating cancer, infections, metabolic disorders, or inflammatory conditions, anti-GPCR autoantibodies themselves can serve as therapeutic targets to reduce patients' morbidity and mortality, representing a new area for the development of novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otávio Cabral-Marques
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Medical Investigation 29, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pharmacy and Postgraduate Program of Health and Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Interunit Postgraduate Program on Bioinformatics, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics (IME), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Guido Moll
- Department of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany; BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) and Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), all Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rusan Catar
- Department of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beate Preuß
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lukas Bankamp
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Pecher
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joerg Henes
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Reinhild Klein
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - A S Kamalanathan
- Centre for BioSeparation Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Reza Akbarzadeh
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Wieke van Oostveen
- Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Department of Rheumatology, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Bettina Hohberger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Endres
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Berlin, Germany.; Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Partner Site Berlin, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bryan Koolmoes
- Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Department of Rheumatology, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Nivine Levarht
- Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Department of Rheumatology, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Rudmer Postma
- LUMC, Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent van Duinen
- LUMC, Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Anton Jan van Zonneveld
- LUMC, Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jeska de Vries-Bouwstra
- Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Department of Rheumatology, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Cynthia Fehres
- Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Department of Rheumatology, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Florian Tran
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Fernando Yuri Nery do Vale
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Igor Salerno Filgueiras
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lena F Schimke
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Crispim Baiocchi
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Cabral de Miranda
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dennyson Leandro Mathias da Fonseca
- Interunit Postgraduate Program on Bioinformatics, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics (IME), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Paccielli Freire
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexander M Hackel
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hanna Grasshoff
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anja Stähle
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Antje Müller
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ralf Dechend
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A collaboration of Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin, and HELIOS Clinic, Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Xinhua Yu
- Priority Area Chronic Lung Diseases, Research Center Borstel (RCB), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Frank Petersen
- Priority Area Chronic Lung Diseases, Research Center Borstel (RCB), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Franziska Sotzny
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas P Sakmar
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hans D Ochs
- University of Washington School of Medicine and Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Carmen Scheibenbogen
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Gabriela Riemekasten
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
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3
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Klapa S, Müller A, Koch A, Kerstein-Stähle A, Kähler W, Heidecke H, Schinke S, Huber-Lang M, Nitschke M, Pitann S, Augustin S, Karsten CM, Riemekasten G, Lamprecht P. Low Concentrations of C5a Complement Receptor Antibodies Are Linked to Disease Activity and Relapse in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Autoantibody-Associated Vasculitis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2022; 75:760-767. [PMID: 36409567 DOI: 10.1002/art.42410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine concentrations of circulating antibodies targeting C3a and C5a complement receptors in antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) and analyze their association with disease activity. METHODS Concentrations of antibodies against C3a and C5a complement receptors (anti-C3aR and anti-C5aR) and plasma complement fragments C3a and C5a were determined in patients with AAV (n = 110; granulomatosis with polyangiitis [GPA; n = 82] or microscopic polyangiitis [MPA; n = 28]), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients as disease controls (n = 36), and healthy donors (n = 220). C3aR and C5aR expression by circulating neutrophils, monocytes, and T cells was analyzed using flow cytometry. Clinical data were assessed at time of serum sampling and during follow-up for 60 months. RESULTS In AAV, anti-C3aR and anti-C5aR antibodies were decreased (P = 0.0026 and P ≤ 0.0001, respectively). In remission, anti-C3aR antibody concentrations rose to values comparable to healthy donors, whereas anti-C5aR antibody concentrations did not. In GPA, anti-C5a and anti-C5aR antibody concentrations inversely correlated with each other (r = -0.6831, P = 0.0127). In newly diagnosed GPA, decreased concentrations of anti-C5aR antibodies but not anti-C3aR antibodies were associated with disease activity (P = 0.0009). Moreover, low anti-C5aR antibodies were associated with relapse in GPA (hazard ratio 3.54, P = 0.0009) and MPA (hazard ratio 4.41, P = 0.0041). The frequency of C5aR-expressing cells within T cell populations was increased in GPA (P = 0.0021 for CD4+ T cells; P = 0.0118 for CD8+ T cells), but not in MPA. CONCLUSION Low concentrations of anti-C5aR antibodies reflect disease activity and are associated with an increased risk for relapse in AAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Klapa
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany, and Institute of Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel c/o German Naval Medical Institute, Kronshagen, Germany
| | - Antje Müller
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andreas Koch
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel c/o German Naval Medical Institute, Kronshagen, Germany
| | - Anja Kerstein-Stähle
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Wataru Kähler
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel c/o German Naval Medical Institute, Kronshagen, Germany
| | | | - Susanne Schinke
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma-, Hand-, Plastic- and Reconstruction Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Nitschke
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Transplant Center, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Silke Pitann
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Solveig Augustin
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christian M Karsten
- Institute of Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Gabriela Riemekasten
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Peter Lamprecht
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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4
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Sotzny F, Filgueiras IS, Kedor C, Freitag H, Wittke K, Bauer S, Sepúlveda N, Mathias da Fonseca DL, Baiocchi GC, Marques AHC, Kim M, Lange T, Plaça DR, Luebber F, Paulus FM, De Vito R, Jurisica I, Schulze-Forster K, Paul F, Bellmann-Strobl J, Rust R, Hoppmann U, Shoenfeld Y, Riemekasten G, Heidecke H, Cabral-Marques O, Scheibenbogen C. Dysregulated autoantibodies targeting vaso- and immunoregulatory receptors in Post COVID Syndrome correlate with symptom severity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:981532. [PMID: 36238301 PMCID: PMC9552223 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.981532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most patients with Post COVID Syndrome (PCS) present with a plethora of symptoms without clear evidence of organ dysfunction. A subset of them fulfills diagnostic criteria of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Symptom severity of ME/CFS correlates with natural regulatory autoantibody (AAB) levels targeting several G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR). In this exploratory study, we analyzed serum AAB levels against vaso- and immunoregulatory receptors, mostly GPCRs, in 80 PCS patients following mild-to-moderate COVID-19, with 40 of them fulfilling diagnostic criteria of ME/CFS. Healthy seronegative (n=38) and asymptomatic post COVID-19 controls (n=40) were also included in the study as control groups. We found lower levels for various AABs in PCS compared to at least one control group, accompanied by alterations in the correlations among AABs. Classification using random forest indicated AABs targeting ADRB2, STAB1, and ADRA2A as the strongest classifiers (AABs stratifying patients according to disease outcomes) of post COVID-19 outcomes. Several AABs correlated with symptom severity in PCS groups. Remarkably, severity of fatigue and vasomotor symptoms were associated with ADRB2 AAB levels in PCS/ME/CFS patients. Our study identified dysregulation of AAB against various receptors involved in the autonomous nervous system (ANS), vaso-, and immunoregulation and their correlation with symptom severity, pointing to their role in the pathogenesis of PCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Sotzny
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Franziska Sotzny, ; Igor Salerno Filgueiras, ; Otavio Cabral-Marques, ; Carmen Scheibenbogen,
| | - Igor Salerno Filgueiras
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Franziska Sotzny, ; Igor Salerno Filgueiras, ; Otavio Cabral-Marques, ; Carmen Scheibenbogen,
| | - Claudia Kedor
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helma Freitag
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kirsten Wittke
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Bauer
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nuno Sepúlveda
- Faculty of Mathematics and Information Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
- CEAUL – Centro de Estatística e Aplicações da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Gabriela Crispim Baiocchi
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre H. C. Marques
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Myungjin Kim
- Data Science Initiative, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Tanja Lange
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Desirée Rodrigues Plaça
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Finn Luebber
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Frieder M. Paulus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Roberta De Vito
- Department of Biostatistics and the Data Science Initiative, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Igor Jurisica
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Data Science Discovery Centre for Chronic Diseases, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Friedemann Paul
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith Bellmann-Strobl
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Rebekka Rust
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Uta Hoppmann
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Affiliated with the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Gabriela Riemekasten
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Otavio Cabral-Marques
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Interunit PostGraduate Program on Bioinformatics, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics (IME), University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy, and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Franziska Sotzny, ; Igor Salerno Filgueiras, ; Otavio Cabral-Marques, ; Carmen Scheibenbogen,
| | - Carmen Scheibenbogen
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Franziska Sotzny, ; Igor Salerno Filgueiras, ; Otavio Cabral-Marques, ; Carmen Scheibenbogen,
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