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Exposure assessment of wastewater treatment plant employees to BTEX: a biological monitoring approach. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21433. [PMID: 36509850 PMCID: PMC9744860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25876-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To monitor employees' work safety and exposure against air contaminants, Trans, trans-muconic acid, Hippuric acid, Methyl hippuric acid, Mandelic acid and Phenylglyoxylic acid can be used as reliable biomarkers of exposure to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) compounds. This study aims to determine the level of urinary metabolites of BTEX compounds using biological monitoring in the employees of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in the south of Iran. The study was performed on 56 employees of the WWTP of one of the southern cities of Iran in 2020. Urine samples (n total = 112) consisting of 60 samples of employees working in the operation section (exposed group) and 52 samples of employees working in the administrative section (control group) in the WWTP were collected before and at the end of their shift. The mean concentration of urinary metabolites of BTEX of both groups ranged from 546.43 (μg/g cr) for trans, trans-muconic acid to 0.006 (μg/g cr) for methyl hippuric acid, which indicates that most of the evaluated metabolites showed a higher concentration than their occupational threshold limit value urine (p < 0.05). Regression analysis results showed a significant correlation (p < 0.05) between age and utilization of flame heaters with changes in the measured BTEX metabolites in the urine. The results of this study illustrate that WWTPs should be considered as one of the workplaces with potential sources of BTEX exposure for employees. Future investigations are recommended to perform itemized appraisals of BTEX intake sources, particularly in employees of the operational sections of WWTP.
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The Combined Effect of Bubble and Photo Catalysis Technology in BTEX Removal from Produced Water. BULLETIN OF CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING & CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.17.3.15367.577-589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Among the several ways used in wastewater treatment, the photocatalysis process is a more novel and alternative process that is increasingly employed in recent years. This work aims to improve the performance of the photocatalyst process by using air bubbles in removing the BTEX from produced water as an indicator of process efficiency. The study also shows the effect of influencing factors (pH and residence time) on the photocatalysis process. The study was done in a rectangular column with dimensions of 200 mm width, 30 mm depth, and 1500 mm height. Commercial titanium oxide (TiO2) coated on a plate by the varnish was used as a source of the photocatalyst. The experiment was carried out under different values of gas flow rate (0-3 L/min) to evaluate its effect on the photocatalyst process, the effect of other variables of pH (3-11), and irradiation time (30-120) min was also studied. A new method of the coating was adopted by using an alumina plate with varnish as an adhesive. The characteristics results show that the coated plate has hydrophilic properties and that there is no significant change in the crystal structure of the TiO2 nanoparticles and the varnish before and after 60 h of the photocatalytic process, indicating that the plate is still effective after 60 h usage under different conditions. The results also show that the introduction of air bubbles enhances the removal efficiency of BTEX significantly and the best removal effectiveness of BTEX was 93% when pH = 5 after 90 min and 90% when pH = 3 after 120 min. The removal rate also reached 86% when pH = 7 after 120 min all at a flow rate of 3 L/min. The percentage of removal decreased at pH = 9 and 11, reaching 64% and 50%, respectively after 120 min and a flow rate of 3 L/min. Copyright © 2022 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
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Samuel O, Othman MHD, Kamaludin R, Sinsamphanh O, Abdullah H, Puteh MH, Kurniawan TA, Li T, Ismail AF, Rahman MA, Jaafar J, El-Badawy T, Chinedu Mamah S. Oilfield-produced water treatment using conventional and membrane-based technologies for beneficial reuse: A critical review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 308:114556. [PMID: 35124308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oilfield produced water (OPW) is one of the most important by-products, resulting from oil and gas exploration. The water contains a complex mixture of organic and inorganic compounds such as grease, dissolved salt, heavy metals as well as dissolved and dispersed oils, which can be toxic to the environment and public health. This article critically reviews the complex properties of OPW and various technologies for its treatment. They include the physico-chemical treatment process, biological treatment process, and physical treatment process. Their technological strengths and bottlenecks as well as strategies to mitigate their bottlenecks are elaborated. A particular focus is placed on membrane technologies. Finally, further research direction, challenges, and perspectives of treatment technologies for OPW are discussed. It is conclusively evident from 262 published studies (1965-2021) that no single treatment method is highly effective for OPW treatment as a stand-alone process however, conventional membrane-based technologies are frequently used for the treatment of OPW with the ultrafiltration (UF) process being the most used for oil rejection form OPW and oily waste water. After membrane treatment, treated effluents of the OPW could be reused for irrigation, habitant and wildlife watering, microalgae production, and livestock watering. Overall, this implies that target pollutants in the OPW samples could be removed efficiently for subsequent use, despite its complex properties. In general, it is however important to note that feed quality, desired quality of effluent, cost-effectiveness, simplicity of process are key determinants in choosing the most suitable treatment process for OPW treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ojo Samuel
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM JB, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal Polytechnic, Mubi, P.M.B 35, Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria
| | - Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM JB, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Roziana Kamaludin
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM JB, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Oulavanh Sinsamphanh
- Faculty of Environmental Science, National University of Laos, Dongdok, Campus, Xaythany District, Vientiane Capital, LOA PDR, Laos
| | - Huda Abdullah
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, The National University of Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hafiz Puteh
- School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | | | - Tao Li
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Ahmad Fauzi Ismail
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM JB, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mukhlis A Rahman
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM JB, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Juhana Jaafar
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM JB, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Tijjani El-Badawy
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM JB, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Stanley Chinedu Mamah
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM JB, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
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Amakiri KT, Angelis-Dimakis A, Ramirez Canon A. Recent advances, influencing factors, and future research prospects using photocatalytic process for produced water treatment. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2022; 85:769-788. [PMID: 35166699 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oilfield-produced water is the primary by-product generated during oil and gas extraction operations. Oilfield-produced water is often severely toxic and poses substantial health, safety, and environmental issues; adequate treatment technologies can bring these streams to a quality level. Photocatalysis is a photochemical catalytic reaction that is a highly promising tool for environmental remediation due to its efficiency in mineralizing persistent and potentially toxic contaminants. However, there is limited understanding of its application to treat oilfield-produced water with a complex and highly variable water composition. This review article discusses the mechanisms and current state of heterogeneous photocatalytic systems for oilfield-produced water treatment, highlighting impediments to knowledge transfer, including the feasibility of practical applications and the identification of essential research requirements. Additionally, the effects of significant variables such as catalyst quantity, pH, organic compound concentration, light intensity, and wavelength are discussed in detail. Some solutions are proposed for scientists and engineers interested in advancing the development of industrial-scale photocatalytic water treatment technologies.
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Biological-Based Produced Water Treatment Using Microalgae: Challenges and Efficiency. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14010499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Produced water (PW) is the most significant waste stream generated in the oil and gas industries. The generated PW has the potential to be a useful water source rather than waste. While a variety of technologies can be used for the treatment of PW for reuse, biological-based technologies are an effective and sustainable remediation method. Specifically, microalgae, which are a cost-effective and sustainable process that use nutrients to eliminate organic pollutants from PW during the bioremediation process. In these treatment processes, microalgae grow in PW free of charge, eliminate pollutants, and generate clean water that can be recycled and reused. This helps to reduce CO2 levels in the atmosphere while simultaneously producing biofuels, other useful chemicals, and added-value products. As such, this review focuses on PW generation in the oil and gas industry, PW characteristics, and examines the available technologies that can be used for PW remediation, with specific attention to algal-based technologies. In addition, the various aspects of algae growth and cultivation in PW, the effect of growth conditions, water quality parameters, and the corresponding treatment performance are presented. Lastly, this review emphasizes the bioremediation of PW using algae and highlights how to harvest algae that can be processed to generate biofuels for added-value products as a sustainable approach.
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Gul Zaman H, Baloo L, Pendyala R, Singa PK, Ilyas SU, Kutty SRM. Produced Water Treatment with Conventional Adsorbents and MOF as an Alternative: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:7607. [PMID: 34947202 PMCID: PMC8707545 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A large volume of produced water (PW) has been produced as a result of extensive industrialization and rising energy demands. PW comprises organic and inorganic pollutants, such as oil, heavy metals, aliphatic hydrocarbons, and radioactive materials. The increase in PW volume globally may result in irreversible environmental damage due to the pollutants' complex nature. Several conventional treatment methods, including physical, chemical, and biological methods, are available for produced water treatment that can reduce the environmental damages. Studies have shown that adsorption is a useful technique for PW treatment and may be more effective than conventional techniques. However, the application of adsorption when treating PW is not well recorded. In the current review, the removal efficiencies of adsorbents in PW treatment are critically analyzed. An overview is provided on the merits and demerits of the adsorption techniques, focusing on overall water composition, regulatory discharge limits, and the hazardous effects of the pollutants. Moreover, this review highlights a potential alternative to conventional technologies, namely, porous adsorbent materials known as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), demonstrating their significance and efficiency in removing contaminants. This study suggests ways to overcome the existing limitations of conventional adsorbents, which include low surface area and issues with reuse and regeneration. Moreover, it is concluded that there is a need to develop highly porous, efficient, eco-friendly, cost-effective, mechanically stable, and sustainable MOF hybrids for produced water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humaira Gul Zaman
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (H.G.Z.); (S.R.M.K.)
| | - Lavania Baloo
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (H.G.Z.); (S.R.M.K.)
| | - Rajashekhar Pendyala
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia;
| | - Pradeep Kumar Singa
- Department of Civil Engineering, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College Bidar, Bidar 585403, India;
| | - Suhaib Umer Ilyas
- Institute of Hydrocarbon Recovery, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia;
| | - Shamsul Rahman Mohamed Kutty
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (H.G.Z.); (S.R.M.K.)
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Zhai S, Zheng Q, Ge M. Nanosized mesoporous iron manganese bimetal oxides anchored on natural kaolinite as highly efficient hydrogen peroxide catalyst for polyvinyl alcohol degradation. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Masuku M, Ouma L, Pholosi A. Microwave assisted synthesis of oleic acid modified magnetite nanoparticles for benzene adsorption. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enmm.2021.100429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Application of TiO2 nanoparticle for solar photocatalytic oxidation system. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-020-01614-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sheikholeslami Z, Ehteshami M. Investigation of nanoparticle effect on performance of solar membrane distillation. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-020-01560-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sheikholeslami Z, Kebria DY, Qaderi F. Application of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles for pollution removal from water with visible light. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ghaderi M, Asadi P, Kouhirostamkolaei M. Applying response surface methodology on the results of serial sequencing batch moving bed reactor. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-1894-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Khataei B, Nasrollahi M. Optimizing the tensile strength of concrete containing coal waste considering the cost. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-1883-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Introducing an applied reactor for treatment of wastewater containing propylene glycol. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-1638-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Wei X, Zhang S, Han Y, Wolfe FA. Treatment of petrochemical wastewater and produced water from oil and gas. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2019; 91:1025-1033. [PMID: 31243845 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater in petrochemical processes and produced water from oil and gas production remain a challenge for the industry to minimize their impact on the environment. Recent research and development of treatment technologies for petrochemical wastewater and produced water from oil and gas industries published in 2018 were summarized in this annual review. Great efforts and progresses were made in various treatment options, including membrane processes, advanced oxidation, biological systems, adsorption, coagulation, and combined processes. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Treatment technologies for petrochemical wastewater are reviewed. Research development in produced water from oil and gas industries is summarized. Reviewed technologies include traditional, advanced, and innovative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchao Wei
- Department of Physics and Engineering, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania
| | - Shicheng Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuexin Han
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Frederick Andrew Wolfe
- College of Engineering, The State University of New York Polytechnic Institute, Utica, New York
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Anjum H, Johari K, Gnanasundaram N, Ganesapillai M, Arunagiri A, Regupathi I, Thanabalan M. A review on adsorptive removal of oil pollutants (BTEX) from wastewater using carbon nanotubes. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.10.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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