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Shi J, Wang S, Yang Z, Li B, Chen R, Bu F, Luan B, Liu B, Li P. Characterization and Performance Evaluation of Liquid Biodegradable Mulch Films and Its Effects on Peanut Cultivation. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2487. [PMID: 39274120 PMCID: PMC11397997 DOI: 10.3390/polym16172487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
With the development of material science and increasing awareness of ecological environmental protection, liquid biodegradable mulch films (LBDMs) have garnered significant public interest. In this research, new LBDMs were developed using hydrophobically modified polymer materials, surfactants, and photosensitive catalysts. Characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed good material compatibility. LBDMs exhibited excellent wettability and degradability, effectively covering soil surfaces and enhancing soil moisture conservation, with a degradation rate of 76.09% after 80 days of burial. The field performance experiment was conducted over two consecutive years, 2021 and 2022, to assess differences in soil temperature and moisture, peanut agronomic traits, pod traits, and yield under four treatments: non-mulching (CK), LBDMs, clear polyethylene mulch films (CPEMs), and black polyethylene mulch films (BPEMs). LBDMs increased soil temperature by 0.56 °C and soil moisture by 19.25%, accelerated the seedling stage by 4-to-6 days, and improved the average emergence rate by 15.91%. Furthermore, LBDMs significantly promoted peanut growth, and it increased yield by 14.34% compared to CK. LBDMs performed comparably to the two types of PE films in maintaining soil conditions and different crop phenotype traits, including plant height, branch number, yield, and quality, and they even outperformed PE films in productivity per plant and 100-kernel weight. These findings suggest that LBDMs are a promising eco-friendly alternative to traditional PE films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shi
- Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yantai 265500, China
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yantai 265500, China
| | - Zhongxue Yang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, China
| | - Baoyan Li
- Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yantai 265500, China
| | - Ruijue Chen
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, China
| | - Fanzhi Bu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, China
| | - Binghui Luan
- Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yantai 265500, China
| | - Baoyou Liu
- Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yantai 265500, China
| | - Peiqiang Li
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271018, China
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Naves HB, Stafussa AP, Madrona GS, Tanaka FC, Aouada FA, de Moura MR. Development of New Edible Biodegradable Films Containing Camu-Camu and Agro-Industry Residue. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1826. [PMID: 39000681 PMCID: PMC11243893 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of edible films has garnered significant interest in the food and environmental sectors due to their potential to prevent food deterioration and their biodegradability. This study aimed to develop and characterize edible films based on camu-camu residue, gelatin, and glycerol, evaluating their solubility, thermal, degradability, antioxidant, and water vapor permeability properties of the gelatin matrix. This is the first study incorporating camu-camu into a gelatin and glycerol matrix. The films produced with camu-camu residue were manageable and soluble, with some non-soluble residues, providing a shiny and well-presented appearance. In the biodegradation results, samples 3 and 4 appeared to degrade the most, being two of the three most affected samples in the triplicate. The films showed degradation modifications from the third day of the experiment. In the germination and plant growth analysis, sample 4 exhibited satisfactory development compared to the other samples, emerging as the sample with the best overall result in the analyses, attributed to a 13.84 cm increase in the growth of the upper part of the seedling. These results indicate that the produced materials have potential for food packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huéberton Barbosa Naves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência dos Materiais, Faculdade de Engenharia do Campus de Ilha Solteira-SP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida Brasil 56, Ilha Solteira 15385-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Stafussa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo 5790, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Grasiele Scaramal Madrona
- Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo 5790, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Cerizza Tanaka
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Alimentos, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Campus Fernando Costa, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Engenharia do Campus de Ilha Solteira-SP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida Brasil 56, Ilha Solteira 15385-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Fauze Ahmad Aouada
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Engenharia do Campus de Ilha Solteira-SP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida Brasil 56, Ilha Solteira 15385-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia Regina de Moura
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Engenharia do Campus de Ilha Solteira-SP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida Brasil 56, Ilha Solteira 15385-000, SP, Brazil
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Pesaranhajiabbas E, Misra M, Mohanty AK. Recent progress on biodegradable polylactic acid based blends and their biocomposites: A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126231. [PMID: 37567528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Being less dependent on non-renewable resources as well as protecting the environment from waste streams have become two critical primers for a global movement toward replacing conventional plastics with renewable and biodegradable polymers. Despite all these efforts, only a few biodegradable polymers have paved their way successfully into the market. Polylactic acid is one of these biodegradable polymers that has been investigated thoroughly by researchers as well as manufactured on a large industrial scale. It is synthesized from lactic acid obtained mainly from the biological fermentation of carbohydrates, which makes this material a renewable polymer. Besides its renewability, it benefits from some attractive mechanical performances including high strength and stiffness, though brittleness is a major drawback of this biopolymer. Accordingly, the development of blends and biocomposites based on polylactic acid with highly flexible biodegradable polymers, specifically poly(butylene adipate co terephthalate) has been the objective of many investigations recently. This paper focuses on the blends and biocomposites based on these two biopolymers, specifically their mechanical, rheological, and biodegradation, the main characteristics that are crucial for being considered as a biodegradable substitution for conventional non-biodegradable polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Pesaranhajiabbas
- School of Engineering, Thornbrough Building, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada; Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manjusri Misra
- School of Engineering, Thornbrough Building, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada; Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Amar K Mohanty
- School of Engineering, Thornbrough Building, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada; Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada.
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Yang XM, Qiu S, Yusuf A, Sun J, Zhai Z, Zhao J, Yin GZ. Recent advances in flame retardant and mechanical properties of polylactic acid: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125050. [PMID: 37257540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The large-scale application of ecofriendly polymeric materials has become a key focus of scientific research with the trend toward sustainable development. Mechanical properties and fire safety are two critical considerations of biopolymers for large-scale applications. Polylactic acid (PLA) is a flammable, melt-drop carrying, and strong but brittle polymer. Hence, it is essential to achieve both flame retardancy and mechanical enhancement to improve safety and broaden its application. This study reviews the recent research on the flame retardant functionalization and mechanical reinforcement of PLA. It classifies PLA according to the type of the flame retardant strategy employed, such as surface-modified fibers, modified nano/micro fillers, small-molecule and macromolecular flame retardants, flame retardants with fibers or polymers, and chain extension or crosslinking with other flame retardants. The functionalization strategies and main parameters of the modified PLA systems are summarized and analyzed. This study summarizes the latest advances in the fields of flame retardancy and mechanical reinforcement of PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Mei Yang
- Zhejiang Ruico Advanced Material Co., Ltd., Huzhou 313018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shuang Qiu
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Abdulmalik Yusuf
- E.T.S. de Ingenieros de Caminos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/Profesor Aranguren 3, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jun Sun
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China.
| | - Zhongjie Zhai
- Zhejiang Ruico Advanced Material Co., Ltd., Huzhou 313018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Junhuan Zhao
- Zhejiang Ruico Advanced Material Co., Ltd., Huzhou 313018, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Guang-Zhong Yin
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Ctra. Pozuelo-Majadahonda Km 1.800, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
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Akhir MAM, Mustapha M. Formulation of Biodegradable Plastic Mulch Film for Agriculture Crop Protection: A Review. POLYM REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2022.2041031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maisara Azad Mat Akhir
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, University Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
- Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Kimia, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Mariatti Mustapha
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, University Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
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Manufacturing and Characterization of Environmentally Friendly Wood Plastic Composites Using Pinecone as a Filler into a Bio-Based High-Density Polyethylene Matrix. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244462. [PMID: 34961012 PMCID: PMC8708805 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of wood plastic composites (WPC) is growing very rapidly in recent years, in addition, the use of plastics of renewable origin is increasingly implemented because it allows to reduce the carbon footprint. In this context, this work reports on the development of composites of bio-based high density polyethylene (BioHDPE) with different contents of pinecone (5, 10, and 30 wt.%). The blends were produced by extrusion and injection-molded processes. With the objective of improving the properties of the materials, a compatibilizer has been used, namely polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA 2 phr). The effect of the compatibilizer in the blend with 5 wt.% has been compared with the same blend without compatibilization. Mechanical, thermal, morphological, colorimetric, and wettability properties have been analyzed for each blend. The results showed that the compatibilizer improved the filler–matrix interaction, increasing the ductile mechanical properties in terms of elongation and tensile strength. Regarding thermal properties, the compatibilizer increased thermal stability and improved the behavior of the materials against moisture. In general, the pinecone materials obtained exhibited reddish-brown colors, allowing their use as wood plastic composites with a wide range of properties depending on the filler content in the blend.
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Dolza C, Fages E, Gonga E, Gomez-Caturla J, Balart R, Quiles-Carrillo L. Development and Characterization of Environmentally Friendly Wood Plastic Composites from Biobased Polyethylene and Short Natural Fibers Processed by Injection Moulding. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111692. [PMID: 34067283 PMCID: PMC8196893 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmentally friendly wood plastic composites (WPC) with biobased high density polyethylene (BioHDPE) as the polymer matrix and hemp, flax and jute short fibers as natural reinforcements, were melt-compounded using twin-screw extrusion and shaped into pieces by injection molding. Polyethylene-graft-maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA) was added at two parts per hundred resin to the WPC during the extrusion process in order to reduce the lack in compatibility between the lignocellulosic fibers and the non-polar polymer matrix. The results revealed a remarkable improvement of the mechanical properties with the combination of natural fibers, along with PE-g-MA, highly improved stiffness and mechanical properties of neat BioHDPE. Particularly, hemp fiber drastically increased the Young's modulus and impact strength of BioHDPE. Thermal analysis revealed a slight improvement in thermal stability with the addition of the three lignocellulosic fibers, increasing both melting and degradation temperatures. The incorporation of the fibers also increased water absorption due to their lignocellulosic nature, which drastically improved the polarity of the composite. Finally, fire behavior properties were also improved in terms of flame duration, thanks to the ability of the fibers to form char protective barriers that isolate the material from oxygen and volatiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Dolza
- Textile Industry Research Association (AITEX), Plaza Emilio Sala, 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (C.D.); (E.F.); (E.G.)
| | - Eduardo Fages
- Textile Industry Research Association (AITEX), Plaza Emilio Sala, 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (C.D.); (E.F.); (E.G.)
| | - Eloi Gonga
- Textile Industry Research Association (AITEX), Plaza Emilio Sala, 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (C.D.); (E.F.); (E.G.)
| | - Jaume Gomez-Caturla
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (R.B.); (L.Q.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-966-528-433
| | - Rafael Balart
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (R.B.); (L.Q.-C.)
| | - Luis Quiles-Carrillo
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (R.B.); (L.Q.-C.)
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8
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Souza PMS, Sommaggio LRD, Marin-Morales MA, Morales AR. PBAT biodegradable mulch films: Study of ecotoxicological impacts using Allium cepa, Lactuca sativa and HepG2/C3A cell culture. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 256:126985. [PMID: 32445994 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable mulch films are an alternative to polyethylene films used in agriculture for weed control, improving crop productivity. This change could minimize the residue production and costs related to the final disposal. Nevertheless, the environmental safety of these biodegradable products is scarcely investigated. In this work, samples of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)-PBAT mulch films, with and without UV stabilizer additives, were prepared. Aqueous extracts of soil samples, where mulch films were disposed, were investigated using bioassays with Lactuca sativa, Allium cepa, and cell culture HepG2/C3A. As PBAT is expected to suffer photodegradation and biodegradation, soil samples mixed with films before and after these processes were evaluated. Soil aqueous extracts promoted root grown (mainly hypocotyl) of L. sativa, probably due to presence of nutrients. So, to evaluate toxicity potential, in this case it was necessary to use aqueous extract prepared with soil instead of ultrapure water as the control. After doing this analysis it was observed that no adverse impacts due to PBAT films occurred. No chromosomal abnormalities were observed in A. cepa bioassay for any of tested samples. The absence of genotoxic potential was confirmed by comet assay and micronucleus test using human hepatocarcinoma cell line HepG2/C3A. These results showed that the soil did not induce damage to the tested organisms, before and after degradation of PBAT films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Moraes Sinohara Souza
- Department of Materials Engineering and Bioprocess, School of Chemical Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Rita Morales
- Department of Materials Engineering and Bioprocess, School of Chemical Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Khan H, Kaur S, Baldwin TC, Radecka I, Jiang G, Bretz I, Duale K, Adamus G, Kowalczuk M. Effective Control against Broadleaf Weed Species Provided by Biodegradable PBAT/PLA Mulch Film Embedded with the Herbicide 2-Methyl-4-Chlorophenoxyacetic Acid (MCPA). ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2020; 8:5360-5370. [PMID: 33133787 PMCID: PMC7590518 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c00991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable mulches are considered a promising alternative to polyethylene-based, nonbiodegradable mulch for sustainable agriculture. In the present study, a bioactive 2-methyl-4- cholorophenoxyacetic acid/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (MCPA-PHBV) conjugate blended with biodegradable poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate/polylactide (PBAT/PLA) was developed and used as mulch under controlled condition greenhouse pot experiment with fava bean (Vicia faba) as the nontarget crop species. The objectives were to examine the effectiveness of sustained-release of MCPA herbicide from biodegradable mulch for broadleaf weed suppression and to assess any adverse effects of the herbicide on the nontarget species (fava bean). The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis (EDS) suggests that a substantial quantity of the herbicide was released from the biodegradable mulch which effectively killed the broadleaf weed species even at 1% MCPA concentration. However, the higher concentrations of the herbicide adversely affected several physiological parameters of fava bean growth and development. Stomatal conductance decreased, while leaf temperature subsequently rose (at MCPA concentrations 5, 7.5, and 10%). The quantum yield of the Photosystem II (PSII) indicates that the photosynthetic efficiency was also restricted at concentrations 7.5% and 10%. Evidently, this slow-release herbicide system worked efficiently for broadleaf weed control but at higher concentrations, resulted in adverse physiological effects on the nontarget crop species. This study has demonstrated that biodegradable mulches containing MCPA herbicide are able to effectively inhibit the growth of broad leaf weed species and may be of potential importance in a wide variety of horticultural and agricultural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Khan
- School
of Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, United Kingdom
| | - Sharanjit Kaur
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Timothy C. Baldwin
- School
of Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, United Kingdom
| | - Iza Radecka
- School
of Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, United Kingdom
| | - Guozhan Jiang
- School
of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Inna Bretz
- Fraunhofer
UMSICHT, Osterfelder
Strasse 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Khadar Duale
- Centre
of Polymer and Carbon Materials Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Grażyna Adamus
- Centre
of Polymer and Carbon Materials Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Marek Kowalczuk
- Centre
of Polymer and Carbon Materials Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
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Agüero Á, Garcia-Sanoguera D, Lascano D, Rojas-Lema S, Ivorra-Martinez J, Fenollar O, Torres-Giner S. Evaluation of Different Compatibilization Strategies to Improve the Performance of Injection-Molded Green Composite Pieces Made of Polylactide Reinforced with Short Flaxseed Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E821. [PMID: 32260439 PMCID: PMC7240506 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Green composites made of polylactide (PLA) and short flaxseed fibers (FFs) at 20 wt % were successfully compounded by twin-screw extrusion (TSE) and subsequently shaped into pieces by injection molding. The linen waste derived FFs were subjected to an alkalization pretreatment to remove impurities, improve the fiber surface quality, and make the fibers more hydrophobic. The alkali-pretreated FFs successfully reinforced PLA, leading to green composite pieces with higher mechanical strength. However, the pieces also showed lower ductility and toughness and the lignocellulosic fibers easily detached during fracture due to the absence or low interfacial adhesion with the biopolyester matrix. Therefore, four different compatibilization strategies were carried out to enhance the fiber-matrix interfacial adhesion. These routes consisted on the silanization of the alkalized FFs with a glycidyl silane, namely (3-glycidyloxypropyl) trimethoxysilane (GPTMS), and the reactive extrusion (REX) with three compatibilizers, namely a multi-functional epoxy-based styrene-acrylic oligomer (ESAO), a random copolymer of poly(styrene-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (PS-co-GMA), and maleinized linseed oil (MLO). The results showed that all the here-tested compatibilizers improved mechanical strength, ductility, and toughness as well as the thermal stability and thermomechanical properties of the green composite pieces. The highest interfacial adhesion was observed in the green composite pieces containing the silanized fibers. Interestingly, PS-co-GMA and, more intensely, ESAO yielded the pieces with the highest mechanical performance due to the higher reactivity of these additives with both composite components and their chain-extension action, whereas MLO led to the most ductile pieces due to its secondary role as plasticizer for PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Agüero
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (Á.A.); (D.G.-S.); (J.I.-M.); (O.F.)
| | - David Garcia-Sanoguera
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (Á.A.); (D.G.-S.); (J.I.-M.); (O.F.)
| | - Diego Lascano
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (Á.A.); (D.G.-S.); (J.I.-M.); (O.F.)
- Escuela Politécnica Nacional, 17-01-2759 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sandra Rojas-Lema
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (Á.A.); (D.G.-S.); (J.I.-M.); (O.F.)
- Escuela Politécnica Nacional, 17-01-2759 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Juan Ivorra-Martinez
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (Á.A.); (D.G.-S.); (J.I.-M.); (O.F.)
| | - Octavio Fenollar
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (Á.A.); (D.G.-S.); (J.I.-M.); (O.F.)
| | - Sergio Torres-Giner
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain
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