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Yu J, Cao C, Fang F, Pan Y. Enhanced Magnetic Hyperthermia of Magnetoferritin through Synthesis at Elevated Temperature. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23074012. [PMID: 35409372 PMCID: PMC8999155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23074012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles have attracted a great deal of research interest in recent years for magnetic hyperthermia therapy owing to their biocompatibility and superior thermal conversion efficiency. Magnetoferritin is a type of biomimetic superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle in a ferritin cage with good monodispersity, biocompatibility, and natural hydrophilicity. However, the magnetic hyperthermic efficiency of this kind of nanoparticle is limited by the small size of the mineral core as well as its low synthesis temperature. Here, we synthesized a novel magnetoferritin particle by using a recombinant ferritin from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus as a template with high iron atom loading of 9517 under a designated temperature of 90 °C. Compared with the magnetoferritins synthesized at 45 and 65 °C, the one synthesized at 90 °C displays a larger average magnetite and/or maghemite core size of 10.3 nm. This yields an increased saturation magnetization of up to 49.6 emu g−1 and an enhanced specific absorption rate (SAR) of 805.3 W g−1 in an alternating magnetic field of 485.7 kHz and 49 kA m−1. The maximum intrinsic loss power (ILP) value is 1.36 nHm2 kg−1. These results provide new insights into the biomimetic synthesis of magnetoferritins with enhanced hyperthermic efficiency and demonstrate the potential application of magnetoferritin in the magnetic hyperthermia of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; (J.Y.); (F.F.); (Y.P.)
- Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Changqian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; (J.Y.); (F.F.); (Y.P.)
- Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Fengjiao Fang
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; (J.Y.); (F.F.); (Y.P.)
- Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongxin Pan
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; (J.Y.); (F.F.); (Y.P.)
- Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Enhanced Cellular Uptake of H-Chain Human Ferritin Containing Gold Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111966. [PMID: 34834381 PMCID: PMC8623468 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNP) capped with biocompatible layers have functional optical, chemical, and biological properties as theranostic agents in biomedicine. The ferritin protein containing in situ synthesized AuNPs has been successfully used as an effective and completely biocompatible nanocarrier for AuNPs in human cell lines and animal experiments in vivo. Ferritin can be uptaken by different cell types through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Despite these advantages, few efforts have been made to evaluate the toxicity and cellular internalization of AuNP-containing ferritin nanocages. In this work, we study the potential of human heavy-chain (H) and light-chain (L) ferritin homopolymers as nanoreactors to synthesize AuNPs and their cytotoxicity and cellular uptake in different cell lines. The results show very low toxicity of ferritin-encapsulated AuNPs on different human cell lines and demonstrate that efficient cellular ferritin uptake depends on the specific H or L protein chains forming the ferritin protein cage and the presence or absence of metallic cargo. Cargo-devoid apoferritin is poorly internalized in all cell lines, and the highest ferritin uptake was achieved with AuNP-loaded H-ferritin homopolymers in transferrin-receptor-rich cell lines, showing more than seven times more uptake than apoferritin.
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The Impact of Redox, Hydrolysis and Dehydration Chemistry on the Structural and Magnetic Properties of Magnetoferritin Prepared in Variable Thermal Conditions. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226960. [PMID: 34834056 PMCID: PMC8619319 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferritin, a spherically shaped protein complex, is responsible for iron storage in bacteria, plants, animals, and humans. Various ferritin iron core compositions in organisms are associated with specific living requirements, health state, and different biochemical roles of ferritin isomers. Magnetoferritin, a synthetic ferritin derivative, serves as an artificial model system of unusual iron phase structures found in humans. We present the results of a complex structural study of magnetoferritins prepared by controlled in vitro synthesis. Using various complementary methods, it was observed that manipulation of the synthesis technology can improve the physicochemical parameters of the system, which is useful in applications. Thus, a higher synthesis temperature leads to an increase in magnetization due to the formation of the magnetite phase. An increase in the iron loading factor has a more pronounced impact on the protein shell structure in comparison with the pH of the aqueous medium. On the other hand, a higher loading factor at physiological temperature enhances the formation of an amorphous phase instead of magnetite crystallization. It was confirmed that the iron-overloading effect alone (observed during pathological events) cannot contribute to the formation of magnetite.
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Longitudinal and Transverse Relaxivity Analysis of Native Ferritin and Magnetoferritin at 7 T MRI. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168487. [PMID: 34445190 PMCID: PMC8395175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetite mineralization in human tissue is associated with various pathological processes, especially neurodegenerative disorders. Ferritin’s mineral core is believed to be a precursor of magnetite mineralization. Magnetoferritin (MF) was prepared with different iron loading factors (LFs) as a model system for pathological ferritin to analyze its MRI relaxivity properties compared to those of native ferritin (NF). The results revealed that MF differs statistically significantly from NF, with the same LF, for all studied relaxation parameters at 7 T: r1, r2, r2*, r2/r1, r2*/r1. Distinguishability of MF from NF may be useful in non-invasive MRI diagnosis of pathological processes associated with iron accumulation and magnetite mineralization (e.g., neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and diseases of the heart, lung and liver). In addition, it was found that MF samples possess very strong correlation and MF’s relaxivity is linearly dependent on the LF, and the transverse and longitudinal ratios r2/r1 and r2*/r1 possess complementary information. This is useful in eliminating false-positive hypointensive artefacts and diagnosis of the different stages of pathology. These findings could contribute to the exploitation of MRI techniques in the non-invasive diagnosis of iron-related pathological processes in human tissue.
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Balejcikova L, Tomasovicova N, Zakutanska K, Batkova M, Kovac J, Kopcansky P. Dechlorination of 2,4,4'-trichlorobiphenyl by magnetoferritin with different loading factors. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127629. [PMID: 32698117 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls are synthetic industrial organic substances. These persistent pollutants occur in nature causing high ecological risks and damage to human health. Magnetoferritin nanoparticles composed of apoferritin protein shell surrounding synthetically prepared iron-based nanoparticles seem to be a promising candidate for polychlorinated biphenyls elimination. Properties of magnetoferritin, as a redox activity, a biocompatible character, high application possibilities and a close relationship with the human body promoted ours in vitro investigation of the magnetoferritin catalytic activity in the presence of representative 2,4,4'-trichlorobiphenyl. Basic physico-chemical properties of magnetoferritin were determined by ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential measurements, superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry and atomic force microscopy. The remediation effect of magnetoferritin on 2,4,4'-trichlorobiphenyl was demonstrated by the use of gas chromatography in combination with infrared spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Balejcikova
- Institute of Hydrology SAS, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | | | - Katarína Zakutanska
- Institute of Experimental Physic SAS, Watsonova 47, 04 01, Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Marianna Batkova
- Institute of Experimental Physic SAS, Watsonova 47, 04 01, Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Jozef Kovac
- Institute of Experimental Physic SAS, Watsonova 47, 04 01, Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Peter Kopcansky
- Institute of Experimental Physic SAS, Watsonova 47, 04 01, Košice, Slovakia.
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Strbak O, Balejcikova L, Kmetova M, Gombos J, Trancikova A, Pokusa M, Kopcansky P. Quantification of Iron Release from Native Ferritin and Magnetoferritin Induced by Vitamins B 2 and C. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6332. [PMID: 32878313 PMCID: PMC7504058 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Various pathological processes in humans are associated with biogenic iron accumulation and the mineralization of iron oxide nanoparticles, especially magnetite. Ferritin has been proposed as a precursor to pathological magnetite mineralization. This study quantifies spectroscopically the release of ferrous ions from native ferritin and magnetoferritin as a model system for pathological ferritin in the presence of potent natural reducing agents (vitamins C and B2) over time. Ferrous cations are required for the transformation of ferrihydrite (physiological) into a magnetite (pathological) mineral core and are considered toxic at elevated levels. The study shows a significant difference in the reduction and iron release from native ferritin compared to magnetoferritin for both vitamins. The amount of reduced iron formed from a magnetoferritin mineral core is two to five times higher than from native ferritin. Surprisingly, increasing the concentration of the reducing agent affects only iron release from native ferritin. Magnetoferritin cores with different loading factors seem to be insensitive to different concentrations of vitamins. An alternative hypothesis of human tissue magnetite mineralization and the process of iron-induced pathology is proposed. The results could contribute to evidence of the molecular mechanisms of various iron-related pathologies, including neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Strbak
- Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia; (A.T.); (M.P.)
| | - Lucia Balejcikova
- Institute of Hydrology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Martina Kmetova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia; (M.K.); (J.G.)
| | - Jan Gombos
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia; (M.K.); (J.G.)
| | - Alzbeta Trancikova
- Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia; (A.T.); (M.P.)
| | - Michal Pokusa
- Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia; (A.T.); (M.P.)
| | - Peter Kopcansky
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia;
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ESR Method in Monitoring of Nanoparticle Endocytosis in Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124388. [PMID: 32575638 PMCID: PMC7352947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles are extensively studied for their use in diagnostics and medical therapy. The behavior of nanoparticles after adding them to cell culture is an essential factor (i.e., whether they attach to a cell membrane or penetrate the membrane and enter into the cell). The present studies aimed to demonstrate the application of electron spin resonance (ESR) as a suitable technique for monitoring of nanoparticles entering into cells during the endocytosis process. The model nanoparticles were composed of magnetite iron (II, III) oxide core functionalized with organic unit containing nitroxide radical 4-hydroxy-TEMPO (TEMPOL). The research studies included breast cancer cells, as well as model yeast and human microvascular endothelial cells. The results confirmed that the ESR method is suitable for studying the endocytosis process of nanoparticles in the selected cells. It also allows for direct monitoring of radical cellular processes.
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Balejčíková L, Lacková V, Tomašovičová N, Kováč J, Kopčanský P. Experimental assessment of interactions between liquid crystal 4-cyano-4’-hexylbiphenyl and magnetoferritin. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2020.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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