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Ding C, Yi Y, Cheng K, Wang Y, Wang S, Zhang M. Full life cycle green preparation of collagen-based food packaging films using Halocynthia roretzi as raw material. Food Chem 2024; 455:139943. [PMID: 38850993 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
The extraction of collagen for packaging films typically requires a time-consuming process and the use of substantial chemicals. Herein, we present a full life cycle green preparation method for rapidly producing collagen-based food packaging films using Halocynthia roretzi (HR), a collagen-rich marine organism, as raw material. We first prepared the micro/nano-sized collagen fibers from HR tissue by utilizing urea and sonication as effective hydrogen-bond breakers. Subsequently, the collagen fiber was rapidly fabricated into a film through vacuum filtration. The resulting collagen fiber film (CFF) exhibited a uniform and dense surface, along with good tensile properties, water resistance, and biodegradability. In addition, the deposition of chitosan (CS) on the surface of CFF resulted in a remarkable preservation effect for both strawberries and pork. This full life cycle preparation method for collagen-based films provides a promising and innovative approach to the sustainable preparation of food packaging films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Ding
- College of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, PR China; Institute of Food and Marine Bioresources, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, PR China
| | - Yifan Yi
- College of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, PR China
| | - Kuan Cheng
- College of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, PR China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, PR China
| | - Shaoyun Wang
- Institute of Food and Marine Bioresources, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, PR China.
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China.
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2
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Lan M, Zhang J, Zhou J, Gu H. CQDs-Cross-Linked Conductive Collagen/PAA-Based Nanocomposite Organohydrogel Coupling Flexibility with Multifunctionality for Dual-Modal Sensing of Human Motions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38676634 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels are ideal materials for intelligent medical devices, human-machine interfaces, and flexible bioelectrodes due to their adjustable mechanical properties and electrical responsiveness, whereas it is still a great challenge to achieve the integration of excellent flexibility and biocompatibility into one hydrogel sensor while also incorporating self-healing, self-adhesion, environmental tolerance, and antimicrobial properties. Here, a nanocomposite conductive organohydrogel was constructed by using collagen (Col), alginate-derived carbon quantum dots (OSA-CQDs), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), ethylene glycol reduced AgNPs, and Fe3+ ions. Depending on OSA-CQDs with multiple chemical binding sites and high specific surface area as cross-linkers, while coupling highly biologically active Col chains and PAA chains are serving as an energy dissipation module, the resulting organohydrogel exhibited excellent flexibility (795% of strain, 193 kPa of strength), high cell compatibility (>95% survival rate), self-healing efficiency (HE = 79.5%), antifreezing (-20 °C), moisturizing (>120 h), repeatable adhesion (strength >20 kPa, times >10), inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (9 and 21.5 cm2), conductivity, and strain sensitivity (σ = 1.34 S/m, gauge factor (GF) = 11.63). Based on the all-in-one integration of multifunction, the organohydrogel can collaboratively adapt to the multimode of strain sensing and electrophysiological sensing to realize wireless real-time monitoring of human activities and physiological health. Therefore, this work provides a new and common platform for the design and sensing of next-generation hydrogel-based smart wearable sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maohua Lan
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Haibin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
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3
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Ding C, Cheng K, Wang Y, Yi Y, Chen X, Li J, Liang K, Zhang M. Dual green hemostatic sponges constructed by collagen fibers disintegrated from Halocynthia roretzi by a shortcut method. Mater Today Bio 2024; 24:100946. [PMID: 38283984 PMCID: PMC10821602 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.100946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, biomacromolecules have received considerable attention in hemostatic materials. Collagen, an ideal candidate for hemostatic sponges due to its involvement in the clotting process, has been facing challenges in extraction from raw materials, which is time-consuming, expensive, and limited by cultural and religious restrictions associated with traditional livestock and poultry sources. To address these issues, this study explored a new shortcut method that using wild Halocynthia roretzi (HR), a marine fouling organism, as a raw material for developing HR collagen fiber sponge (HRCFs), which employed urea to disrupt hydrogen bonds between collagen fiber aggregates. This method simplifies traditional complex manufacturing processes while utilized marine waste, thus achieving dual green in terms of raw materials and manufacturing processes. FTIR results confirmed that the natural triple-helical structure of collagen was preserved. HRCFs exhibit a blood absorption ratio of 2000-3500 %, attributed to their microporous structure, as demonstrated by kinetic studies following a capillary model. Remarkably, the cytotoxicity and hemolysis ratio of HRCFs are negligible. Furthermore, during in vivo hemostasis tests using rabbit ear and kidney models, HRCFs significantly reduce blood loss and shorten hemostasis time compared to commercial gelatin sponge and gauze, benefiting from the capillary effect and collagen's coagulation activity. This study provides new insights into the design of collagen-based hemostatic biomaterials, especially in terms of both raw material and green manufacturing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Ding
- College of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, 350118, PR China
| | - Kuan Cheng
- College of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, 350118, PR China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, 350118, PR China
| | - Yifan Yi
- College of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, 350118, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA (Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Dongfang Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University), Fuzhou, 350025, PR China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, PR China
| | - Kaiwen Liang
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350108, PR China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350108, PR China
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Ling Q, Fan X, Ling M, Liu J, Zhao L, Gu H. Collagen-Based Organohydrogel Strain Sensor with Self-Healing and Adhesive Properties for Detecting Human Motion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:12350-12362. [PMID: 36826788 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels are ideal for flexible sensors, but it is still a challenge to produce such hydrogels with combined toughness, self-adhesion, self-healing, anti-freezing, moisturizing, and biocompatibility properties. Herein, inspired by natural skin, a highly stretchable, strain-sensitive, and multi-environmental stable collagen-based conductive organohydrogel was constructed by using collagen (Col), acrylic acid, dialdehyde carboxymethyl cellulose, 1,3-propylene glycol, and AlCl3. The resulting organohydrogel exhibited excellent tensile (strain >800%), repeatable adhesion (>10 times), self-healing [self-healing efficiency (SHE) ≈ 100%], anti-freezing (-60 °C), moisturizing (>20 d), and biocompatible properties. This organohydrogel also possessed good electrical conductivity (σ = 3.4 S/m) and strain-sensitive properties [GF (gauge factor) = 13.65 with the maximal strain of 400%]. Notably, the organohydrogel had a considerable low-temperature self-healing performance (SHE = 88% at -24 °C) and rapid underwater self-healing property (SHE = 92%, self-healing time <20 min). This type of strain sensor could not only accurately and continuously monitor the large-scale motions of the human body but also provide an accurate response to the human tiny motions. This work not only proposes a development strategy for a multifunctional conductive organohydrogel with multiple environmental stability but also provides potential research value for the construction of biomimetic electronic skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangjun Ling
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Meijun Ling
- School of Management Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China
| | - Jiachang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Haibin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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6
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Tendon-inspired fibers from liquid crystalline collagen as the pre-oriented bioink. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 185:739-749. [PMID: 34216674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nature provides rich bionic resources for the construction of advanced materials with excellent mechanical properties. In this work, inspired by animal tendons, a bionic collagen fiber was developed using collagen liquid crystals as the pre-oriented bioink. The texture of liquid crystalline collagen observed from polarized optical microscopy (POM) showed the specific molecular pre-orientation. Meanwhile, the collagen spinning liquids exhibited a minimal rise in viscosity upon increasing concentration from 60 to 120 mg/mL, indicating the feasible processability. The collagen fiber, which was prepared via wet spinning without being denatured, exhibited the favorable orientation of fibrils along its axis as observed with FESEM and AFM. Thanks to the synergistic effects between pre-orientation and shearing orientation, the maximum tensile strength and Young's modulus of collagen fibers reached 9.98 cN/tex (219.29 ± 22.92 MPa) and 43.95 ± 1.11 cN/tex (966.20 ± 24.30 MPa), respectively, which were also analogous to those of tendon. In addition, the collagen fiber possessed a desirable wet strength. Benefiting from the natural tissue affinity of collagen, the as-prepared bionic collagen fiber possessed excellent wound suture performance and biodegradability in vivo, which offers a new perspective for the potential of widespread applications of collagen fibers in biomedical fields.
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7
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Tian Z, Wang Y, He J. Nanofiber formation of self‐crosslinking dialdehyde carboxymethyl cellulose/collagen composites. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Tian
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
| | - Jingxuan He
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
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8
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The Influence of UV Light on Rheological Properties of Collagen Extracted from Silver Carp Skin. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13194453. [PMID: 33049939 PMCID: PMC7579024 DOI: 10.3390/ma13194453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Acid soluble collagen (ASC) was extracted from Silver Carp fish skin. Collagen was dissolved in acetic acid at varying concentrations and its rheological properties were studied. Steady shear flow properties of collagen solutions at concentrations of 5 and 10 mg/mL were characterized using rheometry at 20 °C. Collagen solutions were irradiated with UV light (wavelength 254 nm) for up to 2 h and rheological properties were measured. All the collagen solutions showed a shear-thinning flow behavior. A constant viscosity region was observed after 1 h of UV irradiation, which showed that collagen molecules were fully denatured. A short treatment with collagen solution by UV (ultraviolet) light led to an increase in viscosity; however, the denaturation temperature of UV-irradiated collagen decreased. Depending on the time of UV treatment, collagen extracted from Silver Carp fish skin may undergo physical crosslinking or photodegradation. Physically crosslinked collagen may find applications in functional food, cosmetic, biomedical, and pharmaceutical industries.
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9
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Modification of Collagen Properties with Ferulic Acid. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13153419. [PMID: 32756407 PMCID: PMC7435917 DOI: 10.3390/ma13153419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Collagen materials are widely used in biomedicine and in cosmetics. However, their properties require improvement for several reasons. In this work, collagen solution as well as collagen films were modified by the addition of ferulic acid (FA). Thin collagen films containing FA were obtained by solvent evaporation. The properties of collagen solution have been studied by steady shear tests. The structure and surface properties of collagen thin films were studied. It was found that for collagen solution with 5% addition of FA, the apparent viscosity was the highest, whereas the collagen solutions with other additions of FA (1%, 2%, and 10%), no significant difference in the apparent viscosity was observed. Thin films prepared from collagen with 1 and 2% FA addition were homogeneous, whereas films with 5% and 10% FA showed irregularity in the surface properties. Mechanical properties, such as maximum tensile strength and elongation at break, were significantly higher for films with 10% FA than for films with smaller amount of FA. Young modulus was similar for films with 1% and 10% FA addition, but bigger than for 2% and 5% of FA in collagen films. The cross-linking of collagen with ferulic acid meant that prepared thin films were elastic with better mechanical properties than collagen films.
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Tian Z, Shen L, Liu W, Li G. Construction of collagen gel with high viscoelasticity and thermal stability via combining cross-linking and dehydration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 108:1934-1943. [PMID: 32319162 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Collagen gel is widely used in tissue engineering due to excellent biological properties and swollen three-dimensional network structure. To improve viscoelasticity and thermal stability, collagen gels consisting of fibrils were cross-linked with glutaraldehyde and sequentially dehydrated via ethanol or heating (named as EGC or HGC, respectively). For EGC, ethanol replaced free and loosely bound water and then combined with tightly bound water, inducing the increase in hydrogen bonds and molecular interactions. Therefore, the thermal transition temperature (Tt ) and storage modulus (G') obviously increased from 47.3 ± 0.5°C and 0.1 kPa to 92.7 ± 0.8°C and 7.8 kPa, respectively. Unfortunately, the high deformation (γ > 60%) and low recovery percentage (R < 15%) reflected the poor anti-deformation of gels due to the volatility of ethanol. For HGC, the entanglement and rigidity of fibrils increased owing to the contraction of cross-linked fibrils and cohesive action of denatured collagen. As a result, HGC were more resistant to deformation and exhibited more elasticity than native collagen gel, accompanied by the fact that G' and R increased to 28.8 kPa and 90.0% ± 0.7%. Additionally, HGC exhibited higher Tt (121.4 ± 0.5°C) due to lower water content and higher collagen concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China.,College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Lirui Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wentao Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guoying Li
- The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Yang J, Ding C, Tang L, Deng F, Yang Q, Wu H, Chen L, Ni Y, Huang L, Zhang M. Novel Modification of Collagen: Realizing Desired Water Solubility and Thermostability in a Conflict-Free Way. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:5772-5780. [PMID: 32226856 PMCID: PMC7097890 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Because of poor water solubility and low thermostability, the application of collagen is limited seriously in fields such as injectable biomaterials and cosmetics. In order to overcome the two drawbacks simultaneously, a novel bifunctional modifier based on the esterification of polyacrylic acid (PAA) with N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) was prepared. The esterification degree of PAA-NHS esters was increased upon increasing the NHS dose, which was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrascopy. FTIR results indicated that the triple helix of the modified collagens remained integrated, whereas the molecular weight became larger, as reflected by the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis pattern. The modified collagens displayed excellent water solubility under neutral condition, owing to lower isoelectric point (3.1-4.3) than that of native collagen (7.1). Meanwhile, denaturation temperatures of the modified collagens were increased by 4.8-5.9 °C after modification. The modified collagen displayed hierarchical microstructures, as reflected by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, while atomic force microscopy further revealed a "fishing net-like" network in the nanoscale, reflecting a unique aggregation behavior of collagen macromolecules after modification. As a whole, the PAA-NHS ester as a bifunctional modifier endowed collagen with desired water solubility and thermostability in a conflict-free manner, which was beneficial to the process and application of the water-soluble collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Yang
- College
of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture
and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Cuicui Ding
- College
of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350108, PR China
| | - Lele Tang
- College
of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture
and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Feng Deng
- College
of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture
and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Qili Yang
- College
of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture
and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Hui Wu
- College
of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture
and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Lihui Chen
- College
of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture
and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Yonghao Ni
- College
of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture
and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Limerick Pulp & Paper Centre, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Liulian Huang
- College
of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture
and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Min Zhang
- College
of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture
and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
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12
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Sumathy B, Nair PD. Keratinocytes-hair follicle bulge stem cells-fibroblasts co-cultures on a tri-layer skin equivalent derived from gelatin/PEG methacrylate nanofibers. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2020; 31:869-894. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2020.1725861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Babitha Sumathy
- Division of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration Technologies, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Prabha D Nair
- Division of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration Technologies, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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