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Jia J, Yang S, Li J, Liang Y, Li R, Tsuji T, Niu B, Peng B. Review of the Interfacial Structure and Properties of Surfactants in Petroleum Production and Geological Storage Systems from a Molecular Scale Perspective. Molecules 2024; 29:3230. [PMID: 38999184 PMCID: PMC11243718 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Surfactants play a crucial role in tertiary oil recovery by reducing the interfacial tension between immiscible phases, altering surface wettability, and improving foam film stability. Oil reservoirs have high temperatures and high pressures, making it difficult and hazardous to conduct lab experiments. In this context, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is a valuable tool for complementing experiments. It can effectively study the microscopic behaviors (such as diffusion, adsorption, and aggregation) of the surfactant molecules in the pore fluids and predict the thermodynamics and kinetics of these systems with a high degree of accuracy. MD simulation also overcomes the limitations of traditional experiments, which often lack the necessary temporal-spatial resolution. Comparing simulated results with experimental data can provide a comprehensive explanation from a microscopic standpoint. This article reviews the state-of-the-art MD simulations of surfactant adsorption and resulting interfacial properties at gas/oil-water interfaces. Initially, the article discusses interfacial properties and methods for evaluating surfactant-formed monolayers, considering variations in interfacial concentration, molecular structure of the surfactants, and synergistic effect of surfactant mixtures. Then, it covers methods for characterizing microstructure at various interfaces and the evolution process of the monolayers' packing state as a function of interfacial concentration and the surfactants' molecular structure. Next, it examines the interactions between surfactants and the aqueous phase, focusing on headgroup solvation and counterion condensation. Finally, it analyzes the influence of hydrophobic phase molecular composition on interactions between surfactants and the hydrophobic phase. This review deepened our understanding of the micro-level mechanisms of oil displacement by surfactants and is beneficial for screening and designing surfactants for oil field applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihui Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective Development, Beijing 100083, China
- Unconventional Petroleum Research Institute, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (ICNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 8190395, Japan
| | - Shu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective Development, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jingwei Li
- Unconventional Petroleum Research Institute, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
| | - Yunfeng Liang
- Department of Systems Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1138656, Japan
| | - Rongjuan Li
- School of Urban Construction, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Takeshi Tsuji
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (ICNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 8190395, Japan
- Department of Systems Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1138656, Japan
| | - Ben Niu
- CNPC Engineering Technology Research Company Limited, Tianjin 300451, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Unconventional Petroleum Research Institute, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
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Seyyedattar M, Ghamartale A, Zendehboudi S, Butt S. Assessment of CO2-Oil swelling behavior using molecular dynamics simulation: CO2 utilization and storage implication. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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Eftekhari A, Sayyad Amin J, Zendehboudi S. A molecular dynamics approach to investigate effect of pressure on asphaltene self-aggregation. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Ye M, Zhang H, Wu Z, Ding C, Jin Z, Wang F, Bian H. Supercritical carbon dioxide microemulsion stabilized with zwitterionic surfactant: A dissipative particle dynamics simulation study. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Yuan J, He F, Wen Q, Yu G, Li J, Feng Y. Effects of pH and UV on the stability, drug-loading and release behavior of alginate-based emulsion: A coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation and experimental study. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Effects of concentration and chain length of the sequence copolymer on interfacial properties of homopolymers/sequence copolymers ternary blends: A DPD simulation study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270094. [PMID: 35881587 PMCID: PMC9321409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of the concentration and chain length of the copolymer AB with sequence length τ = 8 on the interfacial properties of the ternary mixtures A10/AB/B10 are investigated by the dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations. It is found that: i) As the copolymer concentration varies from 0.05 to 0.15, increasing the copolymer enrichment at the center of the interface enlarges the interface width ω and reduces the interfacial tension. However, as the concentration of the sequence copolymers further increases to 0.2, because the interface has formed micelles and the micellization could lower the efficiency of copolymers as a compatibilizer, the interfacial tension exhibits a slightly increase; ii) elevating the copolymer chain length, the copolymer volumes vary from a cylinder shape to a pancake shape. The blends of the copolymer with chain length Ncp = 24 exhibit a wider interfacial width w and a lower interfacial tension γ, which indicates that the sequenced copolymer Ncp = 24 exhibits a better performance as the compatibilizers. This study illustrates the correlations between the reduction in interfacial tension produced by the sequence copolymers and their molecular parameters, which guide a rational design of an efficient compatibilizer.
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Faria BF, Vishnyakov AM. Simulation of surfactant adsorption at liquid-liquid interface: what we may expect from soft-core models?. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:094706. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0087363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work attempt to explore systematically the surfactant sorption at liquid-liquid interfaces with coarse-grained models targeting thermodynamic properties of reference liquid solutions. We employ dissipative particle dynamics with soft-core forcefield tested against experimental data on micellization of surfactants in water, and the previous results are reproduced in this work. We consider three different nonionic surfactants: hexaethylene glycol monododecyl ether (C12E6), 2-[4-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-yl)phenoxy]ethanol) knows as Triton X-100 (TХ-100), and two alkyl glucoside surfactants (CnG1) with n-alkane tail fragments and a saccharide hydrophilic head at decane-water and toluene-water interfaces. For TX-100, we composed a model based on the literature forcefield and found a good agreement with the experimental CMC. The head-head interactions are of different origins for different surfactant groups: entropic repulsion between ethylene oxide chains of C12E6 and TX-100, and more chemically specific and complex interactions between the maltose heads of alkyl glucosides. We interpret our results with the Redlich-Peterson equation of monolayer adsorption in order to relate the adsorption to the bulk concentration of the surfactant and the interfacial tension. The densities of the adsorbed monolayer at CMC mostly agree with the experimental data, and a reasonable agreement was obtained for the interfacial tension at CMC. At the same time, we found significant discrepancies between the simulated and experimental adsorption isotherms. We explain them by the oversimplified forcefield: when the parameters are fitted to the free energies of bulk solutions, they may not correctly reproduce the interfacial free energies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleksey M Vishnyakov
- Computational and Data-Intensive Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Russia
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Liu D, Lin Y, Bo H, Li D, Gong K, Zhang Z, Li S. Effect of sequence distribution of block copolymers on the interfacial properties of ternary mixtures: a dissipative particle dynamics simulation. RSC Adv 2022; 12:3090-3096. [PMID: 35425298 PMCID: PMC8979242 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08936f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations method is used to study the effect of sequence distribution of block copolymers on the interfacial properties between immiscible homopolymers. Five block copolymers with the same composition but different sequence lengths are utilized for simulation. The sequence distribution is varied from the alternating copolymer to the symmetric diblock copolymer. Our simulations show that the efficiency of the block copolymer in reducing the interfacial tension is highly dependent on both the degree of penetration of the copolymer chain into the homopolymer phase and the number of copolymers at the interface per area. The linear block copolymers AB with the sequence length of τ = 8 could both sufficiently extend into the homopolymer phases and exhibit a larger number of copolymers at the interface per area. Thereby the copolymer with the sequence length τ = 8 is more effective in reducing the interfacial tension compared to that of diblock copolymers and the alternating copolymers at the same concentration. This work offers useful tips for copolymer compatibilizer selection at the immiscible homopolymer mixture interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Liu
- School of Science, North China University of Science and Technology Tangshan 063210 P. R. China
| | - Ye Lin
- School of Science, North China University of Science and Technology Tangshan 063210 P. R. China
| | - Huifeng Bo
- School of Science, North China University of Science and Technology Tangshan 063210 P. R. China
| | - Deyang Li
- School of Science, North China University of Science and Technology Tangshan 063210 P. R. China
| | - Kai Gong
- School of Science, North China University of Science and Technology Tangshan 063210 P. R. China
| | - Zhanxin Zhang
- School of Science, North China University of Science and Technology Tangshan 063210 P. R. China
| | - Sijia Li
- School of Intelligence Policing, People's Police University of China Langfang 065000 P. R. China
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DPD Study on the Interfacial Properties of PEO/PEO-PPO-PEO/PPO Ternary Blends: Effects of Pluronic Structure and Concentration. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13172866. [PMID: 34502907 PMCID: PMC8433662 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the method of dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations, we investigated the interfacial properties of PEO/PEO-PPO-PEO/PPO ternary blends composed of the Pluronics L64(EO13PO30EO13), F68(EO76PO29EO76), F88(EO104PO39EO104), or F127(EO106PO70EO106) triblock copolymers. Our simulations show that: (i) The interfacial tensions (γ) of the ternary blends obey the relationship γF68 < γL64 < γF88 < γF127, which indicates that triblock copolymer F68 is most effective in reducing the interfacial tension, compared to L64, F88, and F127; (ii) For the blends of PEO/L64/PPO and the F64 copolymer concentration ranging from ccp = 0.2 to 0.4, the interface exhibits a saturation state, which results in the aggregation and micelle formation of F64 copolymers added to the blends, and a lowered efficiency of the L64 copolymers as a compatibilizer, thus, the interfacial tension decreases slightly; (iii) For the blends of PEO/F68/PPO, elevating the Pluronic copolymer concentration can promote Pluronic copolymer enrichment at the interfaces without forming the micelles, which reduces the interfacial tension significantly. The interfacial properties of the blends contained the PEO-PPO-PEO triblock copolymer compatibilizers are, thus, controlled by the triblock copolymer structure and the concentration. This work provides important insights into the use of the PEO-PPO-PEO triblock copolymer as compatibilizers in the PEO and PPO homopolymer blend systems.
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Effects of Repulsion Parameter and Chain Length of Homopolymers on Interfacial Properties of A n/A x/2B xA x/2/B m Blends: A DPD Simulation Study. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13142333. [PMID: 34301090 PMCID: PMC8309644 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored the effects of the repulsion parameter (aAB) and chain length (NHA or NHB) of homopolymers on the interfacial properties of An/Ax/2BxAx/2/Bm ternary polymeric blends using dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations. Our simulations show that: (i) The ternary blends exhibit the significant segregation at the repulsion parameter (aAB = 40). (ii) Both the interfacial tension and the density of triblock copolymer at the center of the interface increase to a plateau with increasing the homopolymer chain length, which indicates that the triblock copolymers with shorter chain length exhibit better performance as the compatibilizers for stabilizing the blends. (iii) For the case of NHA = 4 (chain length of homopolymers An) and NHB (chain length of homopolymers Bm) ranging from 16 to 64, the blends exhibit larger interfacial widths with a weakened correlation between bead An and Bm of homopolymers, which indicates that the triblock copolymer compatibilizers (Ax/2BxAx/2) show better performance in reducing the interfacial tension. The effectiveness of triblock copolymer compatibilizers is, thus, controlled by the regulation of repulsion parameters and the homopolymer chain length. This work raises important considerations concerning the use of the triblock copolymer as compatibilizers in the immiscible homopolymer blend systems.
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Liu D, Gong K, Lin Y, Liu T, Liu Y, Duan X. Dissipative Particle Dynamics Study on Interfacial Properties of Symmetric Ternary Polymeric Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13091516. [PMID: 34066898 PMCID: PMC8125886 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the interfacial properties of symmetric ternary An/AmBm/Bn and An/Am/2BmAm/2/Bn polymeric blends by means of dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations. We systematically analyzed the effects of composition, chain length, and concentration of the copolymers on the interfacial tensions, interfacial widths, and the structures of each polymer component in the blends. Our simulations show that: (i) the efficiency of the copolymers in reducing the interfacial tension is highly dependent on their compositions. The triblock copolymers are more effective in reducing the interfacial tension compared to that of the diblock copolymers at the same chain length and concentration; (ii) the interfacial tension of the blends increases with increases in the triblock copolymer chain length, which indicates that the triblock copolymers with a shorter chain length exhibit a better performance as the compatibilizers compared to that of their counterparts with longer chain lengths; and (iii) elevating the triblock copolymer concentration can promote copolymer enrichment at the center of the interface, which enlarges the width of the phase interfaces and reduces the interfacial tension. These findings illustrate the correlations between the efficiency of copolymer compatibilizers and their detailed molecular parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Liu
- School of Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China; (K.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (T.L.); (X.D.); Tel.: +86-315-8805860 (D.L. & T.L.); +86-431-85262479 (X.D.)
| | - Kai Gong
- School of Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China; (K.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ye Lin
- School of Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China; (K.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Tao Liu
- School of Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China; (K.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (T.L.); (X.D.); Tel.: +86-315-8805860 (D.L. & T.L.); +86-431-85262479 (X.D.)
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China; (K.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xiaozheng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (T.L.); (X.D.); Tel.: +86-315-8805860 (D.L. & T.L.); +86-431-85262479 (X.D.)
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Luo Z, Yang Z, Fei Z, Li K. Dissipative particle dynamics simulation of physical process in preparing PI cross-linked silica aerogel. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.115038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fan T, Chen L, Xia X, Wu Y, Zhang J, Yin K, Liu F, Yan Z. Dissipative Particle Dynamics Quantitative Simulation of the Formation Mechanism and Emulsification Driving Force of Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Surfactant-Free and Water-Free Microemulsion. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c06193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Li Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaomeng Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yuehang Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jianwei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - KangLing Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Feng Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zongcheng Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Yang YL, Tsao HK, Sheng YJ. Molecular structure incorporated deep learning approach for the accurate interfacial tension predictions. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Wang Y, Yan H, Zhong X, Yuan S. Computational investigation of a switchable emulsion stabilized by the mixture of a surfactant and tertiary amine. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:368-377. [PMID: 33313634 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05686c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate the CO2-responsiveness of an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion stabilized by sodium oleate (NaOA) with a tertiary amine additive, named pentamethyl diethylenetriamine (PMA). The simulated results were in accordance with the experimental observations. That is, the surfactant NaOA itself can stabilize dodecane/water emulsions in aqueous solution, while the CO2-reponsiveness was strongly related to the added PMA. The electroneutral PMA molecules preferred to be located in the core region of the droplets. Thus, under the same conditions, the size of the droplet containing PMA is predictably larger than that without PMA. The increased extent of the charged surfactant headgroups distribution can increase the electrostatic repulsion between the droplets in the emulsion solution, which is the important reason why a much more stable emulsion is obtained by adding PMA. When PMA molecules were protonated to PMA2+ by bubbling CO2, they migrated from the interior to the surface of the droplets under electrostatic attraction, forming ion pairs with OA-. The binding between PMA2+ and OA- made the distribution of the surfactants very concentrated on the droplet surface, leading to large hydrophobic areas exposed to water. Besides, the hydration interactions of OA- headgroups decreased because they were covered by PMA2+. The calculated potential of mean force (PMF) confirmed that the electrostatic repulsion between droplets was crucial for the emulsion stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China.
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Hong Z, Xiao N, Li L, Xie X. Investigation of nanoemulsion interfacial properties: A mesoscopic simulation. J FOOD ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2019.109877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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17
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Cardona Jaramillo JEC, Achenie LEK, Álvarez OA, Carrillo Bautista MP, González Barrios AF. The multiscale approach t o the design of bio-based emulsions. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhang J, Chen L, Wang A, Yan Z. Dissipative Particle Dynamics Simulation of Ionic Liquid-Based Microemulsion: Quantitative Properties and Emulsification Mechanism. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b05660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Li Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Aili Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Zongcheng Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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