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Lopez-Vidal L, Paredes AJ, Palma SD, Real JP. Design and Development of Sublingual Printlets Containing Domperidone Nanocrystals Using 3D Melting Solidification Printing Process (MESO-PP). Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051459. [PMID: 37242699 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Domperidone (DOM) is a drug commonly used to treat nausea and vomiting, as well as gastrointestinal disorders. However, its low solubility and extensive metabolism pose significant administration challenges. In this study, we aimed to improve DOM solubility and avoid its metabolism by developing nanocrystals (NC) of DOM through a 3D printing technology-melting solidification printing process (MESO-PP)-to be delivered via a solid dosage form (SDF) that can be administered sublingually. We obtained DOM-NCs using the wet milling process and designed an ultra-rapid release ink (composed of PEG 1500, propylene glycol, sodium starch glycolate, croscarmellose sodium, and sodium citrate) for the 3D printing process. The results demonstrated an increase in the saturation solubility of DOM in both water and simulated saliva without any physicochemical changes in the ink as observed by DSC, TGA, DRX, and FT-IR. The combination of nanotechnology and 3D printing technology enabled us to produce a rapidly disintegrating SDF with an improved drug-release profile. This study demonstrates the potential of developing sublingual dosage forms for drugs with low aqueous solubility using nanotechnology and 3D printing technology, providing a feasible solution to the challenges associated with the administration of drugs with low solubility and extensive metabolism in pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Lopez-Vidal
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allemde, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la torre y Medina Allende, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Alejandro J Paredes
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Santiago Daniel Palma
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allemde, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la torre y Medina Allende, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Real
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allemde, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la torre y Medina Allende, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
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Xiao Y, Zheng H, Du M, Zhang Z. Investigation on the Potential Application of Na-Attapulgite as an Excipient in Domperidone Sustained-Release Tablets. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238266. [PMID: 36500360 PMCID: PMC9738564 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Na-attapulgite was explored as an excipient to prepare domperidone sustained-release tablets and test them in accordance with United States Pharmacopoeia requirements. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were employed to explore the compatibility between Na-attapulgite and domperidone. The XRD and DSC show no interaction between the drug and Na-attapulgite. The FTIR spectrum indicates a shift in the absorption of N-H in the drug molecule, which can be explained by the hydrogen bonding interaction between the N-H in the DOM molecule and the -OH on the surface of Na-ATP. The diameter, hardness, friability and drug content of the tablets were measured, and they all met the relevant requirements of the United States Pharmacopoeia. In addition, the tablets with Na-attapulgite as excipient exhibit a better release performance within the release time of 12 h. These results demonstrate that the domperidone sustained-release tablets have been successfully prepared by using Na-attapulgite as an excipient. The doping of Na-ATP in domperidone sustained-release tablets improves the cytocompatibility. Moreover, with the increase of Na-ATP content, cells proliferate remarkably and cell activity is significantly enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Haiyu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Meng Du
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-138-9321-9765
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Miyan L, Adam AMA, Refat MS, Alsuhaibani AM. 2-aminopyrimidine-oxalic acid liquid–liquid charge-transfer interactions: Synthesis, spectroscopic characterizations, and the effect of temperature. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Refat MS, Albogami B, Adam AMA, Saad HA, Alsuhaibani AM, Miyan L, Hegab MS. Charge-transfer chemistry of two corticosteroids used adjunctively to treat COVID-19. Part II: The CT reaction of hydrocortisone and dexamethasone donors with TCNQ and fluoranil acceptors in five organic solvents. J Mol Liq 2022; 363:119878. [PMID: 35880006 PMCID: PMC9300052 DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hydrocortisone (termed as D1) and dexamethasone (termed as D2) are corticosteroids currently used to treat COVID-19. COVID-19 is a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Exploring additional chemical properties of drugs used in the treatment protocols for COVID-19 could help scientists alike improve these treatment protocols and potentially even the vaccines (i.e., Janssen, Moderna, AstraZeneca, Pfizer-BioNTech). In this work, the charge-transfer (CT) properties of these two corticosteroids (D1 and D2) with two universal acceptors: 7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (termed as TCNQ) and fluoranil (termed as TFQ) in five different solvents were investigated. The examined solvents were MeOH, EtOH, MeCN, CH2Cl2, and CHCl3. The CT interactions formed stable corticosteroid CT complexes in all examined solvents. Several spectroscopic parameters were derived, and the oscillator strength (f) and transition dipole moment (μe.g. ) values revealed that the interaction between the investigated corticosteroids with TCNQ acceptor is much stronger than their interaction with TFQ acceptor. The CT interactions were proposed to process via n → π* transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moamen S Refat
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bander Albogami
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdel Majid A Adam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hosam A Saad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amnah Mohammed Alsuhaibani
- Department of Physical Sport Science, College of Education, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lal Miyan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002(UP), India
| | - Mohamed S Hegab
- Deanship of Supportive Studies (D.S.S.), Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
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Al-Hazmi GH, Hassanien A, Atta A, Refat MS, Saad HA, Shakya S, Adam AMA. Supramolecular charge-transfer complex generated by the interaction between tin(II) 2,3-naphtalocyanine as a donor with DDQ as an acceptor: Spectroscopic studies in solution state and theoretical calculations. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Adam AMA, Saad HA, Refat MS, Hegab MS, Al-Hazmi GH, Mohammed Alsuhaibani A, Mohamed H. The derivation and characterization of quinine charge-transfer complexes with inorganic and organic acceptors in liquid and solid form. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Adam AMA, Saad HA, Refat MS, Hegab MS. Charge-transfer chemistry of two corticosteroids used adjunctively to treat COVID-19. Part I: Complexation of hydrocortisone and dexamethasone donors with DDQ acceptor in five organic solvents. J Mol Liq 2022; 357:119092. [PMID: 35431374 PMCID: PMC8989686 DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is the disease caused by a novel coronavirus (CoV) named the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (termed SARS coronavirus 2 or SARS-CoV-2). Since the first case reported in December 2019, infections caused by this novel virus have led to a continuous global pandemic that has placed an unprecedented burden on health, economic, and social systems worldwide. In response, multiple therapeutic options have been developed to stop this pandemic. One of these options is based on traditional corticosteroids, however, chemical modifications to enhance their efficacy remain largely unexplored. Obtaining additional insight into the chemical and physical properties of pharmacologically effective drugs used to combat COVID-19 will help physicians and researchers alike to improve current treatments and vaccines (i.e., Pfizer-BioNTech, AstraZeneca, Moderna, Janssen). Herein, we examined the charge-transfer properties of two corticosteroids used as adjunctive therapies in the treatment of COVID-19, hydrocortisone and dexamethasone, as donors with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone as an acceptor in various solvents. We found that the examined donors reacted strongly with the acceptor in CH2Cl2 and CHCl3 solvents to create stable compounds with novel clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Majid A Adam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hosam A Saad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moamen S Refat
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S Hegab
- Deanship of Supportive Studies (D.S.S.), Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
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Adam AMA, Saad HA, Refat MS, Hegab MS. Charge-transfer complexes of antipsychotic drug sulpiride with inorganic and organic acceptors generated through two different approaches: Spectral characterization. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Adam AMA, Saad HA, Atta A, Alsawat M, Hegab MS, Refat MS, Altalhi TA, Alosaimi E, Younes AA. Usefulness of charge-transfer interaction between urea and vacant orbital acceptors to generate novel adsorbent material for the adsorption of pesticides from irrigation water. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.118188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Analysis of charge-transfer complexes caused by the interaction of the antihypertensive drug valsartan with several acceptors in CH2Cl2 and CHCl3 solvents and correlations between their spectroscopic parameters. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Utilization of charge-transfer complexation to generate carbon-based nanomaterial for the adsorption of pollutants from contaminated water: Reaction between urea and vacant orbital acceptors. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Adam AMA, Refat MS, Altalhi TA, Alsuhaibani KS. Charge-transfer complexation of TCNE with azithromycin, the antibiotic used worldwide to treat the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Part IV: A comparison between solid and liquid interactions. J Mol Liq 2021; 340:117224. [PMID: 34393305 PMCID: PMC8354809 DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Finding a cure or vaccine for the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is the most pressing issue facing the world in 2020 and 2021. One of the more promising current treatment protocols is based on the antibiotic azithromycin (AZM) alone or in combination with other drugs (e.g., chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine). We believe gaining new insight into the charge-transfer (CT) chemistry of this antibiotic will help researchers and physicians alike to improve these treatment protocols. Therefore, in this work, we examine the CT interaction between AZM (donor) and tetracyanoethylene (TCNE, acceptor) in either solid or liquid forms. We found that, for both phases of starting materials, AZM reacted strongly with TCNE to produce a colored, stable complex with 1:2 AZM to TCNE stoichiometry via a n → π* transition (AZM → TCNE). Even though both methodologies yielded the same product, we recommend the solid-solid interaction since it is more straightforward, environmentally friendly, and cost- and time-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Majid A Adam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moamen S Refat
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq A Altalhi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
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Majid A. Adam A, Refat MS, Altalhi TA, Aldawsari FS, Al-Hazmi GH. Liquid− and solid−state study of charge-transfer (CT) interaction between drug triamterene as a donor and tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) as an acceptor. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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14
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Adam AMA, Saad HA, Alsuhaibani AM, Refat MS, Hegab MS. Charge-transfer chemistry of azithromycin, the antibiotic used worldwide to treat the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Part III: A green protocol for facile synthesis of complexes with TCNQ, DDQ, and TFQ acceptors. J Mol Liq 2021; 335:116250. [PMID: 33903781 PMCID: PMC8061087 DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Investigating the chemical properties of molecules used to combat the COVID-19 pandemic is of vital and pressing importance. In continuation of works aimed to explore the charge-transfer chemistry of azithromycin, the antibiotic used worldwide to treat COVID-19, the disease resulting from infection with the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus, in this work, a highly efficient, simple, clean, and eco-friendly protocol was used for the facile synthesis of charge-transfer complexes (CTCs) containing azithromycin and three π-acceptors: 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ), and tetrafluoro-1,4-benzoquinone (TFQ). This protocol involves grinding bulk azithromycin as the donor (D) with the investigated acceptors at a 1:1 M ratio at room temperature without any solvent. We found that this protocol is environmentally benign, avoids hazardous organic solvents, and generates the desired CTCs with excellent yield (92-95%) in a straightforward means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Majid A Adam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hosam A Saad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amnah M Alsuhaibani
- Department of Physical Sport Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moamen S Refat
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S Hegab
- Deanship of Supportive Studies (D.S.S.), Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
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Charge-transfer (CT) dynamics of triamterene with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone acceptor: A n → π* model CT complex generated by liquid- and solid-state reactions. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Adam AMA, Altalhi TA, Saad HA, Alsuhaibani AM, Refat MS, Hegab MS. Correlations between spectroscopic data for charge-transfer complexes of two artificial sweeteners, aspartame and neotame, generated with several π-acceptors. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Al-Humaidi JY, El-Sayed MY, Refat MS, Altalhi TA, Eldaroti HH. Spectrophotometric studies on the charge transfer interactions between thiazolidine as a donor and three π-acceptors: p-Chloranil (CHL), DDQ and TCNQ. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Exploring the charge-transfer chemistry of fluorine-containing pyrazolin-5-ones: The complexation of 1-methyl-3-trifluoromethyl-2-pyrazoline-5-one with five π-acceptors. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Al-Humaidi JY, Refat MS. Solution, and solid investigations on the charge–transfer complexation between seproxetine as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor drug with six kinds of π–electron acceptors. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Adam AMA, Refat MS. A comparison of charge-transfer complexes of iodine with some antibiotics formed through two different approaches (liquid-liquid vs solid-solid). J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Proton-transfer and charge-transfer interactions between the antibiotic trimethoprim and several σ− and π−acceptors: A spectroscopic study. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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22
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Adam AMA, Saad HA, Alsuhaibani AM, Refat MS, Hegab MS. Charge-transfer chemistry of azithromycin, the antibiotic used worldwide to treat the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Part II: Complexation with several π-acceptors (PA, CLA, CHL). J Mol Liq 2021; 325:115121. [PMID: 33518854 PMCID: PMC7837197 DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.115121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Finding a vaccine or cure for the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) responsible for the worldwide pandemic and its economic, medical, and psychological burdens is one of the most pressing issues presently facing the global community. One of the current treatment protocols involves the antibiotic azithromycin (AZM) alone or in combination with other compounds. Obtaining additional insight into the charge-transfer (CT) chemistry of this antibiotic could help researchers and clinicians to improve such treatment protocols. Toward this aim, we investigated the CT interactions between AZM and three π-acceptors: picric acid (PA), chloranilic acid (CLA), and chloranil (CHL) in MeOH solvent. AZM formed colored products at a 1:1 stoichiometry with the acceptors through intermolecular hydrogen bonding. An n → π* interaction was also proposed for the AZM-CHL CT product. The synthesized CT products had markedly different morphologies from the free reactants, exhibiting a semi-crystalline structure composed of spherical particles with diameters ranging from 50 to 90 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Majid A Adam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hosam A Saad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amnah M Alsuhaibani
- Department of Physical Sport Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, 4545 - King Khalid Airport Unit No. 1, Riyadh 13415-7132, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moamen S Refat
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S Hegab
- Deanship of Supportive Studies (D.S.S.), Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
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Adam AMA, Saad HA, Alsuhaibani AM, Refat MS, Hegab MS. Charge-transfer chemistry of azithromycin, the antibiotic used worldwide to treat the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Part I: Complexation with iodine in different solvents. J Mol Liq 2021; 325:115187. [PMID: 33390633 PMCID: PMC7764390 DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.115187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Around the world, the antibiotic azithromycin (AZM) is currently being used to treat the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in conjunction with hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine. Investigating the chemical and physical properties of compounds used alone or in combination to combat the COVID-19 pandemic is of vital and pressing importance. The purpose of this study was to characterize the charge transfer (CT) complexation of AZM with iodine in four different solvents: CH2Cl2, CHCl3, CCl4, and C6H5Cl. AZM reacted with iodine at a 1:1 M ratio (AZM to I2) in the CHCl3 solvent and a 1:2 M ratio in the other three solvents, as evidenced by data obtained from an elemental analysis of the solid CT products and spectrophotometric titration and Job's continuous variation method for the soluble CT products. Data obtained from UV-visible and Raman spectroscopies indicated that AZM strongly interacted with iodine in the CH2Cl2, CCl4, and C6H5Cl solvents by a physically potent n→σ* interaction to produce a tri-iodide complex formulated as [AZM·I+]I3 -. XRD and TEM analyses revealed that, in all solvents, the AZM-I2 complex possessed an amorphous structure composed of spherical particles ranging from 80 to 110 nm that tended to aggregate into clusters. The findings described in the present study will hopefully contribute to optimizing the treatment protocols for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Majid A Adam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hosam A Saad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amnah M Alsuhaibani
- Department of Physical Sport Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, 4545 - King Khalid Airport Unit No. 1, Riyadh 13415-7132, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moamen S Refat
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S Hegab
- Deanship of Supportive Studies (D.S.S.), Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
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Shakya S, Khan IM. Charge transfer complexes: Emerging and promising colorimetric real-time chemosensors for hazardous materials. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123537. [PMID: 32823028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
After introducing the concept of charge transfer (CT) complex formation by Mulliken and the discovery of crystalline picrate (association of picric acid and aromatic hydrocarbons) by Fritzsches, a large interest has been drawn in this field. CT complexes have been explored and exploited for different applications for several decades. The research has been aimed mostly for discovering and characterizing new CT materials and exploring applications mainly in the field of optoelectronic properties, antimicrobial activities and DNA/protein binding properties for the last six years. However, nowadays, CT complexes are exploited for their photocatalytic activities and designing chemosensors for the colorimetric real-time detection of hazardous materials like nitro explosives, anions and toxic heavy metal ions in an aqueous medium. This review sheds light on updates on CT complexes, their types, synthesis and applications. The brief discussion on the emergence of CT complexes as highly potential chemosensors along with the explanation of sensing mechanism through article summarization is the centerpiece of this review. The final outcomes are discussed and concluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Shakya
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Ishaat M Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
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Utilization of tannic acid into spherical structured carbons based on charge-transfer complexation with tetracyanoethylene acceptor: Liquid-liquid and solid-solid interactions. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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