An ICT-based ratiometric fluorescent probe for cysteine and its application in biological issues

Recent Advances in Organic Small-Molecule Fluorescent Probes Based on Dicyanoisophorone Derivatives

Fluorescent probe technology holds great promise in the fields of environmental monitoring and clinical diagnosis due to its inherent advantages, including easy operation, reliable detection signals, fast analysis speed, and in situ imaging capabilities. In recent years, a wide range of fluorescent probes based on diverse fluorophores have been developed for the analysis and detection of various analytes, yielding significant achievement. Among these fluorophores, the dicyanoisophorone-based fluorophores have garnered significant attention. Dicyanoisoporone exhibits minimal fluorescence, yet possesses a robust electron-withdrawing capability, rendering it suitable for constructing of D-π-A structured fluorophores. Leveraging the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) effect, such fluorophores exhibit near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence emission with a large Stokes shift, thereby offering remarkable advantages in the design and development of NIR fluorescence probes. This review article primarily focus on small-molecule dicyanoisoporone-based probes from the past two years, elucidating their design strategies, detection performances, and applications. Additionally, we summarize current challenges while predicting future directions to provide valuable references for developing novel and advanced fluorescence probes based on dicyanoisoporone derivatives.

Recent Advancements in Fluorometric and Colorimetric Detection of Cd2+ Using Organic Chemosensors: A Review (2019-2024)

In recent decades, heavy metal ions have emerged as a significant global environmental concern, posing threats to the delicate balance of ecosystems worldwide. Their introduction into ecosystems occurs through various activities and poses a serious risk to human health. Among heavy metal ions, Cd2+ is recognized as a highly toxic pollutant. Its widespread use contributes to its accumulation in the environment. Chronic exposure to Cd2+ ions present serious risks to both the environment and human health. Therefore, the detection of these metal ions are very important. Organic fluorometric and colorimetric detection have emerged as promising tools for this purpose, offering advantages such as high sensitivity, selectivity, and sometimes reversibility. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in the fluorometric and colorimetric detection of Cd2+ using organic chemosensors from 2019 to 2024. We delve into key aspects of these studies, including the design strategies employed to design novel chemosensors and the underlying sensing mechanisms. Furthermore, we explore the diverse applications of these organic chemosensors, ranging from environmental monitoring to biomedical diagnostics. By analyzing the latest research findings, this review aims to offer insights into the current state-of-the-art in the field of Cd2+ detection using organic chemosensors. Additionally, it highlights the potential opportunities and challenges that lie ahead, paving the way for future advancements in this important area of research.

Development of an activatable Lysosome-targeted fluorescent probe for the detection of endogenous ONOO- levels

The liver plays a crucial role in several important processes in the human body, including metabolism, detoxification, and immune function. When the liver experiences acute injury, it can cause significant harm and requires prompt detection. Traditional biomarkers lack specificity and cannot detect changes in real-time, making them unsuitable for monitoring pathological processes. Recent studies have shown that acute liver injury (ALI) is closely related to oxidative stress, with peroxynitrite (ONOO-) being a vital byproduct of liver metabolism and become a critical biomarker for detecting liver damage. As a result, this research developed an activatable near-infrared fluorescent probe W-3a that can be used to detect endogenous ONOO- in a mouse model of ALI induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The probe has high selectivity and anti-interference ability, with a reaction time <10 min and a detection limit of 85 nM. It was successfully utilized in detecting endogenous ONOO- in cells and live imaging of ALI mice.

A versatile AIE probe with mitochondria targeting for dual-channel detection of superoxide anion and viscosity

Abnormal viscosity and excessive superoxide anion (O₂^•-) levels in living cells often cause a series of biological dysfunction and oxidative damage. However, a great challenge remains in quickly and conveniently detecting the viscosity and O₂^•- levels in living cells. Herein, we fabricated a versatile aggregation-induced emission (AIE) probe with mitochondria targeting, DTPB, for dual-imaging of viscosity and O₂^•- level in living cells with two different channels. The obtained DTPB contained a diphenyl phosphinic acid unit responsive to O₂^•-, a unit with twisted intramolecular charge trans (TICT) function responsive to viscosity, and a pyridine cation unit with mitochondria targeting. The results showed that DTPB exhibited a remarkable response to viscosity with a near-infrared emission peak at 671 nm and was highly sensitive to O₂^•- levels with an emission peak at 587 nm. The dual-channel probe has great application prospects in the visual diagnosis of cancer and related diseases.

Discovery of the cysteine dynamics during the development and treatment of diabetic process by fluorescent imaging

Herein, a novel fluorescent probe RhoDCM was developed for monitoring the cysteine (Cys) dynamics. For the first time, the Cys-triggered implement was applied in relatively complete diabetic mice models. The response of RhoDCM towards Cys suggested advantages including practical sensitivity, high selectivity, rapid reaction, and steadiness in various pH and temperature conditions. RhoDCM could basically monitor the intracellular Cys level, both exogenous and endogenous. It could further monitor the glucose level via detecting consumed Cys. Furthermore, the diabetic mice models including the no diabetic control group, the induced model groups by streptozocin (STZ) or alloxan, and the treatment groups induced by STZ and treated with vildagliptin (Vil), dapagliflozin (DA), or metformin (Metf) were constructed. The models were checked by oral glucose tolerance test and significant liver-related serum indexes. Based on the models, the in vivo imaging and penetrating depth fluorescence imaging both indicated that RhoDCM could characterize the status of the development and treatment in the diabetic process via monitoring the Cys dynamics. Consequently, RhoDCM seemed beneficial for inferring the order of severity in the diabetic process and evaluating the potency of therapeutic schedules, which might be informatic for correlated investigations.

A fast fluorescent probe for tracing endoplasmic reticulum-located carboxylesterase in living cells

Carboxylesterase (CEs), mainly localized in endoplasmic reticulum (ER), are responsible for hydrolyzing compounds containing various ester bonds. They have been closely associated with drug metabolism and cellular homeostasis. Although some CE fluorescent probes have been developed, there are still a lack of probes that could target to the ER. Here, we developed a novel fluorescent probe CR with a specific ER anchor for monitoring CEs. In CR, p-toluenesulfonamide was chosen for precise ER targeting. A simple acetyl moiety was used as the CE response site and fluorescence modulation unit. During the spectral tests, CR displayed a fast response speed (within 10 s) towards CEs. In addition, it showed high sensitivity [limit of detection (LOD) = 5.1 × 10^-3 U/ml] and high selectivity with CEs. In biological imaging, probe CR could especially locate in the ER in HepG2 cells. After cells were treated with orilistat, CR succeeded in monitoring the changes in the CEs. Importantly, CR also had the ability to trace the changes in CEs in a tunicamycin-induced ER stress model. Therefore, probe CR could be a powerful molecular tool for further investigating the functions of CEs in the ER.

A novel ESIPT-based fluorescent probe with dual recognition sites for the detection of hydrazine in the environmental water samples and in-vivo bioimaging

Hydrazine (N₂H₄), an important chemical intermediate, has been widely used in industrial production and agricultural life, but it has also caused environmental pollution. A novel ESIPT-based fluorescent probe with dual recognition sites, 2-(benzothiazole-2-yl)-1,4-imphenyl bis 4-bromobutyric acid (BRBA), was developed to selectively detect N₂H₄ under complex conditions. BRBA exhibits accurate detection for N₂H₄ with a good linear relationship ranging from 0 to 150 μM, and the LOD can reach 0.1 μM. Importantly, taking advantage of low cytotoxicity and a large Stokes shift, BRBA can be utilized to monitor environmental water samples and successfully applied to imaging HeLa cells and zebrafish.

Efficient Degradation of Printing and Dyeing Wastewater by Lotus Leaf-Based Nitrogen Self-Doped Mesoporous Biochar Activated Persulfate: Synergistic Mechanism of Adsorption and Catalysis

The discharge of printing and dyeing wastewater has been increasing, causing serious environmental pollution with the rapid development of the industry. Based on this, an N self-doped mesoporous lotus leaf biochar (LLC800) was prepared from lotus leaves as raw material for the activation of Persulfate (PS) to degrade wastewater from printing and dyeing. The removal rate of AO7 by PS, LLC800 and LLC800/PS systems were 0.84%, 31.11% and 99.46%, respectively. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) and quench tests showed the presence of free radicals (•OH, SO4●− and O2●−) and nonradical (1O2) in the LLC800/PS system, where nonradicals (1O2) play an important role in the degradation of AO7. The “N self-doped” effect formed by the high N content of lotus leaves is the main factor leading to the high adsorption and catalytic performance of lotus leaf biochar. The effect of pyrolysis temperature on the performance of biochar can be attributed to the change of N content and conformation and specific surface area in biochar. Moreover, the LLC800/PS system has a strong resistance to interference. This work can provide technical support for the preparation of high-performance adsorption-catalytic biochar and the development of high-performance activation materials for persulfate.

A highly selective probe for ratiometric imaging peroxynitrite in living cells and in vivo

In this study, we constructed and displayed a ratiometric fluorescent probe JQ-2 for detecting ONOO^-. The probe JQ-2 showed a ratiometric signal for visualizing ONOO^- with a rapid response and high selectivity over a panel of biological analytes. Moreover, the JQ-2 has near-infrared emission (657 nm), which provides an excellent basis for the practical application in biological systems. The probe JQ-2 possessed low cytotoxicity and excellent cell membrane permeability, which can specifically visualize the exogenous and endogenous ONOO^- in vitro and vivo by emission in two channels. Meanwhile, JQ-2 can be used for diagnosing drug-induced liver injury by visualizing and monitoring the fluctuations of endogenous ONOO^-. Therefore, JQ-2 provided a potential tool for precisely detecting the fluctuation of ONOO^- in biological systems to understand physiological and pathological process.

A Rapid Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probe for Cysteine Based on Isophorone and its Application in B16 Cell Imaging

A novel near-infrared fluorescent probe SWJT-5 based on dicyanoisophorone was synthesized. It achieved the rapid (within 40 s) and discriminative detection of Cys over Hcy and GSH with a large Stokes shift (205 nm). It showed high selectivity and sensitivity for Cys, and had an obvious enhancement of fluorescence emission. The detection limit was 0.43 μM. This probe also had low background interference and little damage to biological samples. Therefore, SWJT-5 had been applied to bioimaging in living cells successfully.

Development of a NIR fluorescent probe for highly selective and sensitive detection of cysteine in living cells and in vivo

Cysteine (Cys) plays important physiological roles in the human body, and abnormal Cys concentrations can cause a variety of diseases. Thus, detecting Cys with high selectivity and sensitivity in vivo is important. Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes are widely employed in biological detection because of their excellent optical properties such as minimal damage to biological samples, low background interference and high signal-to-noise ratio. However, few NIR fluorescent probes that can detect Cys over homocysteine (Hcy) and glutathione (GSH) have been reported because of their similar reactivity and structure. In this work, a highly water-soluble NIR probe (CYNA) for detecting Cys whose structure is similar to that of indocyanine green and is based on cyanine skeleton was synthesized and via aromatic nucleophilic substitution-rearrangement (SNAr-rearrangement) to specific recognize the cysteine. The probe showed high selectivity toward Cys and superior biosecurity, excellent biocompatibility and prolonged dynamic imaging. It also has long fluorescence emission wavelength (820 nm), low detection limit (14 nM) and was successfully applied for visualizing Cys in living cells and mice, which has great promise for applications in noninvasive vivo biological imaging and detection.

A novel near-infrared fluorimetric method for point-of-care monitoring of Fe2+ and its application in bioimaging

Iron is one of the essential trace elements in the human body, which is involved in many important physiological processes of life. The abnormal amount of iron in the body will bring many diseases. Therefore, a novel near-infrared fluorimetric method was developed. The method is based on a fluorescent probe (E)-4-(2-(3-(dicyanomethylene)-5,5-dimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)vinyl)-N, N-diethylaniline oxide (DDED) which uses N-oxide as a recognition group to real-time monitoring and imaging of Fe²⁺ in vivo and in vitro. The method exhibits excellent selectivity and high sensitivity (LOD = 27 nM) for Fe²⁺, fast reaction rate (< 4 min), extremely large Stokes shift (＞ 275 nm), low cytotoxicity. The strip test strongly illustrates the potential application of DDED in real environment. In particular, DDED has been successfully applied to real-time monitoring and imaging of Fe²⁺ in HepG² cells and zebrafish. That is, the method has great potential for the detection of Fe²⁺ in living systems.

Hydrazine exposure: A near-infrared ICT-based fluorescent probe and its application in bioimaging and sewage analysis

Hydrazine (N₂H₄) is an environment pollutant with high acute toxicity and potential carcinogenicity, and detection of N₂H₄ has attracted increasing attention. In the present study, a low toxicity near-infrared fluorescent probe (DCDB) based on the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) principle was developed. The probe DCDB exhibits excellent selectivity and high sensitivity (LOD = 1.27 ppb) for N₂H₄, fast reaction rate (5 min), extremely large Stokes shift (160 nm). The color transformation of the DCDB-N₂H₄ system from purple to pink can be observed with the naked eye. The success of N₂H₄ test strips to detect trace N₂H₄ in actual sewage strongly illustrates the practical application potential of DCDB. Importantly, DCDB can be utilized to monitor the distribution of exogenous N₂H₄ in vivo and in vitro.

A turn-on near-infrared fluorescent probe for visualization of endogenous alkaline phosphatase activity in living cells and zebrafish

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an essential hydrolase and widely distributed in living organisms. It plays important roles in various physiological and pathological processes. Herein, a turn-on near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe (DXMP) was developed for sensitive detection of ALP activity both in vitro and in vivo based on the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) mechanism. Upon incubation with ALP, DXMP exhibited a strong fluorescence increment at 640 nm, which was attributed to the fact that ALP-catalyzed cleavage of the phosphate group in DXMP induced the transformation of DXMP into DXM-OH. The probe exhibited prominent features including outstanding selectivity, high sensitivity, and excellent biocompatibility. More importantly, it has been successfully used to detect and image endogenous ALP in living cells and zebrafish.

1,8-Naphthalimide appended propiolate-based fluorescent sensor for selective detection of cysteine over glutathione and homocysteine in living cells

A novel 1,8-naphthalimide-based fluorogenic chemoprobe NASP was designed and developed as a sensor platform for the selective detection of biologically important cysteine over glutathione and homocysteine in living-cells.

Green Synthesis of Thiazole Derivatives using Multi-component Reaction of Aldehydes, Isothiocyanate and Alkyl Bromides: Investigation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity

Aims & Objective: In this work, the multicomponent reaction of aldehydes, benzoylisothiocyanate and alkyl bromides in the presence of ammonium acetate, sodium cyanide and a catalytic amount of KF/Clinoptilolite nanoparticles (KF/CP NPs) in the water at 100oC was investigated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In these reactions, thiazole derivatives were produced in good to excellent yields and short time. Also, the antioxidant activity was studied for some newly synthesized compounds using the DPPH radical trapping and reducing of ferric ion experiments and comparing results with the synthetic antioxidants (TBHQ and BHT).

RESULTS

As a result, the compounds 4b showed excellent DPPH radical trapping and reducing the strength of ferric ion. These compounds have biological potential because of the thiazole core. For this reason, the antimicrobial activity of some synthesized compounds was studied by employing the disk diffusion test on Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria.

CONCLUSION

The results of the disk diffusion test showed that these compounds prevented bacterial growth.

An ICT-based fluorescent probe with a large Stokes shift for measuring hydrazine in biological and water samples

As a strong reductant and highly active alkali, hydrazine (N₂H₄) has been widely used in chemical industry, pharmaceutical manufacturing and agricultural production. However, its high acute toxicity poses a threat to ecosystem and human health. In the present study, a ratiometric fluorescent probe for the detection of N₂H₄ was designed, utilizing dicyanoisophorone as the fluorescent group and 4-bromobutyryl moiety as the recognition site. 4-(2-(3-(dicyanomethylene)-5,5-dimethylcyclohex-1-enyl) phenyl 4-brobutanoate (DDPB) was readily synthesized and could specially sense N₂H₄ via an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) pathway. The cyclization cleavage reaction of N₂H₄ with a 4-bromobutyryl group released phenolic hydroxyl group and reversed the ICT process between hydroxy group and fluorophore, turning on the fluorescence in the DDPB-N₂H₄ complexes. DDPB exhibits a low cytotoxicity, reasonable cell permeability, a large Stokes shift (186 nm) and a low detection limit (86.3 nM). The quantitative determination of environmental water systems and the visualization fluorescence of DDPB test strips provides a strong evidence for the applications of DDPB. In addition, DDPB is suitable for the fluorescence imaging of exogenous N₂H₄ in HeLa cells and zebrafish.