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Hussain J, Hussain R, Hussain A, Yawer MA, Arshad M, Alarfaji SS, Rauf A, Ayub K. Theoretical design of alkaline earthides M +(3 6 adz) Be - (M + = V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn) with excellent nonlinear optical response and ultraviolet transparency. J Mol Graph Model 2024; 130:108791. [PMID: 38776762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2024.108791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
A novel series of alkaline earthides containing eight complexes based upon 36adz complexant are designed by placing carefully transition metals (V-Zn) on inner side and alkaline earth metal outer side of the complexant i.e., M+(36adz) Be- (M+ = V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn). All the designed compounds are electronically and thermodynamically stable as evaluated by their interaction energy and vertical ionization potential respectively. Moreover, the true nature of alkaline earthides is verified through NBOs and FMO study, showing negative charge and excess electrons on alkaline earth metal respectively. Furthermore, true alkaline earthides characteristics are evaluated graphically by spectra of partial density state (PDOS). The energy gap (HOMO -LUMO gap) is very small (ranging 2.95 eV-1.89 eV), when it is compared with pure cage 36adz HOMO-LUMO gap i.e., 8.50 eV. All the complexes show a very small value of transition energy ranging from 1.68eV to 0.89eV. Also, these possess higher hyper polarizability values up to 2.8 x 105au (for Co+(36adz) Be-). Furthermore, an increase in hyper polarizability was observed by applying external electric field on complexes. The remarkable increase of 100fold in hyper polarizability of Zn+(36adz) Be- complex is determined after application of external electric field i.e., from 1.7 x 104 au to 1.7 x 106 au when complex is subjected to external electric field of 0.001 au strength. So, when external electric field is applied on complexes it enhances the charge transfer, polarizability and hyper polarizability of complexes and proves to be effective for designing of true alkaline earthides with remarkable NLO response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jabir Hussain
- Institute of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Riaz Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Ajaz Hussain
- Institute of Chemical Sciences Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Mirza Arfan Yawer
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Institute of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Saleh S Alarfaji
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdul Rauf
- Institute of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University, Abbottabad Campus, KPK, 22060, Pakistan
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Ahsin A, Qamar A, Lu Q, Bian W. Theoretically designed M@diaza[2.2.2]cryptand complexes: the role of non-covalent interactions in promoting NLO properties of organic electrides. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2024; 25:2357064. [PMID: 38835630 PMCID: PMC11149575 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2024.2357064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Organic excess electron compounds with significant nonlinear optical (NLO) properties are widely employed in optoelectronic applications. Herein, single-alkali metals with diaza[2.2.2] cryptand (M@crypt,M=Li, Na, and K) are investigated for optoelectronic and NLO properties by using the density functional theory. Thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities of present complexes are computed through interaction energy (Eint) and ab-initio molecular dynamic (AIMD) simulations. M@crypt complexes carry excess electrons and mimic molecular electrides. Quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) analysis and reduced density gradient (RDG) spectra demonstrate the roles of the weak van der Waals (vdW) interactions between metal and complexant. The remarkable hyperpolarizability (βo) value up to 1.41 × 106 au may be credited to the presence of loosely bound excess electrons. The hyper Rayleigh scattering hyperpolarizability (βHRS) is recorded up to 1.31 × 106 au for the K@crypt. Furthermore, frequency-dependent first-order and second-order hyperpolarizability is more prominent at the applied frequency of ω = 0.042823 au. The electron localizing function (ELF) and localized orbital locator (LOL) analysis further disclose the nature of interaction between alkali metal and complexant. The TD-DFT method is adopted to get excited state parameters and absorbance properties. An electron density difference map (EDDM) is exploited to evaluate the orbital contributions in excited states. Hence, the studied electride may become a promising candidate for NLO materials. We anticipate that the present work will provide insight into further development of molecular electride for optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atazaz Ahsin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aamna Qamar
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wensheng Bian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Huang J, Wang YF, Yang K, Zhang W, Wang ZJ, Liu X, Li ZR. Superalkali-alkaline earthide ion pairs of δ+(AM-HMHC)-AM' δ- (AM = Li, Na and K; AM' = Be, Mg and Ca) possessing large NLO responses and excellent electronic stabilities and alkalide characteristics: a DFT study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:4702-4715. [PMID: 38251937 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04627c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
To identify superalkali-alkaline earthide ion pairs, it's theoretically shown that, as a novel class of excess electron superalkali compounds, both chair and boat forms of (AM-HMHC)-AM' (AM = Li, Na, and K; AM' = Be, Mg, and Ca; HMHC = 1,4,7,10,13,16-hexamethyl-1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaazacyclooctadecane) are good candidates. An attractive superalkali-alkaline earthide ion pair in δ+(AM-HMHC)-AM'δ- is firstly exhibited, which possesses alkaline-earthide characteristics and nonlinear optical response superior to similar M+(calix[4]pyrrole)M'- (M = Li, Na, and K; M' = Be, Mg, and Ca) with high stability. The electronic and vibrational second order hyperpolarizabilities and the frequency-dependent first hyperpolarizabilities of δ+(AM-HMHC)-AM'δ- are presented. For each pair of (AM-HMHC)-AM', the boat conformation is preferred to its chair one in the case of Hyper-Rayleigh scattering response (βHRS). These alkaline earthides suggest prominently high βHRS up to 2.59 × 104 a.u. (boat forms of δ+(Na-HMHC)-Caδ-). We expect that this work will inspire the preparation and characterization of these new alkaline earthides as high-performance NLO materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangen Huang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi 343009, P. R. China.
| | - Yin-Feng Wang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi 343009, P. R. China.
| | - Kai Yang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi 343009, P. R. China.
| | - Wen Zhang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi 343009, P. R. China.
| | - Zhi-Jun Wang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi 343009, P. R. China.
| | - Xuexia Liu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, Anhui, P. R. China.
| | - Zhi-Ru Li
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China.
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Sohaib M, Sajid H, Sarfaraz S, Hamid MHSA, Gilani MA, Ans M, Mahmood T, Muhammad S, Alkhalifah MA, Sheikh NS, Ayub K. Enhanced nonlinear optical response of alkalides based on stacked Janus all- cis-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexafluorocyclohexane. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19325. [PMID: 37662734 PMCID: PMC10474417 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant efforts are continuously exerted by the scientific community to explore new strategies to design materials with high nonlinear optical responses. An effective approach is to design alkalides based on Janus molecules. Herein, we present a new approach to remarkably boost the NLO response of alkalides by stacking the Janus molecules. Alkalides based on stacked Janus molecule, M-n-M' (where n = 2 & 3 while M and M' are Li/Na/K) are studied for structural, energetic, electrical, and nonlinear optical properties. The thermodynamic stability of the designed complexes is confirmed by the energetic stabilities, which range between -14.07 and -28.77 kcal/mol. The alkalide character of alkali metals-doped complexes is confirmed by the NBO charge transfer and HOMO(s) densities. The HOMO densities are located on the doped alkali metal atoms, indicating their alkalide character. The absorptions in UV-Vis and near IR region confirm the deep ultraviolet transparency of the designed complexes. The maximum first static and dynamic hyperpolarizabilities of 5.13 × 107 and 6.6 × 106 au (at 1339 nm) confirm their high NLO response, especially for K-2-M' complexes. The NLO response of alkalides based on stacked Janus molecules is 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than the alkalide based on Janus monomer. The high values of dc-Kerr and electric field-induced response e.g., max ∼107 and 108 au, respectively have been obtained. These findings suggest that our designed complexes envision a new insight into the rational design of stable high NLO performance materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sohaib
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, KPK, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Hasnain Sajid
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Sehrish Sarfaraz
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, KPK, 22060, Pakistan
| | | | - Mazhar Amjad Gilani
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore-54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ans
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Mahmood
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, KPK, 22060, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bahrain, P. O. Box 32038, Bahrain
| | - Shabbir Muhammad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. Alkhalifah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadeem S. Sheikh
- Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, KPK, 22060, Pakistan
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Kosar N, Wajid S, Ayub K, Gilani MA, Binti Zainal Arfan NH, Sheikh Abdul Hamid MH, Imran M, Sheikh NS, Mahmood T. Giant NLO response and deep ultraviolet transparency of dual (alkali/alkaline earth) metals doped C 6O 6Li 6 electrides. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18264. [PMID: 37533989 PMCID: PMC10391932 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The designing of new materials having outstanding nonlinear optical (NLO) response is much needed for use in latest optics. Herein, the geometric, electronic and NLO properties of alkali and alkaline earth metals doped C6O6Li6 (alk-C6O6Li6-alkearth, alkearth = Ca, Mg, Be and alk = K, Na, Li) electrides is studied via quantum chemical approach. The interaction energies (Eint) are examined to illustrate their thermodynamic stability. The strong interaction energy of -39.99 kcal mol-1 is observed for Ca-C6O6Li6-Li electride in comparison to others. Frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) energy gap of considered complexes is changed due to the electronic density shifting between metals and C6O6Li6 surface, which notifies the semi conducting properties of these electrides. The FMOs isodensities and natural bond orbital (NBO) charge analysis are performed to justify charge transfer between dopants and complexant. UV-Visible study also confirmed the application of these electrides as deep ultra-violet laser devices. NLO response is studied through calculation of first hyperpolarizability (βo). The highest βo value of 1.68 × 105 au is calculated for Mg-C6O6Li6-K electride. NLO response is further rationalized by three- and two-level models approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kosar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Management and Technology (UMT), C-11, Johar Town Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sunaina Wajid
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad-22060, Pakistan
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad-22060, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Amjad Gilani
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nur Hazimah Binti Zainal Arfan
- Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | | | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadeem S. Sheikh
- Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Tariq Mahmood
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad-22060, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bahrain, P.O. Box 32038, Bahrain
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Ahsan A, Fayyaz F, Sarfaraz S, Hamid MHS, Keasberry NA, Ayub K, Sheikh NS. A three orders of magnitude increase in nonlinear optical response by external electric field on Cryptand[2.2.2] (C222) based alkaline earthides. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17610. [PMID: 37455946 PMCID: PMC10338364 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A new series of alkaline earthides based on Cryptand [2.2.2] (C222) containing nine complexes is designed by carefully placing alkali metals and alkaline earth metals inside and outside the C222 complexant, respectively i.e., M1(C222)M2 (M1 = Li, Na, K; M2 = Be, Mg, Ca). The designed complexes are reasonably stable both electronically and thermodynamically, as revealed through their vertical ionization potentials (VIPs) and interaction energies, respectively. Moreover, the true alkaline earthide nature of the complexes is confirmed through NBO and FMO analyses showing the negative charges and HOMOs over the alkaline earth metals, respectively. The further validity of true earthide characteristic is represented graphically by the spectra of partial density of states (PDOS). HOMO-LUMO gaps of the compounds are also very small (from 2.23 to 2.83 eV) when compared with pure cage's (C222) H-L gap i.e., 5.63 eV. All these features award these complexes with very small values of transition energies (ΔE) ranging from 0.68 to 2.06 eV ultimately resulting in remarkably high hyperpolarizability values up to 2.7 × 105 au (for Na+(C222)Mg-). Furthermore, applying external electric field (EEF) on the complexes enhances hyperpolarizability further. A remarkable increase of 1000 folds has been seen when hyperpolarizability of K+(C222)Ca- is calculated after EEF application i.e., from 8.79 × 104 au to 2.48 × 107 au; when subjected to 0.001 au external electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annum Ahsan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, KPK, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Fayyaz
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, KPK, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Sehrish Sarfaraz
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, KPK, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Malai Haniti S.A. Hamid
- Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Natasha A. Keasberry
- Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, KPK, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem S. Sheikh
- Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
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Hameed S, Waqas M, Zahid S, Gul S, Shawky AM, Alatawi NS, Shehzad RA, Bhatti IA, Ayub K, Iqbal J, Khera RA. Quantum Chemical Approach of Hexaammine (NH 3) 6 complexant with alkali and alkaline earth metals for their potential use as NLO materials. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 123:108505. [PMID: 37220700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, nine new electron rich compounds are presented, and their electronic, geometrical, and nonlinear optical (NLO) characteristics have been investigated by using the Density functional theory. The basic design principle of these compounds is placing alkaline earth metal (AEM) inside and alkali metal (AM) outside the hexaammine complexant. The properties of nine newly designed compounds are contrasted with the reference molecule (Hexaammine). The effect of this doping on Hexaamine complexant is explored by different analyses such as electron density distribution map (EDDM), frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs), density of states (DOS) absorption maximum (λmax), hyperpolarizabilities, dipole moment, transition density matrix (TDM). Non-covalent interaction (NCI) study assisted with isosurfaces has been accomplished to explore the vibrational frequencies and types of synergy. The doping of hexaammine complexant with AM and AEM significantly improved its characteristics by reducing values of HOMO-LUMO energy gaps from 10.7eV to 3.15eV compared to 10.7 eV of hexaammine. The polarizability and hyperpolarizability (αo and βo) values inquisitively increase from 72 to 919 au and 4.31 × 10-31 to 2.00 × 10-27esu respectively. The higher values of hyperpolarizability in comparison to hexaammine (taken as a reference molecule) are credited to the presence of additional electrons. The absorption profile of the newly designed molecules clearly illustrates that they are highly accompanied by higher λmax showing maximum absorbance in red and far-red regions ranging from 654.07 nm to 783.94 nm. These newly designed compounds have superior outcomes having effectiveness for using them as proficient NLO materials and have a gateway for advanced investigation of more stable and highly progressive NLO materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanza Hameed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Saba Zahid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Shehla Gul
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed M Shawky
- Science and Technology Unit (STU), Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naifa S Alatawi
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rao Aqil Shehzad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ijaz Ahmed Bhatti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department of Chemistry, COMSAT University, Abbottabad Campus, KPK, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Javed Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Rasheed Ahmad Khera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
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Alkhalifah MA, Sheikh NS, Al-Faiyz YSS, Bayach I, Ludwig R, Ayub K. Rational Design, Stabilities and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Non-Conventional Transition Metalides; New Entry into Nonlinear Optical Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16093447. [PMID: 37176328 PMCID: PMC10180138 DOI: 10.3390/ma16093447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Electronic and nonlinear optical properties of endohedral metallofullerenes are presented. The endohedral metallofullerenes contain transition metal encapsulated in inorganic fullerenes X12Y12 (X = B, Al & Y = N, P). The endohedral metallofullerenes (endo-TM@X12Y12) possess quite interesting geometric and electronic properties, which are the function of the nature of the atom and the size of fullerene. NBO charge and frontier molecular orbital analyses reveal that the transition metal encapsulated Al12N12 fullerenes (endo-TM@Al12N12) are true metalides when the transition metals are Ni, Cu and Zn. Endo-Cr@Al12N12 and endo-Co@Al12N12 are at the borderline between metalides and electrides with predominantly electride characteristics. The other members of the series are excess electron systems, which offer interesting electronic and nonlinear optical properties. The diversity of nature possessed by endo-TM@Al12N12 is not prevalent for other fullerenes. Endo-TM@Al12P12 are true metalides when the transition metals are (Cr-Zn). HOMO-LUMO gaps (EH-L) are reduced significantly for these endohedral metallofullerenes, with a maximum percent decrease in EH-L of up to 70%. Many complexes show odd-even oscillating behavior for EH-L and dipole moments. Odd electron species contain large dipole moments and small EH-L, whereas even electron systems have the opposite behavior. Despite the decrease in EH-L, these systems show high kinetic and thermodynamic stabilities. The encapsulation of transition metals is a highly exergonic process. These endo-TM@X12Y12 possess remarkable nonlinear optical response in which the first hyperpolarizability reaches up to 2.79 × 105 au for endo-V@Al12N12. This study helps in the comparative analysis of the potential nonlinear optical responses of electrides, metalides and other excess electron systems. In general, the potential nonlinear optical response of electrides is higher than metalides but lower than those of simple excess electron compounds. The higher non-linear optical response and interesting electronic characteristics of endo-TM@Al12N12 complexes may be promising contenders for potential NLO applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Alkhalifah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadeem S Sheikh
- Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei
| | - Yasair S S Al-Faiyz
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imene Bayach
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ralf Ludwig
- University of Rostock, Institute of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Straße 27, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Department of Science and Technology of Life, Light and Matter, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, KPK, Pakistan
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Geometric, Electronic, and Optoelectronic Properties of Carbon-Based Polynuclear C 3O[C(CN) 2] 2M 3 (where M = Li, Na, and K) Clusters: A DFT Study. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041827. [PMID: 36838816 PMCID: PMC9965956 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon-based polynuclear clusters are designed and investigated for geometric, electronic, and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties at the CAM-B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. Significant binding energies per atom (ranging from -162.4 to -160.0 kcal mol-1) indicate excellent thermodynamic stabilities of these polynuclear clusters. The frontier molecular orbital (FMOs) analysis indicates excess electron nature of the clusters with low ionization potential, suggesting that they are alkali-like. The decreased energy gaps (EH-L) with increased alkali metals size revael the improved electrical conductivity (σ). The total density of state (TDOS) study reveals the alkali metals' size-dependent electronic and conductive properties. The significant first and second hyperpolarizabilities are observed up to 5.78 × 103 and 5.55 × 106 au, respectively. The βo response shows dependence on the size of alkali metals. Furthermore, the absorption study shows transparency of these clusters in the deep-UV, and absorptions are observed at longer wavelengths (redshifted). The optical gaps from TD-DFT are considerably smaller than those of HOMO-LUMO gaps. The significant scattering hyperpolarizability (βHRS) value (1.62 × 104) is calculated for the C3 cluster, where octupolar contribution to βHRS is 92%. The dynamic first hyperpolarizability β(ω) is more pronounced for the EOPE effect at 532 nm, whereas SHG has notable values for second hyperpolarizability γ(ω).
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Ahsan F, Ayub K. Transition metalides based on facially polarized all- cis-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexafluorocyclohexane - a new class of high performance second order nonlinear optical materials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:4732-4742. [PMID: 36662154 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04842f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Continuous attempts are being made to discover new approaches to design materials with extraordinary nonlinear optical responses. Herein, for the first time, we report the geometric, electronic, and nonlinear optical properties of novel Janus transition metalides AM-J-TM (where AM = Li, Na and K, and TM = Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn) containing alkali metals as a source of excess electrons for transition metals to generate metalides. The Janus organic complexant used for the study is all cis 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexafluorocyclohexane F6C6H6 (J). These complexes contain the unique involvement of alkali metals (AM = Li, Na and K) as a source of excess electrons, which significantly affects the hyperpolarizability values of the resulting transition metalides. The NBO analysis reveals the charge transfer from alkali metals to the transition metals, thereby confirming the metalide behavior of the complexes. Moreover, the metalide nature of these complexes is validated through frontier molecular orbital (FMO) analysis. The values of interaction energies, vertical ionization potential (VIP) and vertical electron affinity (VEA) illustrate the stability of the metalide complexes. Ultimately, the hyperpolarizability values confirm the excellent nonlinear optical response of the designed transition metalides. The remarkable static first hyperpolarizability (β0) response up to 4 × 108 a.u. is observed for complexes of vanadium. Similarly, the complexes of AM-J-Mn and Li/Na-J-Sc show significantly high NLO response. These compounds besides providing a new entry into excess electron compounds will also pave the way for the design and synthesis of further novel NLO materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Ahsan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University, Abbottabad Campus, KPK, 22060, Pakistan.
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University, Abbottabad Campus, KPK, 22060, Pakistan.
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Hameed QS, Katubi KM, Shehzad RA, Ayub K, Alsaiari NS, Iqbal J, Al-Buriahi MS. Exohedrally and endohedrally doped calix-4-pyrrole surface by alkali and alkaline earth metals for potential applications as high-performance NLO materials. Struct Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-022-02098-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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12
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Intra-ring proton transfer effect on the Structure-NLO property relationships of phthalocyanine derivatives. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Gul S, Rasool A, Hameed S, Shehzad RA, Ayub K, Ans M, Iqbal J. Alkaline earth metals (Be, Mg, Ca) doped hexamine complexant with enhanced electronic and nonlinear optical properties. J Mol Model 2022; 28:378. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05362-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Benyza N, Allouche F, Dammak SW, Lanez E, Lanez T. Chemical Reactivity, Topological Analysis, and Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Responses of M3O@Al12N12: A Quantum Chemical Study. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024422130118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Akram W, Nadeem E, Ayub K, Iqbal J, Al-Buriahi M, Alomairy S, Katubi KM, Ibraheem AA. Enhanced Non-Linear Optical Response of Alkali Metal-Doped Nitrogenated Holey Graphene (C2N). J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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16
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Maqsood N, Asif A, Ayub K, Iqbal J, Elnaggar AY, Mersal GAM, Ibrahim MM, El-Bahy SM. DFT study of alkali and alkaline earth metal-doped benzocryptand with remarkable NLO properties. RSC Adv 2022; 12:16029-16045. [PMID: 35733683 PMCID: PMC9136961 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02209e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategies for designing remarkable nonlinear optical materials using excess electron compounds are well recognized in literature to enhance the applications of these compounds in nonlinear optics. In this study, density functional theory simulations are performed to study alkali and alkaline earth metal-doped benzocryptand using the B3LYP/6-31G+(d, p) level of theory. Vertical ionization energies (VIEs), reactivity parameters, interaction energies, and binding energies exposed the thermodynamic stability of these complexes. FMO analysis revealed that HOMO is located on alkali metals having polarized electrons, which are easy to excite. The doping strategy enhanced the charge transfer with low bandgap energy in the range of 0.68–2.23 eV, which is lower than that of the surface BC (5.50 eV). Also, the lower transition energies and higher oscillator strength indicate that these complexes exhibit excellent electronic and optical properties. Non-covalent interaction analysis suggested the presence of van der Waals interactions between dopants and surface. IR analysis provided information about the frequencies of stretching vibrations present in the complexes due to different bonds. UV-vis analysis revealed that all the newly designed excess electron complexes are transparent in the UV region and possessed maximum absorption in the visible and NIR region, ranging from 753.6 to 2150 nm, which is higher than the surface (244 nm). Thus, these complexes have a potential for high-performance NLO materials in the applications of optics. Natural bond orbital analysis (NBO), transition density matrix (TDM), electron density difference map (EDDM), and density of state (DOS) analyses were also performed to study the charge transfer properties. Moreover, these complexes possessed remarkable optoelectronic properties due to a significant increase in the isotropic linear polarizability (αiso) in the range of 629.59–1423.23 au. Further, these systems demonstrated an extraordinary large total first hyperpolarizability (βtl) in the range of 3695.55–910 706.43 au. The rationalization of hyperpolarizability by the two-level model reflected a noteworthy increase in βtl because of low transition energies (ΔE) and high transition dipole moment (Δμ). Thus, our results showed that alkali and alkaline earth metal-doped BC might be a competitor for efficient nonlinear optical properties with practical applications in the area of optoelectronics. Strategies for designing remarkable nonlinear optical materials using excess electron compounds are well recognized in literature to enhance the applications of these compounds in nonlinear optics.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimra Maqsood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad-38000 Pakistan
| | - Areeba Asif
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad-38000 Pakistan
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus Abbottabad 22060 Pakistan
| | - Javed Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad-38000 Pakistan
| | - Ashraf Y Elnaggar
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Science, Taif University Taif 21944 P. O. Box 11099 Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaber A M Mersal
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University P. O. Box 11099 Taif 21944 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University P. O. Box 11099 Taif 21944 Saudi Arabia
| | - Salah M El-Bahy
- Department of Chemistry, Turabah University College, Taif University P. O. Box 11099 Taif 21944 Saudi Arabia
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Sheikhi M, Kaviani S, Azarakhshi F, Shahab S. Superalkali X3O (X = Li, Na, K) doped B12N12 nano-cages as a new drug delivery platform for chlormethine: A DFT approach. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2022.113722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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18
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Wang YF, Huang J, Wang ZJ, Liu XX, Li J, Li ZR. Superalkali-alkalide ion pairs δ+(M-HMHC)-M’ δ - (M, M’ = Li, Na and K) serving as high-performance NLO molecular materials. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.118101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Ahsin A, Shah AB, Ayub K. Germanium-based superatom clusters as excess electron compounds with significant static and dynamic NLO response; a DFT study. RSC Adv 2021; 12:365-377. [PMID: 35424493 PMCID: PMC8978613 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08192f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, the geometric, electronic, and nonlinear optical properties of excess electron zintl clusters Ge5AM3, Ge9AM5, and Ge10AM3 (AM = Li, Na, and K) are investigated. The clusters under consideration demonstrate considerable electronic stability as well as superalkali characteristics. The NBO charge is transferred from the alkali metal to the Ge-atoms. The FMO analysis shows fabulous conductive properties with a significant reduction in SOMO-LUMO gaps (0.79-4.04 eV) as compared with undoped systems. The designed clusters are completely transparent in the deep UV-region and show absorption in the visible and near-IR region. Being excess electron compounds these clusters exhibit remarkable hyperpolarizability response up to 8.99 × 10-26 esu, where a static second hyperpolarizability (γ o) value of up to 2.15 × 10-30 esu was recorded for Ge9Na5 superatom clusters. The excitation energy is the main controlling factor for hyperpolarizability as revealed from the two-level model study. The electro-optical Pockel's effect and the second harmonic generation phenomenon (SHG) are used to investigate dynamic nonlinear optical features. At a lower applied frequency (=532 nm), the dynamic hyperpolarizability and second hyperpolarizability values are significantly higher for the studied clusters. Furthermore, for the Ge9K5 cluster, the hyper Rayleigh scattering (HRS) increases to 5.03 × 10-26 esu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atazaz Ahsin
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus Abbottabad KPK 22060 Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Bilal Shah
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus Abbottabad KPK 22060 Pakistan
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus Abbottabad KPK 22060 Pakistan
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Wajid S, Kosar N, Ullah F, Gilani MA, Ayub K, Muhammad S, Mahmood T. Demonstrating the Potential of Alkali Metal-Doped Cyclic C 6O 6Li 6 Organometallics as Electrides and High-Performance NLO Materials. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:29852-29861. [PMID: 34778658 PMCID: PMC8582031 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this report, the geometric and electronic properties and static and dynamic hyperpolarizabilities of alkali metal-doped C6O6Li6 organometallics are analyzed via density functional theory methods. The thermal stability of the considered complexes is examined through interaction energy (E int) calculations. Doping of alkali metal derives diffuse excess electrons, which generate the electride characteristics in the respective systems (electrons@complexant, e-@M@C6O6Li6, M = Li, Na, and K). The electronic density shifting is also supported by natural bond orbital charge analysis. These electrides are further investigated for their nonlinear optical (NLO) responses through static and dynamic hyperpolarizability analyses. The potassium-doped C6O6Li6 (K@C6O6Li6) complex has high values of second- (βtot = 2.9 × 105 au) and third-order NLO responses (γtot = 1.6 × 108 au) along with a high refractive index at 1064 nm, indicating that the NLO response of the corresponding complex increases at a higher wavelength. UV-vis absorption analysis is used to confirm the electronic excitations, which occur from the metal toward C6O6Li6. We assume that these newly designed organometallic electrides can be used in optical and optoelectronic fields for achieving better second-harmonic-generation-based NLO materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunaina Wajid
- Department
of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Naveen Kosar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Management and
Technology (UMT), C11,
Johar Town Lahore 54770, Pakistan
| | - Faizan Ullah
- Department
of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Amjad Gilani
- Department
of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department
of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Shabbir Muhammad
- Department
of Physics, College of Science, King Khalid
University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq Mahmood
- Department
of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
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21
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Impact of even number of alkaline earth metal doping on the NLO response of C20 nanocluster; a DFT outcome. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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22
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Ahsin A, Ayub K. Extremely large static and dynamic nonlinear optical response of small superalkali clusters NM 3M' (M, M'=Li, Na, K). J Mol Graph Model 2021; 109:108031. [PMID: 34536836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.108031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Exploring novel nonlinear optical (NLO) materials with excess electron properties is essential for advancing the use of excess electron compounds in optics. The studied superalkali clusters NM3M' (M, M' = Li, Na, K) are thermodynamically stable and their binding energies range from -27.10 to -53.84 kcal mol-1. The observed significant values for VIPs suggest their electronic stabilities. Being excess electron candidate these clusters show significant βo value (3.9 × 107 au), which nicely correlates the hyperpolarizability reported by a two-level model (βtl). Furthermore, these clusters exhibit a remarkable static second hyperpolarizability (γo) value of 1.1 × 1010 au for the NK4 superalkali cluster. The hyper Rayleigh scattering (βHRS) is also computed where the highest value of 2.9 × 107 is recorded for NNa3K superalkali. The obtained values of βvec values (projection of hyperpolarizability on dipole moment vector) also signify the excellent nonlinearity of clusters. Besides, the calculated electro-optica pockel's effect β(-ω; ω,0) and second harmonic generation β(-2ω; ω, ω) values are much pronounced at larger dispersion frequency ω = 1064 nm. Moreover, the frequency-dependent second hyperpolarizability γ(ω) with dc-Kerr effect γ(-ω; ω,0,0) and electric field induced second harmonic generation γ(-2ω; ω,ω,0) show larger values at ω = 1064 nm. Thus the highest value of the dc-Kerr constant increases up to 1.0 × 1011 au which also signifies the larger nonlinear refractive index of the studied cluster. We hope this work could open up new possibilities using superalkali clusters as NLO materials for optoelectronics, laser, second harmonic generation and as frequency doubler.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atazaz Ahsin
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, KPK, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, KPK, 22060, Pakistan.
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Oxacarbon superalkali C3X3Y3 (X = O, S and Y = Li, Na, K) clusters as excess electron compounds for remarkable static and dynamic NLO response. J Mol Graph Model 2021; 106:107922. [PMID: 33984815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.107922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An intriguing class of excess electron oxacarbon superalkali clusters is explored for nonlinear optical response through density functional theory (DFT) methods at CAM-B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p). These superalkali clusters shows noticeable binding energies per atom (Eb) which reveals their thermodynamic stabilities (-86.45 ∼ -119.44 kcal mol-1). The obtained significant VIPs values also suggest the electronic stability of these clusters. The VIP values range from 2.06 eV to 3.42 eV. These clusters show remarkable electronic properties and their HOMO-LUMO gaps (EH-L) are significantly reduced. The lowest H-L gap of 0.96 eV is obtained for C3O3K3 while the highest H-L gap of 2.07 eV is calculated for C3S3Li3. The obtained PDOS spectra further provide evidence for the superior electronic properties of these clusters. The clusters show excellent nonlinear optical properties as revealed from remarkable values (1.6 × 106 au) of static first hyperpolarizability. The controlling factors for hyperpolarizability are also explored by using conventional two-level model. The calculated values of βo are correlated nicely with βtl. The crucial excitation energy is the key factor in controlling the first hyperpolarizability. In these excess electron clusters, the second hyperpolarizability (γo) response increases up to 4.3 × 109 au. Moreover, the calculated scattering hyperpolarizability (βHRS) values are quite significant in these clusters and the highest value of 1.3 × 106 au is calculated for C3S3K3. Additionally, these clusters also possess larger dynamic nonlinearities. The dynamic second hyperpolarizability with dc-Kerr effect increases up to 1.0 × 1011 au. The remarkable values for refractive index (n2) also suggest the excellent nonlinearity of these superalkali clusters.
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Khan S, Gilani MA, Munsif S, Muhammad S, Ludwig R, Ayub K. Inorganic electrides of alkali metal doped Zn 12O 12 nanocage with excellent nonlinear optical response. J Mol Graph Model 2021; 106:107935. [PMID: 34034048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.107935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Finding new materials with exceptionally large nonlinear optical response is an interesting and challenging avenue for scientific research. Here, we report the alkali metal doped Zn12O12 nanocages as inorganic electrides with excellent nonlinear optical response. Density functional theory calculations have been performed for geometric, electronic and nonlinear optical response of exo- and endohedrally alkali metal doped Zn12O12 nanoclusters. For exohedral doping, all different possible doping sites are considered for decoration of alkali metal on the nanocage. The electride nature of the complexes is highly dependent on the position of alkali metal doping. All exohedral complexes except for alkali metal doping on six membered ring (r6) are electride in nature, as revealed from frontier molecular orbital analysis. Interaction energies reveal that all doped nanoclusters except endo-K@Zn12O12 are thermodynamically stable. The exothermic encapsulation of alkali metals in Zn12O12 nanocages is in marked contradiction with other inorganic fullerenes where encapsulation is an endothermic process. The barriers for boundary crossing are also evaluated in order study the interconversion of exo- and endohedral complexes. Doping of alkali metal significantly influences the properties of nanocages. HOMO-LUMO (H-L) gap is reduced significantly whereas hyperpolarizability is increased several orders of magnitude. The NLO response of exohedrally doped complexes is higher than the corresponding endohedral complexes, which is in mark contradiction with the behavior of phosphide or nitride nanocages. The highest first hyperpolarizability of 1.0 × 105 au is calculated for K@r6-Zn12O12 complex. Third order NLO response of these complexes is calculated and compared with the best systems reported in the literature at the same level of theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Amjad Gilani
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University, Lahore Campus, Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Sajida Munsif
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Shabbir Muhammad
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, PO Box 9004, Saudi Arabia; Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, PO Box 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ralf Ludwig
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany; Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 1, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Pakistan.
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Qu HR, Gao FW, Xu HL, Su ZM. Second-order nonlinear optical property of carbon–boron–nitride heterostructure: Vertical carbon-segment into the BN nanosheet. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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26
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Alkaline earth metals serving as source of excess electron for alkaline earth metals to impart large second and third order nonlinear optical response; a DFT study. J Mol Graph Model 2020; 101:107759. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Mohan B, Choudhary M, Kumar G, Muhammad S, Das N, Singh K, Al-Sehemi AG, Kumar S. An experimental and computational study of pyrimidine based bis-uracil derivatives as efficient candidates for optical, nonlinear optical, and drug discovery applications. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1771369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Mohan
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, India
| | - Mukesh Choudhary
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
- Department of Clinical Research, School of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Shabbir Muhammad
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neeladri Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, India
| | - Khushwant Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, India
| | - Abdullah G. Al-Sehemi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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Tahir H, Kosar N, Ayub K, Mahmood T. Outstanding NLO response of thermodynamically stable single and multiple alkaline earth metals doped C20 fullerene. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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29
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Gong L, Ma C, Liu T, Lv J, Xun X. Theoretical study on functionalized acrylonitrile compounds with a large second-order nonlinear optical response. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04575f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The nonlinear optical properties of the studied compounds were studied with the help of DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Gong
- Aviation University of Air Force
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Cheng Ma
- Aviation University of Air Force
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Tiejun Liu
- Aviation University of Air Force
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Jinkai Lv
- Aviation University of Air Force
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Xianchao Xun
- Aviation University of Air Force
- Changchun 130022
- China
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