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Lee Y, Baek J, Kwon Y. Assessing dietary bisphenol A exposure among Koreans: comprehensive database construction and analysis using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:1018-1055. [PMID: 38923903 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2362252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure primarily occurs through dietary intake. This study aimed to estimate the extent of dietary BPA exposure among Koreans. A thorough literature search was conducted to establish a BPA content database encompassing common foods consumed in Korea, including various food raw materials and processed food products. Dietary exposure levels were estimated by integrating the constructed BPA database with comprehensive nationwide 24 h-dietary recall datasets. The finding revealed that dietary BPA exposure was low for most Koreans, with a mean of 14.5 ng/kg bw/day, but was higher for preschool-age children (over 23 ng). Canned foods accounted for 9-36% of the total dietary exposure of the highest dietary exposure groups; while across all age groups, a considerable amount was derived from canned tuna, contribution of canned fruits and canned coffee (milk-containing) was high for preschool-age children and adults, respectively. Notably, for adults, a substantial proportion also stemmed from beer packaged in cans. While diet contributed over 80% of aggregate exposure for most age groups, preschool-age children experienced 60% exposure through diet due to additional exposure from indoor dust. Even at the high exposure scenario, aggregate BPA exposure levels remained lower than the current tolerable daily intake (TDI) set by the Korean agency (20 μg/kg bw/day). Nevertheless, most Koreans were exposed to BPA levels surpassing the strictest TDI (0.2 ng/kg bw/day) set by the European Food Safety Authority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonjoo Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiyun Baek
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngjoo Kwon
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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Wang Q, Tong Y, Wu Y, Li S, Bai H, Zhou Q. β-Cyclodextrin functionalized magnetic polyamine-amine dendrimers for high enrichment and effective analysis of trace bisphenolic pollutants in beverages. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 328:138537. [PMID: 37011821 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenols (BPs) are typical endocrine disruptors, which can cause great effects on environmental, organisms and human health. In this study, β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) functionalized polyamidoamine dendrimers-modified Fe3O4 nanomaterials (MNPs@PAMAM (G3.0)@β-CD) were facilely synthesized. It exhibited good adsorption capacities for BPs, which was utilized to construct a sensitive tool in combination with high performance liquid chromatography for monitoring BPs such as bisphenol A (BPA), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol AF (BPAF) and bisphenol AP (BPAP) in beverage samples. The factors affecting the enrichment were examined such as generation of adsorbent, dosage of adsorbent, type and volume of eluting solvent, elution time and pH value of sample solution. The optimal parameters for enrichment was as follows: dosage of adsorbent, 60 mg; adsorption time, 50min; sample pH, pH7; elutent, 9 mL mixture of methanol and acetone(1:1); elution time, 6min; sample volume, 60 mL. The experimental results demonstrated that the adsorption conformed to pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The results showed the maximum adsorption capacities of BPS, TBBPA, BPA, BPAF and BPAP were 131.80 μgg-1, 139.84 μgg-1, 157.08 μgg-1, 142.11 μgg-1 and 134.23 μgg-1, respectively. Under optimal conditions, BPS had good linear relationship over range from of 0.5-300 μgL-1, and the linear ranges of BPA, TBBPA, BPAF and BPAP ranged from 0.1 to 300 μgL-1. The limits of detection (S/N = 3) for BPs were good in range of 0.016-0.039 μgL-1. The spiked recoveries of target bisphenols (BPs) in beverages were approving over range from 92.3% to 99.2%. The established method possessed merits of easy to operate, good sensitivity, rapidness as well as environmental friendliness, and which earned great application potential for the enrichment and detection of trace BPs in practical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Yayan Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Yalin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China; Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Shuangying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Huahua Bai
- Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Qingxiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China.
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Deep Eutectic Solvent Based Reversed-Phase Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Determination of Free Tryptophan in Cold-Pressed Oils. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052395. [PMID: 36903640 PMCID: PMC10005200 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A fast and straightforward reversed-phase dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (RP-DLLME) using a deep eutectic solvent (DES) procedure to determine free tryptophan in vegetable oils was developed. The influence of eight variables affecting the RP-DLLME efficiency has been studied by a multivariate approach. A Plackett-Burman design for screening the most influential variables followed by a central composite response surface methodology led to an optimum RP-DLLME setup for a 1 g oil sample: 9 mL hexane as the diluting solvent, vortex extraction with 0.45 mL of DES (choline chloride-urea) at 40 °C, without addition of salt, and centrifugation at 6000 rpm for 4.0 min. The reconstituted extract was directly injected into a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system working in the diode array mode. At the studied concentration levels, the obtained method detection limits (MDL) was 11 mg/kg, linearity in matrix-matched standards was R2 ≥ 0.997, relative standard deviations (RSD) was 7.8%, and average recovery was 93%. The combined use of the recently developed DES -based RP-DLLME and HPLC provides an innovative, efficient, cost-effective, and more sustainable method for the extraction and quantification of free tryptophan in oily food matrices. The method was employed to analyze cold-pressed oils from nine vegetables (Brazil nut, almond, cashew, hazelnut, peanut, pumpkin, sesame, sunflower, and walnut) for the first time. The results showed that free tryptophan was present in the range of 11-38 mg/100 g. This article is important for its contributions to the field of food analysis, and for its development of a new and efficient method for the determination of free tryptophan in complex matrices, which has the potential to be applied to other analytes and sample types.
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Effective extraction of parabens from toothpaste by vortex-assisted liquid-phase microextraction based on low viscosity deep eutectic solvent. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Application of d-SPE before SPE and HPLC-FLD to Analyze Bisphenols in Human Breast Milk Samples. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164930. [PMID: 34443517 PMCID: PMC8401851 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we propose a simple, cost-effective, and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) for the simultaneous determination of seven bisphenols (bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol E (BPE), bisphenol B (BPB), BADGE (bisphenol A diglycidyl ether), BADGE∙2H2O, BADGE∙H2O, BADGE∙2HCl) in human breast milk samples. The dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) coupled with solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure performed well for the majority of the analytes with recoveries in the range 57–88% and relative standard deviations (RSD%) of less than 9.4%. During the d-SPE stage, no significant matrix effect was observed thanks to the application of different pairs of salts such as zirconium-dioxide-based sorbents (Z-Sep or Z-Sep +) and primary secondary amine (PSA) or QuEChERS Enhanced Matrix Removal-Lipid (EMR-Lipid) and PSA. The method limits of quantification (mLOQs) for all investigated analytes were set at satisfactory low values in the range 171.89–235.11 ng mL−1. Analyte concentrations were determined as the average value from human breast milk matrix samples. The results show that the d-SPE/SPE procedure, especially with the application of EMR-Lipid and PSA, could be used for further bisphenol analyses in human breast milk samples.
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Mohamad Yusoff N‘AN, Rahim NY, Mohammad REA, Yahaya N, Miskam M. Deep eutectic solvent-based emulsification liquid-liquid microextraction for the analysis of phenoxy acid herbicides in paddy field water samples. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:202061. [PMID: 34035939 PMCID: PMC8101278 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.202061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An emulsification liquid-liquid microextraction (ELLME) method was successfully developed using phenolic-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) as an extraction solvent for the determination of phenoxy acid herbicides, 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (dicamba) and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) in environmental water samples. Five different phenolics-based DESs were successfully synthesized by using phenol (DES 1), 2-chlorophenol (DES 2), 3-chlorophenol (DES 3), 4-chlorophenol (DES 4) and 3,4-dichlorophenol (DES 6) as the hydrogen-bond donor (HBD) and choline chloride as the hydrogen-bond acceptor (HBA). The DESs were mixed at 1 : 2 ratio. A homogeneous solution (clear solution) was observed upon the completion of successful synthesis. The synthesized DESs were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Under optimum ELLME conditions (50 µl of DES 2 as extraction solvent; 100 µl of THF as emulsifier solvent; pH 2; extraction time 5 min), enrichment factor obtained for dicamba and MCPA were 43.1 and 59.7, respectively. The limit of detection and limit of quantification obtained for dicamba were 1.66 and 5.03 µg l-1, respectively, meanwhile for MCPA were 1.69 and 5.12 µg l-1, respectively. The developed ELLME-DES method was applied on paddy field water samples, with extraction recoveries in the range of 79-91% for dicamba and 82-96% for MCPA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nurul Yani Rahim
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | | | - Noorfatimah Yahaya
- Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200 Bertam, Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Mazidatulakmam Miskam
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Development of microwave-assisted extraction and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for the determination of organic additives in biodegradable mulch films. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Bodur S, Erarpat S, Dalgıç Bozyiğit G, Selali Chormey D, Öz E, Özdoğan N, Bakırdere S. A sensitive determination method for trace bisphenol A in bottled water and wastewater samples: Binary solvent liquid phase microextraction-quadrupole isotope dilution-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Xie Q, Xia M, Sun D, Cao J, Xiao Y, Lin M, Hou B, Jia L, Li D. Deep eutectic solvent-based liquid-phase microextraction coupled with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol in edible oils. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 413:577-584. [PMID: 33205254 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
For simultaneous analysis of four fat-soluble tocopherols (α-, β-, γ-, and δ-) in edible oils, an efficient and green method using deep eutectic solvent-based liquid-phase microextraction (DES-LPME) coupled with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) was developed. The DESs formed by different quaternary ammonium salts and ethanol were used as the extractants. Tetrabutylammonium chloride (TBAC)-ethanol DES at a molar ratio of 1:2 achieved the best extraction efficiency. Under the optimized conditions, the detection limits were in the range of 2.1-3.0 ng mL-1. The intra-day and inter-day repeatability were in the ranges of 3.9-5.3% and 4.8-7.1%, respectively, and the recoveries for the real samples varied from 80.7% to 105.4%. The developed method was successfully employed for the determination of all four tocopherol homologues with an RP-HPLC system containing a COSMOSIL π-NAP column in five edible oils collected locally. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Ming Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Dekui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Jiangping Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia Normal University, Guyuan, 756000, Ninxia, China
| | - Yong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Mingui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Bo Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Litao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
| | - Debao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
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Huelsmann RD, Will C, Carasek E. Determination of bisphenol A: Old problem, recent creative solutions based on novel materials. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:1148-1173. [PMID: 33006433 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A is a synthetic compound widely used in industry, in the production of polycarbonate, epoxy resins, and thermal paper, among others. Its annual production is estimated at millions of tons per year, demonstrating its importance. Despite its wide application in various everyday products, once in the environment (due to its disposal or leaching), it has high toxicity to humans and animal life, and this problem has been well known for years. Given this problem, many researchers seek alternatives for its monitoring in matrices such as natural water, waste, food, and biological matrices. For this, new advanced materials have been developed, characterized, and applied in creative ways for the preparation of samples for the determination of bisphenol A. This article aims to present some of these important and recent applications, describing the use of molecularly imprinted polymers, metal and covalent organic frameworks, ionic liquids and magnetic ionic liquids, and deep eutectic solvents as creative solutions in sample preparation for the long-standing problem of bisphenol A determination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camila Will
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Carasek
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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A Review of the Use of Eutectic Solvents, Terpenes and Terpenoids in Liquid–liquid Extraction Processes. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8101220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse and abundant applications of the eutectic solvents have appeared in the last years. Their promising tunable properties, eco-friendly character and the possibility of being prepared from numerous compounds have led to the publication of numerous papers addressing their use in different areas. Terpenes and terpenoids have been employed in the formulation of eutectic solvents, though they also have been applied as solvents in extraction processes. For their hydrophobic nature, renewable character, low environmental impact, cost and being non-hazardous, they have also been proposed as possible substitutes of conventional solvents in the separation of organic compounds from aqueous streams, similarly to hydrophobic eutectic solvents. The present work reviews the application of eutectic solvents in liquid–liquid extraction and terpenes and terpenoids in extraction processes. It has been made a research in the current state-of-the-art in these fields, describing the proposed applications of the solvents. It has been highlighted the scale-up feasibility, solvent regeneration and reuse procedures and the comparison of the performance of eutectic solvents, terpenes and terpenoids in extraction with conventional organic solvents or ionic liquids. Ultimately, it has been also discussed the employ of predictive methods in extraction, the reliability of thermodynamic models in correlation of liquid–liquid equilibria and simulation of liquid–liquid extraction processes.
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Combination of dispersive solid phase extraction with solidification organic drop–dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on deep eutectic solvent for extraction of organophosphorous pesticides from edible oil samples. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1627:461390. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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