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Fetrow T, Cashman BK, Carpenter SH, Janicke MT, Anderson NH, Klamm BE, Mason HE, Tondreau AM. Oxidative Dissolution of Lanthanide Metals Ce and Ho in Molten GaCl 3. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:9385-9389. [PMID: 37851526 PMCID: PMC11135323 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Gallium trichloride (GaCl3) was used as a solvent for the oxidative dissolution of the lanthanide (Ln) metals cerium (Ce) and holmium (Ho). Reactions were performed at temperatures above 100 °C in sealed vessels to maintain the liquid phase for GaCl3 during the oxidizing reactions. The best results were obtained from reactions using 8 equiv of GaCl3 to metal where the inorganic complexes [Ga][Ln(GaCl4)4] [Ln = Ce (1), Ho (2)] could be isolated. Recrystallization of 1 and 2 employing fluorobenzene (C6H5F) produced [Ga(η6-C6H5F)2][Ln(GaCl4)4] [Ln = Ce (3), Ho (4)] where reversible η6 coordination of C6H5F to [Ga]+ was observed. All complexes were characterized through elemental analysis (F and Cl), IR and UV-vis-near-IR spectroscopies, and both solution and solid-state NMR techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor
V. Fetrow
- Pit
Technologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Brenna K. Cashman
- Chemistry
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Stephanie H. Carpenter
- Chemistry
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Michael T. Janicke
- Chemistry
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Nickolas H. Anderson
- Pit
Technologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Bonnie E. Klamm
- Pit
Technologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Harris E. Mason
- Chemistry
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Aaron M. Tondreau
- Chemistry
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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2
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Ball R, Jackson JA, Simeon T, Schatz GC, Shafer JC, Anna JM. Vibrational anisotropy decay resolves rare earth binding induced conformational change in DTPA. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:10078-10090. [PMID: 38482833 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00673a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Elucidating the relationship between metal-ligand interactions and the associated conformational change of the ligand is critical for understanding the separation of lanthanides via ion binding. Here we examine DTPA, a multidentate ligand that binds lanthanides, in its free and metal bound conformations using ultrafast polarization dependent vibrational spectroscopy. The polarization dependent pump-probe spectra were analyzed to extract the isotropic and anisotropic response of DTPA's carbonyl groups in the 1550-1650 cm-1 spectral region. The isotropic response reports on the population relaxation of the carbonyl stretching modes. We find that the isotropic response is influenced by the identity of the metal ion. The anisotropy decay of the carbonyl stretching modes reveals a faster decay in the lanthanide-DTPA complexes than in the free DTPA ligand. We attribute the anisotropy decay to energy transfer among the different carbonyl sites - where the conformational change results in an increased coupling between the carbonyl sites of metal-bound DTPA complexes. DFT calculations and theoretical simulations of energy transfer suggest that the carbonyl sites are more strongly coupled in the metal-bound conformations compared to the free DTPA. The stronger coupling in the metal bound DTPA conformation leads to efficient energy transfer among the different carbonyl sites. Comparing the rate of anisotropy decay across the series of metal bound DTPA complexes we find that the anisotropy is sensitive to the charge density of the central metal ion, and thus can serve as a molecular scale reporter for lanthanide ion binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranadeb Ball
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jessica A Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - Tomekia Simeon
- School of STEM, Dillard University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70122, USA
| | - George C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Jenifer C Shafer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
| | - Jessica M Anna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.
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3
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O’Connell-Danes J, Ngwenya BT, Morrison CA, Nichol GS, Delmau LH, Love JB. Shape-Selective Supramolecular Capsules for Actinide Precipitation and Separation. JACS AU 2024; 4:798-806. [PMID: 38425904 PMCID: PMC10900489 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Improving actinide separations is key to reducing barriers to medical and industrial actinide isotope production and to addressing the challenges associated with the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel. Here, we report the first example of a supramolecular anion recognition process that can achieve this goal. We have designed a preorganized triamidoarene receptor that induces quantitative precipitation of the early actinides Th(IV), Np(IV), and Pu(IV) from industrially relevant conditions through the formation of self-assembled hydrogen-bonded capsules. Selectivity over the later An(III) elements is shown through modulation of the nitric acid concentration, and no precipitation of actinyl or transition-metal ions occurs. The Np, Pu, and Am precipitates were characterized structurally by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and reveal shape specificity of the internal hydrogen-bonding array for the encapsulated hexanitratometalates. This work complements ion-exchange resins for 5f-element separations and illustrates the significant potential of supramolecular separation methods that target anionic actinide species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryne T. Ngwenya
- School
of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, U.K.
| | - Carole A. Morrison
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Gary S. Nichol
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Lætitia H. Delmau
- Radioisotope
Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jason B. Love
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K.
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4
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Wang X, Nayak S, Wilson RE, Soderholm L, Servis MJ. Solvent effects on extractant conformational energetics in liquid-liquid extraction: a simulation study of molecular solvents and ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:2877-2886. [PMID: 38048065 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04680j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Extractant design in liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) is a research frontier of metal ion separations that typically focuses on the direct extractant-metal interactions. However, a more detailed understanding of energetic drivers of separations beyond primary metal coordination is often lacking, including the role of solvent in the extractant phase. In this work, we propose a new mechanism for enhancing metal-complexant energetics with nanostructured solvents. Using molecular dynamics simulations with umbrella sampling, we find that the organic solvent can reshape the energetics of the extractant's intramolecular conformational landscape. We calculate free energy profiles of different conformations of a representative bidentate extractant, n-octyl(phenyl)-N,N-diisobutyl carbamoyl methyl phosphinoxide (CMPO), in four different solvents: dodecane, tributyl phosphate (TBP), and dry and wet ionic liquid (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EMIM][Tf2N]). By promoting reorganization of the extractant molecule into its binding conformation, our findings reveal how particular solvents can ameliorate this unfavorable step of the metal separation process. In particular, the charge alternating nanodomains formed in ILs substantially reduce the free energy penalty associated with extractant reorganization. Importantly, using alchemical free energy calculations, we find that this stabilization persists even when we explicitly include the extracted cation. These findings provide insight into the energetic drivers of metal ion separations and potentially suggest a new approach to designing effective separations using a molecular-level understanding of solvent effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, IL 60439, USA.
| | - Srikanth Nayak
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, IL 60439, USA.
| | - Richard E Wilson
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, IL 60439, USA.
| | - L Soderholm
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, IL 60439, USA.
| | - Michael J Servis
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, IL 60439, USA.
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5
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Wang Q, Liu Z, Song YF, Wang D. Recent Advances in the Study of Trivalent Lanthanides and Actinides by Phosphinic and Thiophosphinic Ligands in Condensed Phases. Molecules 2023; 28:6425. [PMID: 37687254 PMCID: PMC10489984 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The separation of trivalent actinides and lanthanides is a key step in the sustainable development of nuclear energy, and it is currently mainly realized via liquid-liquid extraction techniques. The underlying mechanism is complicated and remains ambiguous, which hinders the further development of extraction. Herein, to better understand the mechanism of the extraction, the contributing factors for the extraction are discussed (specifically, the sulfur-donating ligand, Cyanex301) by combing molecular dynamics simulations and experiments. This work is expected to contribute to improve our systematic understanding on a molecular scale of the extraction of lanthanides and actinides, and to assist in the extensive studies on the design and optimization of novel ligands with improved performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Laboratory for Catalytic Conversion of Carbon Resources, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China;
| | - Ziyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Laboratory for Catalytic Conversion of Carbon Resources, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China;
| | - Yu-Fei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China;
| | - Dongqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Laboratory for Catalytic Conversion of Carbon Resources, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China;
- CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, Multidisciplinary Initiative Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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6
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Misael WA, Severo Pereira Gomes A. Core Excitations of Uranyl in Cs 2UO 2Cl 4 from Relativistic Embedded Damped Response Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory Calculations. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:11589-11601. [PMID: 37432868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
X-ray spectroscopies, by their high selectivity and sensitivity to the chemical environment around the atoms probed, provide significant insights into the electronic structures of molecules and materials. Interpreting experimental results requires reliable theoretical models, accounting for environmental, relativistic, electron correlation, and orbital relaxation effects in a balanced manner. In this work, we present a protocol for the simulation of core excited spectra with damped response time-dependent density functional theory based on the Dirac-Coulomb Hamiltonian (4c-DR-TD-DFT), in which environmental effects are accounted for through the frozen density embedding (FDE) method. We showcase this approach for the uranium M4- and L3-edges and oxygen K-edge of the uranyl tetrachloride (UO2Cl42-) unit as found in a host Cs2UO2Cl4 crystal. We have found that the 4c-DR-TD-DFT simulations yield excitation spectra that very closely match the experiment for the uranium M4-edge and the oxygen K-edge, with good agreement for the broad experimental spectra for the L3-edge. By decomposing the complex polarizability in terms of its components, we have been able to correlate our results with angle-resolved spectra. We have observed that for all edges, but in particular the uranium M4-edge, an embedded model in which the chloride ligands are replaced by an embedding potential reproduces rather well the spectral profile obtained for UO2Cl42-. Our results underscore the importance of the equatorial ligands to simulating core spectra at both uranium and oxygen edges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilken Aldair Misael
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
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7
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Wang C, Hu SX, Zhang L, Wang K, Liu HT, Zhang P. Trends in the Electronic Structure and Chemical Bonding of a Series of Porphyrinoid-Uranyl Complexes. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:5376-5386. [PMID: 36990449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we have explored the relativistic density functional theory study on a series of deprotonated porphyrinoid (Ln) complexes of uranyl to investigate the geometrical structures and chemical bonding. The ligands bound with uranyl in the 1:1 complexes [UO2(Ln)]x (n = 4, 5, 6; x = 0, -1, -2), showing more thermodynamic stability for "in-cavity" structures of L5 and L6 than that of the "side-on" structure of L4 and an increase in stability with the increase of negative charges, L2- < L3- < L4-. Among the six ligands, the cyclo[6]pyrrole presents the best selectivity toward uranyl. Based on chemical bonding analyses, the U-NL bond in the in-cavity complexes adopts a typical dative NL → U bond with mainly ionic bonding and significant covalency, which comes from the significant orbital interaction of U 5fϕ6dδ7s hybrid AOs and NL 2p-based MOs. This work provides a systematic understanding of the coordination chemistry in uranyl pyrrole-containing macrocycle complexes and the nature of chemical bonding in such systems, which may provide inspirations for the future design of synthetic targets that could be relevant to actinide separations or in the remediation of spent nuclear fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Hebei Key Lab of Optic-electronic Information and Materials, The College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Shu-Xian Hu
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Hebei Key Lab of Optic-electronic Information and Materials, The College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Hai-Tao Liu
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
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8
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KARAKAŞ DELMA, KAYA M, HOROZ S. Catalytic activites of a biomaterial (sumac) catalyst in sodium borohyride methanolysis reactions. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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9
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Triflamides and Triflimides: Synthesis and Applications. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165201. [PMID: 36014447 PMCID: PMC9414225 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the variety of sulfonamides, triflamides (CF3SO2NHR, TfNHR) occupy a special position in organic chemistry. Triflamides are widely used as reagents, efficient catalysts or additives in numerous reactions. The reasons for the widespread use of these compounds are their high NH-acidity, lipophilicity, catalytic activity and specific chemical properties. Their strong electron-withdrawing properties and low nucleophilicity, combined with their high NH-acidity, makes it possible to use triflamides in a vast variety of organic reactions. This review is devoted to the synthesis and use of N-trifluoromethanesulfonyl derivatives in organic chemistry, medicine, biochemistry, catalysis and agriculture. Part of the work is a review of areas and examples of the use of bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (triflimide, (CF3SO2)2NH, Tf2NH). Being one of the strongest NH-acids, triflimide, and especially its salts, are widely used as catalysts in cycloaddition reactions, Friedel–Crafts reactions, condensation reactions, heterocyclization and many others. Triflamides act as a source of nitrogen in C-amination (sulfonamidation) reactions, the products of which are useful building blocks in organic synthesis, catalysts and ligands in metal complex catalysis, and have found applications in medicine. The addition reactions of triflamide in the presence of oxidizing agents to alkenes and dienes are considered separately.
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10
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Costa Peluzo BMT, Kraka E. Uranium: The Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Beyond. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094655. [PMID: 35563047 PMCID: PMC9101921 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the recent developments regarding the use of uranium as nuclear fuel, including recycling and health aspects, elucidated from a chemical point of view, i.e., emphasizing the rich uranium coordination chemistry, which has also raised interest in using uranium compounds in synthesis and catalysis. A number of novel uranium coordination features are addressed, such the emerging number of U(II) complexes and uranium nitride complexes as a promising class of materials for more efficient and safer nuclear fuels. The current discussion about uranium triple bonds is addressed by quantum chemical investigations using local vibrational mode force constants as quantitative bond strength descriptors based on vibrational spectroscopy. The local mode analysis of selected uranium nitrides, N≡U≡N, U≡N, N≡U=NH and N≡U=O, could confirm and quantify, for the first time, that these molecules exhibit a UN triple bond as hypothesized in the literature. We hope that this review will inspire the community interested in uranium chemistry and will serve as an incubator for fruitful collaborations between theory and experimentation in exploring the wealth of uranium chemistry.
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11
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Abu Elgoud E, Aly MI, Hamed MM, Nayl AA. NanoTafla Nanocomposite as a Novel Low-Cost and Eco-Friendly Sorbent for Strontium and Europium Ions. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:10447-10457. [PMID: 35382267 PMCID: PMC8973054 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c07255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Now the wide use of nanooxides is attributed to their remarkable collection of properties. Nanocomposites have an impressive variety of important applications. A thermal decomposition approach provides a more optimistic method for nanocrystal synthesis due to the low cost, high efficiency, and expectations for large-scale production. Therefore, in this study a new eco-friendly nanooxide composite with sorption characteristics for europium (Eu(III)) and strontium (Sr(II)) was synthesized by a one-step thermal treatment process using earth-abundant tafla clay as a starting material to prepare a modified tafla (M-Taf) nanocomposite. The synthesized nancomposite was characterized by different techniques before and after sorption processes. Different factors that affected the sorption behavior of Eu(III) and Sr(II) in aqueous media by the M-Taf nanocomposite were studied. The results obtained illustrated that the kinetics of sorption of Eu(III) and Sr(II) by the M-Taf nanocomposite are obeyed according to the pseudo-second order and controlled by a Langmuir isotherm model with maximum sorption capacities (Q max) of 25.5 and 23.36 mg/g for Eu(III) and Sr(II), respectively. Also, this novel low-cost and eco-friendly sorbent has promising properties and can be used to separate and retain some radionuclides in different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed
M. Abu Elgoud
- Hot
Laboratories and Waste Management Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo 13759, Egypt
| | - Mohamed I. Aly
- Hot
Laboratories and Waste Management Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo 13759, Egypt
| | - Mostafa M. Hamed
- Hot
Laboratories and Waste Management Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo 13759, Egypt
| | - AbdElAziz A. Nayl
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, Jouf University, P.O. Box 2014, Sakaka 42421, Aljouf, Saudi
Arabia
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12
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Sarkar S, Ammath S, Kirubananthan S, Suneesh AS. Investigation of the Phase Splitting Behaviour of U(VI) and Th(IV) loaded Trialkyl Phosphate Solvents in the Absence of Aqueous Phase. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subramee Sarkar
- Homi Bhabha National Institute Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research Kalpakkam 603102 India
- Materials Chemistry and Metal Fuel Cycle Group Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research Kalpakkam 603 102 India
| | - Suresh Ammath
- Homi Bhabha National Institute Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research Kalpakkam 603102 India
- Materials Chemistry and Metal Fuel Cycle Group Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research Kalpakkam 603 102 India
| | - Subashree Kirubananthan
- Homi Bhabha National Institute Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research Kalpakkam 603102 India
- Materials Chemistry and Metal Fuel Cycle Group Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research Kalpakkam 603 102 India
| | - Asokan Sudha Suneesh
- Materials Chemistry and Metal Fuel Cycle Group Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research Kalpakkam 603 102 India
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