1
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Fritsch S, Strassner T. Synthesis and physical properties of tunable aryl alkyl ionic liquids based on 1-aryl-4,5-dimethylimidazolium cations. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:1278-1285. [PMID: 38887574 PMCID: PMC11181176 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a new class of tunable aryl alkyl ionic liquids (TAAILs) based on 1-aryl-4,5-dimethylimidazolium cations with electron-withdrawing and -donating substituents in different positions of the phenyl ring and the bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (NTf2) anion. We investigated the effect of additional methyl groups in the backbone of the imidazolium core on the physical properties regarding viscosity, conductivity and electrochemical window. With an electrochemical window of up to 6.3 V, which is unprecedented for TAAILs with an NTf2 anion, this new class of TAAILs demonstrates the opportunities that arise from modifications in the backbone of the imidazolium cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Fritsch
- Physikalische Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Strassner
- Physikalische Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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2
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Cardoso Gomes G, Ferdeghini C, Guglielmero L, D'Andrea F, Guazzelli L, Mezzetta A, Pomelli CS. A Combined Experimental/Computational Study of Dicationic Ionic Liquids with Bromide and Tungstate Anions. Molecules 2024; 29:2131. [PMID: 38731623 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
A panel of dicationic ionic liquids (DILs) with different rigid xylyl (ortho, meta, para) spacers and different anions (bromide and tungstate) has been synthetised and characterised through different experimental and computational techniques. Differences and analogies between the systems are analysed using information derived from their DFT structures, semiempirical dynamics, thermal behaviour, and catalytic properties versus the well-known reaction of CO2 added to epichlorohydrin. A comparison between the proposed systems and some analogues that present non-rigid spacers shows the key effect displayed by structure rigidity on their characteristics. The results show an interesting correlation between structure, flexibility, properties, and catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudio Ferdeghini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Guglielmero
- Classe di Scienze, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Felicia D'Andrea
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Guazzelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Mezzetta
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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3
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Wada N, Hara T, Takahashi K. Facile Separation of Acetic Acid from 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Acetate Ionic Liquid with the Aid of a Protic Solvent. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:2755-2761. [PMID: 38462722 PMCID: PMC10962345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c07225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EmimAc), an excellent solvent for cellulosic biomass, is expected to be utilized in chemical conversion, such as in biomass acetylation with acetic anhydride. The corresponding carboxylic acid, acetic acid (AcH), is quantitatively generated as a byproduct and should be separated from EmimAc for recycling. However, the strong interaction between EmimAc and AcH makes their separation difficult under moderate conditions. This study examined the efficacy of protic solvents in distillation and extraction to weaken this interaction through solvation or hydrogen-bonding interactions. The separation efficiency of AcH from EmimAc via distillation increased as the boiling point of the protic solvent increased. Water addition was more effective than the addition of alcohols with boiling points similar to those of water such as 1-propanol and 2-butanol. Furthermore, the favorable effect of water addition on the extraction of AcH was confirmed using common organic solvents, such as diisopropyl ether, diethyl ether, and ethyl acetate. The partition coefficient (α) of AcH between the aqueous and organic phases increased with an increasing dielectric constant of the organic solvent, whereas the α value of EmimAc decreased. Repeated treatments in both distillation and extraction facilitated the complete separation of AcH from EmimAc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Wada
- Faculty
of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hara
- Graduate
School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kenji Takahashi
- Faculty
of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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4
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Fan D, Xue K, Zhang R, Zhu W, Zhang H, Qi J, Zhu Z, Wang Y, Cui P. Application of interpretable machine learning models to improve the prediction performance of ionic liquids toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168168. [PMID: 37918734 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
With the wide application prospect of ionic liquids (ILs) as solvent in the future industry, in order to promote green and sustainable chemical engineering, the toxicity problem of common concern has been systematically modeled. Machine learning has promoted the development of chemical property prediction model with its powerful data processing ability. Two typical ensemble learning models, Random Forest (RF) and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), were used to model the toxicity of ILs to Vibrio fischeri in this work. The model's hyperparameters were fine-tuned using Bayesian optimization, and its robustness was enhanced through the 5-fold cross validation. The results of the model comparison showed that the XGBoost model exhibited good generalization ability. In addition, the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method was used to explain the model in more detail and the XGBoost model was used to supplement the toxicity value matrix of 1590 ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingchao Fan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Xue
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, People's Republic of China
| | - Runqi Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenguang Zhu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongru Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguang Qi
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyou Zhu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinglong Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peizhe Cui
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, People's Republic of China
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5
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Pu X, Cai W, Chen H, Yang F, Mu X. Optimizing the method for removing MSNs templates using an ionic liquid ([C 4mim]Cl). NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:125601. [PMID: 38100836 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad1645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The key step in preparing mesoporous silica is to remove the organic template agent, and the most common method used to achieve this goal is high-temperature calcination. However, this method has many disadvantages, one of which is that it reduces the silanol density on the surface of mesoporous silica, which affects its subsequent modification. Ionic liquids (ILs) are often used as extractants. In this work, the 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C4mim]Cl) IL is considered, and the effects of its concentration, reaction temperature, and reaction time as well as HCl concentration on the extraction rate and silanol density were investigated using an IL extraction template agent (cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB)). The results show that an IL concentration of 10%, a reaction temperature of 120 °C, a reaction time of 12 h, and an HCl concentration of 1% are the best reaction parameters; with these parameters, the extraction rate and the silanol density were found to be 93.19% and 2.23%, respectively. The silanol density of mesoporous silica treated by calcination is only 0.81%. A higher silanol density provides more reaction sites, so that the modified mesoporous silica treated with the IL can be loaded with more Zn ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Pu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanling Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
| | - Huayao Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
| | - Fujie Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Mu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, People's Republic of China
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6
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Mero A, Moody NR, Husanu E, Mezzetta A, D’Andrea F, Pomelli CS, Bernaert N, Paradisi F, Guazzelli L. Challenging DESs and ILs in the valorization of food waste: a case study. Front Chem 2023; 11:1270221. [PMID: 37942401 PMCID: PMC10628488 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1270221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the efficacy of two of the best performing green solvents for the fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass, cholinium arginate (ChArg) as biobased ionic liquid (Bio-IL) and ChCl:lactic acid (ChCl:LA, 1:10) as natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES), was investigated and compared in the pretreatment of an agri-food industry waste, apple fibers (90°C for 1 h). For the sake of comparison, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (BMIM OAc) as one of the best IL able to dissolve cellulose was also used. After the pretreatment, two fractions were obtained in each case. The results gathered through FTIR and TG analyses of the two materials and the subsequent DNS assay performed after enzymatic treatment led to identify ChArg as the best medium to delignify and remove waxes, present on the starting apple fibers, thus producing a material substantially enriched in cellulose (CRM). Conversely, ChCl:LA did not provide satisfactorily results using these mild conditions, while BMIM OAc showed intermediate performance probably on account of the reduced crystallinity of cellulose after the dissolution-regeneration process. To corroborate the obtained data, FTIR and TG analyses were also performed on the residues collected after the enzymatic hydrolysis. At the end of the pretreatment, ChArg was also quantitatively recovered without significant alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Mero
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Consorzio INSTM, Firenze, Italy
| | - Nicholas R. Moody
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Husanu
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Mezzetta
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Consorzio INSTM, Firenze, Italy
| | - Felicia D’Andrea
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Consorzio INSTM, Firenze, Italy
| | | | - Nathalie Bernaert
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Melle, Belgium
| | - Francesca Paradisi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Guazzelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Consorzio INSTM, Firenze, Italy
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7
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Chu L, Hou X, Song X, Zhao X, Hu S, Shen G. Toxicity of ionic liquids against earthworms (Eisenia fetida). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 875:162411. [PMID: 36870498 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are widely used in frontier fields because of their highly tunable properties. Although ILs may have adverse effects on organisms, few studies have focused on their effect on earthworm gene expression. Herein we investigated the toxicity mechanism of different ILs towards Eisenia fetida using transcriptomics. Earthworms were exposed to soil containing different concentrations and types of ILs, and behavior, weight, enzymatic activity and transcriptome were analyzed. Earthworms exhibited avoidance behavior towards ILs and growth was inhibited. ILs also affected antioxidant and detoxifying enzymatic activity. These effects were concentration and alkyl chain length-dependent. Analysis of intrasample expression levels and differences in transcriptome expression levels showed good parallelism within groups and large differences between groups. Based on functional classification analysis, we speculate that toxicity mainly occurs through translation and modification of proteins and intracellular transport functions, which affect protein-related binding functions and catalytic activity. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that ILs may damage the digestive system of earthworms, among other possible pathological effects. Transcriptome analysis reveals mechanisms that cannot be observed by conventional toxicity endpoints. This is useful to evaluate the potential environmental adverse effects of the industrial use of ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linglong Chu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Hou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xinshan Song
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Shuangqing Hu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Genxiang Shen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
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8
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Paolone A, Di Muzio S, Palumbo O, Brutti S. Some Considerations about the Anodic Limit of Ionic Liquids Obtained by Means of DFT Calculations. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:e25050793. [PMID: 37238548 DOI: 10.3390/e25050793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids are good candidates as the main component of safe electrolytes for high-energy lithium-ion batteries. The identification of a reliable algorithm to estimate the electrochemical stability of ionic liquids can greatly speed up the discovery of suitable anions able to sustain high potentials. In this work, we critically assess the linear dependence of the anodic limit from the HOMO level of 27 anions, whose performances have been experimentally investigated in the previous literature. A limited r Pearson's value of ≈0.7 is found even with the most computationally demanding DFT functionals. A different model considering vertical transitions in a vacuum between the charged state and the neutral molecule is also exploited. In this case, the best-performing functional (M08-HX) provides a Mean Squared Error (MSE) of 1.61 V2 on the 27 anions here considered. The ions which give the largest deviations are those with a large value of the solvation energy, and therefore, an empirical model that linearly combines the anodic limit calculated by vertical transitions in a vacuum and in a medium with a weight dependent on the solvation energy is proposed for the first time. This empirical method can decrease the MSE to 1.29 V2 but still provides an r Pearson's value of ≈0.72.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Paolone
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Di Muzio
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Oriele Palumbo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Brutti
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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9
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Kalhor S, Fattahi A. Design of ionic liquids containing glucose and choline as drug carriers, finding the link between QM and MD studies. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21941. [PMID: 36535965 PMCID: PMC9763358 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25963-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Designing drug delivery systems for therapeutic compounds whose receptors are located in the cytosol of cells is challenging as a bilayer cell membrane is negatively charged. The newly designed drug delivery systems should assist the mentioned drugs in passing the membrane barriers and achieving their targets. This study concentrated on developing novel ionic liquids (ILs) that interact effectively with cell membranes. These ILs are based on glucose-containing choline and are expected to be non-toxic. The binding energies of the known pharmaceutically active ionic liquids were calculated at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level in the gas phase and compared with those of our newly designed carbohydrate-based ionic liquids. Subsequently, we employed MD simulations to obtain information about the interactions of these known and designed ILs with the cell membrane. In our approach, we adopted QM and MD studies and illustrated that there could be a link between the QM and MD results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Kalhor
- grid.412553.40000 0001 0740 9747Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Fattahi
- grid.412553.40000 0001 0740 9747Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Zhang L, Ma Z, Fan Y, Jiao S, Yu Z, Chen X. Investigation of H 2O 2 Electrochemical Behavior on Ferricyanide-Confined Electrode Based on Ionic Liquid-Functionalized Silica-Mesostructured Cellular Foam. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27249028. [PMID: 36558160 PMCID: PMC9785782 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27249028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this work, ionic liquid (IL) of 1-propyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride-functionalized silica-mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) was prepared. The obtained MCF-IL was used to construct the Fe(CN)63--confined electrode (MCF-IL-Fe(CN)63-/PVA) and H2O2 electrochemical behavior on the electrode was investigated. It was found that H2O2 was oxidized on the freshly prepared electrode while catalytically electro-reduced on the acid pretreated one. Cyclic voltametric results revealed that the real catalyst for catalytic reduction of H2O2 was Prussian blue (PB) rather than Fe(CN)63-. The electrocatalytic ability of the acid-pretreated MCF-IL-Fe(CN)63-/PVA electrode offered a wide linear range for H2O2 detection. The present study on H2O2 electrochemical behavior on an MCF-IL-Fe(CN)63-/PVA electrode might provide useful information for further developing integrated Fe(CN)63--mediated biosensors as H2O2 is extensively involved in the classic reaction containing oxidase enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University of China, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Zhenkuan Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University of China, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Yun Fan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University of China, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Songlin Jiao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University of China, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Zhan Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University of China, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Xuwei Chen
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Box332, Shenyang 110819, China
- Correspondence:
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11
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Ferdeghini C, Mezzetta A, D’Andrea F, Pomelli CS, Guazzelli L, Guglielmero L. The Structure-Property Relationship of Pyrrolidinium and Piperidinium-Based Bromide Organic Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8483. [PMID: 36499976 PMCID: PMC9737136 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Two couples of dicationic ionic liquids, featuring pyrrolidinium and piperidinium cations and different linker chains, were prepared and characterized. 1,1'-(propane-1,3-diyl)bis(1-methylpyrrolidinium) bromide, 1,1'-(octane-1,8-diyl)bis(1-methylpyrrolidinium) bromide, 1,1'-(propane-1,3-diyl)bis(1-methylpiperidinium) bromide, and 1,1'-(octane-1,8-diyl)bis(1-methylpiperidinium) bromide were synthesized in quantitative yields and high purity and thermally characterized through TGA and DSC analysis. In this study, we propose a preliminary comparative evaluation of the effect of the linker chain length and of the size of the aliphatic ammonium ring on the thermal and solubility properties of bromide dicationic ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Ferdeghini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Mezzetta
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Felicia D’Andrea
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Guazzelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Guglielmero
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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12
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Algarra M, López Escalante MC, Martínez de Yuso MV, Soto J, Cuevas AL, Benavente J. Nanoporous Alumina Support Covered by Imidazole Moiety-Based Ionic Liquids: Optical Characterization and Application. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12234131. [PMID: 36500754 PMCID: PMC9736403 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work analyzes chemical surface and optical characteristics of a commercial nanoporous alumina structure (NPAS) as a result of surface coverage by different imidazolium-based ionic liquids (1-butyl-3-metylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, 3-methyl-1-octylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, or 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate). Optical characteristics of the IL/NPAS samples were determined by photoluminescence (at different excitation wavelengths (from 300 nm to 400 nm), ellipsometry spectroscopy, and light transmittance/reflectance measurements for a range of wavelengths that provide information on modifications related to both visible and near-infrared regions. Chemical surface characterization of the three IL/NPAS samples was performed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), which indicates almost total support coverage by the ILs. The IL/NPAS analyzed samples exhibit different photoluminescence behavior, high transparency (<85%), and a reflection maximum at wavelength ~380 nm, with slight differences depending on the IL, while the refractive index values are rather similar to those shown by the ILs. Moreover, the illuminated I−V curves (under standard conditions) of the IL/NPAS samples were also measured for determining the efficiency energy conversion to estimate their possible application as solar cells. On the other hand, a computational quantum mechanical modeling method (DFT) was used to establish the most stable bond between the ILs and the NPAS support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Algarra
- INAMAT-Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics, Departamento de Ciencias, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mª Cruz López Escalante
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Mª Valle Martínez de Yuso
- X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Lab., Central Service to Support Research Building (SCAI), University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Soto
- Departamento de Química-Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Ana L. Cuevas
- Unidad de Nanotecnología, Centro de Supercomputación y Bioinnovación, Servicios Centrales de Investigación, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Juana Benavente
- Departamento de Física Aplicada I, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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13
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Investigating Localized Electrochemical of Ferrocenyl-Imidazolium in Ionic Liquid Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Configuration. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27186004. [PMID: 36144739 PMCID: PMC9504359 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, the localized electrochemical behavior of redox molecule in ionic liquid has been investigated using scanning electrochemical microscopy. The electrochemical response of ferrocenyl-imidazolium redox mediator was studied by recording approach curves over a conducting and insulating substrate in an undiluted ionic liquid. The SECM approach curve over the conducting substrate displays a positive feedback, as observed in classical solvent. However, in the case of the insulating substrate, the approach curve reveals different shapes, depending on the used approach speed. In this configuration, low approach speed is necessary to reach the expected negative feedback. Interestingly, at a very close distance between the UME and the insulating substrate, a thin film behavior is revealed. In addition, the approach curves on both insulator and conducting substrates can be reconstructed from punctual responses at different distance tip-substrate. The latter match perfectly with the expected theoretical curves over conducting and insulating under diffusion control.
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