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Rao X, Li Z, Zhang Q, Lai Y, Liu J, Li L, Cheng H, Shen W, Sun D. α-Hederin induces paraptosis by targeting GPCRs to activate Ca 2+/MAPK signaling pathway in colorectal cancer. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e7202. [PMID: 38659391 PMCID: PMC11043672 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.7202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-apoptotic cell death is presently emerging as a potential direction to overcome the apoptosis resistance of cancer cells. In the current study, a natural plant agent α-hederin (α-hed) induces caspase-independent paraptotic modes of cell death. PURPOSE The present study is aimed to investigate the role of α-hed induces paraptosis and the associated mechanism of it. METHODS The cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8. The cytoplasm organelles were observed under electron microscope. Calcium (Ca2+) level was detected by flow cytometry. Swiss Target Prediction tool analyzed the potential molecule targets of α-hed. Molecular docking methods were used to evaluate binding abilities of α-hed with targets. The expressions of genes and proteins were analyzed by RT-qPCR, western blotting, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry. Xenograft models in nude mice were established to evaluate the anticancer effects in vivo. RESULTS α-hed exerted significant cytotoxicity against a panel of CRC cell lines by inhibiting proliferation. Besides, it induced cytoplasmic vacuolation in all CRC cells. Electron microscopy images showed the aberrant dilation of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Both mRNA and protein expressions of Alg-2 interacting proteinX (Alix), the marker of paraptosis, were inhibited by α-hed. Besides, both Swiss prediction and molecular docking showed that the structure of α-hed could tightly target to GPCRs. GPCRs were reported to activate the phospholipase C (PLC)-β3/ inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R)/ Ca2+/ protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) pathway, and we then found all proteins and mRNA expressions of PLCβ3, IP3R, and PKCα were increased by α-hed. After blocking the GPCR signaling, α-hed could not elevate Ca2+ level and showed less CRC cell cytotoxicity. MAPK cascade is the symbol of paraptosis, and we then demonstrated that α-hed activated MAPK cascade by elevating Ca2+ flux. Since non-apoptotic cell death is presently emerging as a potential direction to overcome chemo-drug resistance, we then found α-hed also induced paraptosis in 5-fluorouracil-resistant (5-FU-R) CRC cells, and it reduced the growth of 5-FU-R CRC xenografts. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our findings proved α-hed as a promising candidate for inducing non-apoptotic cell death, paraptosis. It may overcome the resistance of apoptotic-based chemo-resistance in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwu Rao
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineCollaborative Innovation Center of Jiangsu Province of Cancer Prevention and Treatment of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
- Department of OncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
- Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
- Postdoctoral Research Station of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Ziwen Li
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineCollaborative Innovation Center of Jiangsu Province of Cancer Prevention and Treatment of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Qinchang Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineCollaborative Innovation Center of Jiangsu Province of Cancer Prevention and Treatment of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Yueyang Lai
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineCollaborative Innovation Center of Jiangsu Province of Cancer Prevention and Treatment of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Jianrong Liu
- Department of Infectious DiseaseNanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Liu Li
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineCollaborative Innovation Center of Jiangsu Province of Cancer Prevention and Treatment of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Haibo Cheng
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineCollaborative Innovation Center of Jiangsu Province of Cancer Prevention and Treatment of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Weixing Shen
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineCollaborative Innovation Center of Jiangsu Province of Cancer Prevention and Treatment of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Dongdong Sun
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineCollaborative Innovation Center of Jiangsu Province of Cancer Prevention and Treatment of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
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Kandouz M. Cell Death, by Any Other Name…. Cells 2024; 13:325. [PMID: 38391938 PMCID: PMC10886887 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies trying to understand cell death, this ultimate biological process, can be traced back to a century ago. Yet, unlike many other fashionable research interests, research on cell death is more alive than ever. New modes of cell death are discovered in specific contexts, as are new molecular pathways. But what is "cell death", really? This question has not found a definitive answer yet. Nevertheless, part of the answer is irreversibility, whereby cells can no longer recover from stress or injury. Here, we identify the most distinctive features of different modes of cell death, focusing on the executive final stages. In addition to the final stages, these modes can differ in their triggering stimulus, thus referring to the initial stages. Within this framework, we use a few illustrative examples to examine how intercellular communication factors in the demise of cells. First, we discuss the interplay between cell-cell communication and cell death during a few steps in the early development of multicellular organisms. Next, we will discuss this interplay in a fully developed and functional tissue, the gut, which is among the most rapidly renewing tissues in the body and, therefore, makes extensive use of cell death. Furthermore, we will discuss how the balance between cell death and communication is modified during a pathological condition, i.e., colon tumorigenesis, and how it could shed light on resistance to cancer therapy. Finally, we briefly review data on the role of cell-cell communication modes in the propagation of cell death signals and how this has been considered as a potential therapeutic approach. Far from vainly trying to provide a comprehensive review, we launch an invitation to ponder over the significance of cell death diversity and how it provides multiple opportunities for the contribution of various modes of intercellular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Kandouz
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Huang Y, Chan S, Chen S, Liu X, Li M, Zheng L, Dong Z, Yang Z, Liu Z, Zhou D, Zhang X, Zhang B. Wnt/β-catenin signalling activates IMPDH2-mediated purine metabolism to facilitate oxaliplatin resistance by inhibiting caspase-dependent apoptosis in colorectal cancer. J Transl Med 2024; 22:133. [PMID: 38310229 PMCID: PMC10838440 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-04934-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxaliplatin resistance usually leads to therapeutic failure and poor prognosis in colorectal cancer (CRC), while the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Metabolic reprogramming is strongly linked to drug resistance, however, the role and mechanism of metabolic reprogramming in oxaliplatin resistance remain unclear. Here, we aim to explore the functions and mechanisms of purine metabolism on the oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis of CRC. METHODS An oxaliplatin-resistant CRC cell line was generated, and untargeted metabolomics analysis was conducted. The inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase type II (IMPDH2) expression in CRC cell lines was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blotting analysis. The effects of IMPDH2 overexpression, knockdown and pharmacological inhibition on oxaliplatin resistance in CRC were assessed by flow cytometry analysis of cell apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS Metabolic analysis revealed that the levels of purine metabolites, especially guanosine monophosphate (GMP), were markedly elevated in oxaliplatin-resistant CRC cells. The accumulation of purine metabolites mainly arose from the upregulation of IMPDH2 expression. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) indicated high IMPDH2 expression in CRC correlates with PURINE_METABOLISM and MULTIPLE-DRUG-RESISTANCE pathways. CRC cells with higher IMPDH2 expression were more resistant to oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis. Overexpression of IMPDH2 in CRC cells resulted in reduced cell death upon treatment with oxaliplatin, whereas knockdown of IMPDH2 led to increased sensitivity to oxaliplatin through influencing the activation of the Caspase 7/8/9 and PARP1 proteins on cell apoptosis. Targeted inhibition of IMPDH2 by mycophenolic acid (MPA) or mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) enhanced cell apoptosis in vitro and decreased in vivo tumour burden when combined with oxaliplatin treatment. Mechanistically, the Wnt/β-catenin signalling was hyperactivated in oxaliplatin-resistant CRC cells, and a reciprocal positive regulatory mechanism existed between Wnt/β-catenin and IMPDH2. Blocking the Wnt/β-catenin pathway could resensitize resistant cells to oxaliplatin, which could be restored by the addition of GMP. CONCLUSIONS IMPDH2 is a predictive biomarker and therapeutic target for oxaliplatin resistance in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Huang
- Department of Interventional Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Szehoi Chan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuna Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xueqi Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Dermatovenereology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liyuan Zheng
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Zhaoxia Dong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ziyi Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zixuan Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Disheng Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xingding Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systems Medicine in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Interventional Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Wei X, Leng X, Li G, Wang R, Chi L, Sun D. Advances in research on the effectiveness and mechanism of Traditional Chinese Medicine formulas for colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1120672. [PMID: 36909166 PMCID: PMC9995472 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1120672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can progress into colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) through the inflammation-cancer sequence. Although the mechanism of carcinogenesis in IBD has not been fully elucidated, the existing research indicates that CAC may represent a fundamentally different pathogenesis pattern of colorectal cancer. At present, there is no proven safe and effective medication to prevent IBD cancer. In recent years, Chinese medicine extracts and Chinese medicine monomers have been the subject of numerous articles about the prevention and treatment of CAC, but their clinical application is still relatively limited. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formulas are widely applied in clinical practice. TCM formulas have demonstrated great potential in the prevention and treatment of CAC in recent years, although there is still a lack of review. Our work aimed to summarize the effects and potential mechanisms of TCM formulas for the prevention and treatment of CAC, point out the issues and limitations of the current research, and provide recommendations for the advancement of CAC research in the future. We discovered that TCM formulas regulated many malignant biological processes, such as inflammation-mediated oxidative stress, apoptosis, tumor microenvironment, and intestinal microecology imbalance in CAC, through a review of the articles published in databases such as PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Embase, and CNKI. Several major signal transduction pathways, including NF-κB, STAT3, Wnt/β-catenin, HIF-1α, and Nrf2, were engaged. TCM formula may be a promising treatment candidate to control the colitis-cancer transformation, however further high-quality research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiunan Wei
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaohui Leng
- Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Gongyi Li
- College of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Ruting Wang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lili Chi
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Dajuan Sun
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Studies on 1,4-Quinone Derivatives Exhibiting Anti-Leukemic Activity along with Anti-Colorectal and Anti-Breast Cancer Effects. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010077. [PMID: 36615273 PMCID: PMC9822417 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), breast cancer, and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are life-threatening malignancies worldwide. Although potent therapeutic and screening strategies have been developed so far, these cancer types are still major public health problems. Therefore, the exploration of more potent and selective new agents is urgently required for the treatment of these cancers. Quinones represent one of the most important structures in anticancer drug discovery. We have previously identified a series of quinone-based compounds (ABQ-1-17) as anti-CML agents. In the current work, ABQ-3 was taken to the National Cancer Institute (NCI) for screening to determine its in vitro antiproliferative effects against a large panel of human tumor cell lines at five doses. ABQ-3 revealed significant growth inhibition against HCT-116 CRC and MCF-7 breast cancer cells with 2.00 µM and 2.35 µM GI50 values, respectively. The MTT test also showed that ABQ-3 possessed anticancer effects towards HCT-116 and MCF-7 cells with IC50 values of 5.22 ± 2.41 μM and 7.46 ± 2.76 μM, respectively. Further experiments indicated that ABQ-3 induced apoptosis in both cell lines, and molecular docking studies explicitly suggested that ABQ-3 exhibited DNA binding in a similar fashion to previously reported compounds. Based on in silico pharmacokinetic prediction, ABQ-3 might display drug-like features enabling this compound to become a lead molecule for future studies.
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In Vitro Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Plastoquinone Analogues against Colorectal and Breast Cancers along with In Silico Insights. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15101266. [PMID: 36297378 PMCID: PMC9609592 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) and breast cancer are leading causes of death globally, due to significant challenges in detection and management. The late-stage diagnosis and treatment failures require the discovery of potential anticancer agents to achieve a satisfactory therapeutic effect. We have previously reported a series of plastoquinone analogues to understand their cytotoxic profile. Among these derivatives, three of them (AQ-11, AQ-12, and AQ-15) were selected by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) to evaluate their in vitro antiproliferative activity against a panel of 60 human tumor cell lines. AQ-12 exhibited significant antiproliferative activity against HCT-116 CRC and MCF-7 breast cancer cells at a single dose and further five doses. MTT assay was also performed for AQ-12 at different concentrations against these two cells, implying that AQ-12 exerted notable cytotoxicity toward HCT-116 (IC50 = 5.11 ± 2.14 μM) and MCF-7 (IC50 = 6.06 ± 3.09 μM) cells in comparison with cisplatin (IC50 = 23.68 ± 6.81 μM and 19.67 ± 5.94 μM, respectively). This compound also augmented apoptosis in HCT-116 (62.30%) and MCF-7 (64.60%) cells comparable to cisplatin (67.30% and 78.80%, respectively). Molecular docking studies showed that AQ-12 bound to DNA, forming hydrogen bonding through the quinone scaffold. In silico pharmacokinetic determinants indicated that AQ-12 demonstrated drug-likeness with a remarkable pharmacokinetic profile for future mechanistic anti-CRC and anti-breast cancer activity studies.
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Moxidectin induces autophagy arrest in colorectal cancer. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 39:211. [PMID: 36175702 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01799-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a cancer with a high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Hence, developing new therapeutic drugs for CRC is very important. Moxidectin (MOX) has shown good anti-glioblastoma effect both in vitro and in vivo. This study aimed to elucidate the anti-CRC effect of MOX and its potential mechanism by investigating the influence of MOX on the viability, apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy of colorectal cancer cells (HCT15 and SW620) and its underlying mechanisms. It was found that MOX can induce autophagy arrest, promote autophagy initiation, inhibit autophagic flux and cell proliferation, simultaneously PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway and microtubule acetylation. Furthermore, MOX suppressed the growth of xenograft tumors, which was consistent with the in vitro results.
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Castrogiovanni P, Barbagallo I, Imbesi R, Musumeci G, Sanfilippo C, Broggi G, Caltabiano R, Tibullo D, Giallongo C, Forte S, Li Volti G, Di Rosa M. Chitinase domain containing 1 increase is associated with low survival rate and M0 macrophages infiltrates in colorectal cancer patients. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 237:154038. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Lee SO, Kwak AW, Lee MH, Seo JH, Cho SS, Yoon G, Chae JI, Joo SH, Shim JH. Picropodophyllotoxin Induces G1 Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells via ROS Generation and Activation of p38 MAPK Signaling Pathway. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:1615-1623. [PMID: 34528917 PMCID: PMC9705953 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2109.09012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Picropodophyllotoxin (PPT), an epimer of podophyllotoxin, is derived from the roots of Podophyllum hexandrum and exerts various biological effects, including anti-proliferation activity. However, the effect of PPT on colorectal cancer cells and the associated cellular mechanisms have not been studied. In the present study, we explored the anticancer activity of PPT and its underlying mechanisms in HCT116 cells. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to monitor cell viability. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate cell cycle distribution, the induction of apoptosis, the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), assess the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), and multi-caspase activity. Western blot assays were performed to detect the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins, apoptosis-related proteins, and p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase). We found that PPT induced apoptosis, cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase, and ROS in the HCT116 cell line. In addition, PPT enhanced the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, which regulates apoptosis and PPT-induced apoptosis. The phosphorylation of p38 MAPK was inhibited by an antioxidant agent (N-acetyl-L-cysteine, NAC) and a p38 inhibitor (SB203580). PPT induced depolarization of the mitochondrial inner membrane and caspase-dependent apoptosis, which was attenuated by exposure to Z-VAD-FMK. Overall, these data indicate that PPT induced G1 arrest and apoptosis via ROS generation and activation of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-On Lee
- Department of Biomedicine, Health and Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, Biomedical and Healthcare Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan, Jeonnam 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Won Kwak
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan, Jeonnam 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee-Hyun Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju, Jeonnam 58245, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Seo
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Sik Cho
- Department of Biomedicine, Health and Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, Biomedical and Healthcare Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan, Jeonnam 58554, Republic of Korea,Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan, Jeonnam 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Goo Yoon
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan, Jeonnam 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Il Chae
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Joo
- College of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38430, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author S.H. Joo Phone: +82-53-850-3614 Fax: +82-53-359-6729 E-mail:
| | - Jung-Hyun Shim
- Department of Biomedicine, Health and Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, Biomedical and Healthcare Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan, Jeonnam 58554, Republic of Korea,Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan, Jeonnam 58554, Republic of Korea,The China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, P.R. China,
J.H. Shim Phone: +82-61-450-2684 Fax: +82-61-450-2689 E-mail:
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Curcumin induces apoptosis through caspase dependent pathway in human colon carcinoma cells. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:1351-1360. [PMID: 34806141 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06965-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the apoptotic effects of curcumin in the colon carcinoma cell line SW480. METHODS AND RESULTS Cells were treated with 40-200 μM curcumin for 24, 48, and 72 h, and the IC50 values were determined for each time interval. BrdU, caspase-3, and TUNEL staining results and the gene expression of FADD, CASP8, and CASP3 were evaluated. Curcumin treatments significantly inhibited cell proliferation and significantly induced apoptosis for 24, 48, and 72 h. The proportion of BrdU-stained cells in the control groups were 58%, 57% and 61% and 28%, 27%, and 30% in the curcumin treatment groups at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. The proportion of apoptotic cells was 28%, 29%, and 28% in the control groups and 59%, 61%, and 60% in the curcumin treatment groups at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. As expected, caspase-3 staining also revealed a higher number of apoptotic cells in curcumin treatment groups at 24, 48, and 72 h compared to controls. The proportion of Caspase-3-stained cells in the control groups were 23%, 25%, and 24% and 59%, 60%, and 62% in the curcumin treatment groups at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. To prove caspase-3 staining results, FADD, CASP8, and CASP3 gene expressions were evaluated by real-time qPCR. Unlike the immunohistochemical results, no statistically significant upregulation was found at 24 and 48 h, while relative gene expressions of FADD, CASP8, and CASP3 was significantly upregulated at 72 h. The expression level increase was 0.88-, 1.19-, and 2.11-fold for FADD, 1.25-, 1.29-, and 1.59-fold for CASP8, and 1.33-, 1.46-, and 3.00-fold for CASP3 at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that curcumin may be a potential protective or treatment agent against colon cancer; however, further studies on curcumin-rich diets and curcumin bioavailability are required.
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Zhou WT, Jin WL. B7-H3/CD276: An Emerging Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:701006. [PMID: 34349762 PMCID: PMC8326801 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.701006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy aiming at suppressing tumor development by relying on modifying or strengthening the immune system prevails among cancer treatments and points out a new direction for cancer therapy. B7 homolog 3 protein (B7-H3, also known as CD276), a newly identified immunoregulatory protein member of the B7 family, is an attractive and promising target for cancer immunotherapy because it is overexpressed in tumor tissues while showing limited expression in normal tissues and participating in tumor microenvironment (TME) shaping and development. Thus far, numerous B7-H3-based immunotherapy strategies have demonstrated potent antitumor activity and acceptable safety profiles in preclinical models. Herein, we present the expression and biological function of B7-H3 in distinct cancer and normal cells, as well as B7-H3-mediated signal pathways in cancer cells and B7-H3-based tumor immunotherapy strategies. This review provides a comprehensive overview that encompasses B7-H3’s role in TME to its potential as a target in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Tong Zhou
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Information and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Lin Jin
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Information and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Chen HM, MacDonald JA. Network analysis identifies DAPK3 as a potential biomarker for lymphatic invasion and colon adenocarcinoma prognosis. iScience 2021; 24:102831. [PMID: 34368650 PMCID: PMC8326195 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon adenocarcinoma is a prevalent malignancy with significant mortality. Hence, the identification of molecular biomarkers with prognostic significance is important for improved treatment and patient outcomes. Clinical traits and RNA-Seq of 551 patient samples in the UCSC Toil Recompute Compendium of The Cancer Genome Atlas TARGET and Genotype Tissue Expression project datasets (primary_site = colon) were used for weighted gene co-expression network analysis to reveal the association between gene networks and cancer cell invasion. One module, containing 151 genes, was significantly correlated with lymphatic invasion, a histopathological feature of higher risk colon cancer. DAPK3 (death-associated protein kinase 3) was identified as the pseudohub of the module. Gene ontology identified gene enrichment related to cytoskeletal organization and apoptotic signaling processes, suggesting modular involvement in tumor cell survival, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation. Although DAPK3 expression was reduced in patients with colon cancer, high expression of DAPK3 was significantly correlated with greater lymphatic invasion and poor overall survival. WCGNA reveals a gene module linked to lymphatic invasion in colon adenocarcinoma DAPK3 is a pseudohub gene with differential expression in colon cancer Gene ontology identified relationships to cytoskeletal organization and apoptosis DAPK3 was correlated with lymphatic invasion and poor overall survival
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Miin Chen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Justin A MacDonald
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
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13
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Yang J, Song L, Shen M, Gou X, Bai L, Wang L, Zhang W, Wu Q, Gong C. Hierarchically Responsive Tumor‐Microenvironment‐Activated Nano‐Artificial Virus for Precise Exogenous and Endogenous Apoptosis Coactivation. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202104423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Linjiang Song
- School of Medical and Life Sciences Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu 611137 P. R. China
| | - Meiling Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Liping Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Qinjie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
| | - Changyang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 P. R. China
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14
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Nguma E, Yamashita S, Kumagai K, Otoki Y, Yamamoto A, Eitsuka T, Nakagawa K, Miyazawa T, Kinoshita M. Ethanolamine Plasmalogen Suppresses Apoptosis in Human Intestinal Tract Cells in Vitro by Attenuating Induced Inflammatory Stress. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:3140-3148. [PMID: 33553930 PMCID: PMC7860056 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Ethanolamine plasmalogen (PlsEtn) is a subtype of ethanolamine glycerophospholipids (EtnGpl). Recently, PlsEtn has attracted increasing research interest due to its beneficial effects in health and disease; however, its functional role in colonic health has not been well established. This study was conducted to determine the mechanism underlying the antiapoptotic effect of PlsEtn in human intestinal tract cells under induced inflammatory stress. Lipopolysaccharide induced apoptosis of differentiated Caco-2 cells, which was suppressed by EtnGpl in a dose-dependent manner. Cells treated with ascidian muscle EtnGpl containing high levels of PlsEtn demonstrated a lower degree of apoptosis, and downregulated TNF-α and apoptosis-related proteins compared to those treated with porcine liver EtnGpl containing low PlsEtn. This indicates that PlsEtn exerted the observed effects, which provided protection against induced inflammatory stress. Overall, our results suggest that PlsEtn with abundant vinyl ether linkages is potentially beneficial in preventing the initiation of inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephantus Nguma
- Department
of Life and Food Sciences, Obihiro University
of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamashita
- Department
of Life and Food Sciences, Obihiro University
of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan
- . Tel: +81-155-49-5446; Fax: +81-155-49-5593
| | - Kei Kumagai
- Food
and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural
Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Yurika Otoki
- Food
and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural
Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Ayaka Yamamoto
- Yaizu
Suisankagaku Industry Co., Ltd., Shizuoka 425-8570, Japan
| | - Takahiro Eitsuka
- Food
and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural
Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nakagawa
- Food
and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural
Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Teruo Miyazawa
- Food
and Biotechnology Platform Promoting Project, New Industry Creation
Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Mikio Kinoshita
- Department
of Life and Food Sciences, Obihiro University
of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan
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15
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Han Q, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Li Y, Wu L, Sun X. Bufarenogin induces intrinsic apoptosis via Bax and ANT cooperation. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00694. [PMID: 33421322 PMCID: PMC7796793 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Toads have high medicinal value and have been used for medicinal purposes since the Tang Dynasty period (7th-10th Century AD). Bufarenogin, an active anti-tumor constituent of toad venom, shows anti-tumor activity. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of bufarenogin on the growth and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC), particularly its effects on mediating intrinsic signaling pathways that initiate apoptosis. An orthotopic CRC model was established in nude mice via surgical orthotopic implantation to investigate tumor growth. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting assays were performed to evaluate protein expression. The in vitro results revealed the anti-proliferative effect of bufarenogin against CRC cells. Bufarenogin caused cell death via apoptosis, as revealed by Annexin V/7-amino-actinomycin D double staining, which was verified using a pan-caspase inhibitor. Bufarenogin induced B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X protein (Bax)-dependent intrinsic apoptosis, as demonstrated by mitochondrial translocation of Bax and cytoplasm release of HCT116 wild-type cells and cytochrome C (soluble pro-apoptotic factors). Additionally, we showed that adenine-nucleotide translocator interacted with Bax. Bufarenogin induced intrinsic apoptosis through the cooperation of Bax and adenine-nucleotide translocator and inhibited the metastasis and growth of orthotopical CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinrui Han
- Shunde HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityThe First People's Hospital of ShundeFoshanChina
| | - Chun Zhang
- Shunde HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityThe First People's Hospital of ShundeFoshanChina
| | - Yongbin Zhang
- The Laboratory of Experimental Animal CenterGuangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Yuan Li
- School of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Liyi Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xuegang Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
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16
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Bai C, Zhang Z, Zhou L, Zhang HY, Chen Y, Tang Y. Repurposing Ziyuglycoside II Against Colorectal Cancer via Orchestrating Apoptosis and Autophagy. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:576547. [PMID: 33071789 PMCID: PMC7533566 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.576547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective chemotherapy drugs for colorectal cancer remain a challenge. In this research, Ziyuglycoside II (Ziyu II), exhibits considerable antitumor activity against CRC cells both in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that Ziyu II induced apoptosis through the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which was necessary for Ziyu II to inhibit colorectal cancer cells. Intriguingly, The treatment of Ziyu II triggered complete autophagic flux in CRC cells. Inhibition of autophagy partially reversed Ziyu II-induced growth inhibition, demonstrating a cytotoxic role of autophagy in response to Ziyu II-treated. Mechanism indicated that Ziyu II-induced autophagy by inhibiting Akt/mTOR pathway. Akt reactivation partially reduced Ziyu II-induced LC3-II turnover and LC3 puncta accumulation. Especially, Ziyu II improves the sensitivity of 5-fluorouracil which is the first-line chemotherapy drug in colorectal cancer cells. This research provides novel insight into the molecular mechanism of Ziyu II’s anti-proliferation, including apoptosis and autophagy, and lays a foundation for the potential application of Ziyu II in clinical CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Bai
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Huan-Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases and Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education & Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Haikou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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17
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Jinendiran S, Dahms HU, Dileep Kumar BS, Kumar Ponnusamy V, Sivakumar N. Diapolycopenedioic-acid-diglucosyl ester and keto-myxocoxanthin glucoside ester: Novel carotenoids derived from Exiguobacterium acetylicum S01 and evaluation of their anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. Bioorg Chem 2020; 103:104149. [PMID: 32861993 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is pivotal for the development of gastrointestinal cancer and linked to poor survival and limited therapeutic options. In this study, six structurally different carotenoids were isolated and identified from the methanolic extract of Exiguobacterium acetylicum S01 namely lycopene (Car-I), diapolycopenedioic-acid-diglucosyl-ester (Car-II), β-carotene (Car-III), zeaxanthin (Car-IV), astaxanthin (Car-V), and keto-myxocoxanthin glucoside-ester (Car-VI). Further, their anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant potentials were evaluated. The MTT assay was used to determine the effect of carotenoids on viability of colorectal cancer (HT-29) as well as peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Results revealed that all the six carotenoids were demonstrated a significant inhibition of HT-29 cells viability in a dose-dependent manner whereas there was no cytotoxic effect in PBMCs. The study also recorded that six carotenoids considerably inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and lipid peroxidation in PBMCs. Moreover, antioxidant potentials of Car-II and Car-VI were significantly (p = 0.001) higher than ascorbic acid as determined by a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay. Therefore, our results ascertained the role of carotenoids derived from E. acetylicum S01 in developing potential therapeutic agents for inflammation-associated cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sekar Jinendiran
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, India
| | - Hans-Uwe Dahms
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Bioresources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - B S Dileep Kumar
- Agro-Processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicinal Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Natesan Sivakumar
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, India.
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18
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Wu Y, Pu N, Su W, Yang X, Xing C. Downregulation of miR-1 in colorectal cancer promotes radioresistance and aggressive phenotypes. J Cancer 2020; 11:4832-4840. [PMID: 32626530 PMCID: PMC7330696 DOI: 10.7150/jca.44753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains to be one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Various studies have demonstrated that microRNAs (miRs) play a critical role in regulating cancer progression and sensitivity to chemoradiotherapy. miR-1 was found to be aberrantly expressed in CRC. However, it has not been fully elucidated whether miR-1 regulated CRC cell radioresistance. Methods: The expression of miR-1 was detected using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in CRC tissues and cell lines. Colony survival and proliferation were determined using colony formation assay and MTT assay, respectively. Apoptosis and levels of related proteins, Bax and Bcl-2, were detected using flow cytometer assay and western blotting analysis. Migration and invasion were measured using wound healing assay and transwell invasion assay. The levels of invasion-associated proteins, E-cadherin, MMP2 and MMP9, were detected using western blotting analysis. Results: miR-1 was found to be downregulated in CRC tissues and cell lines compared with adjacent normal tissues. In vitro, miR-1 overexpression significantly suppressed colony survival and proliferation, and induced cell apoptosis under irradiation, but no apoptosis was detected without irradiation. Furthermore, miR-1 mimics promoted the expression of Bax and E-cadherin and decreased the expression of Bcl-2, MMP2 and MMP9, and apparently impaired the invasion and migration of CRC cells in synergy with radiotherapy. Conclusion: miR-1 enhanced the radiosensitivity of CRC cells by inducing cell apoptosis and the synergic inhibition of aggressive phenotypes, which may serve as a promising therapeutic target for CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, 215004, China
| | - Ning Pu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wenzhao Su
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, 215004, China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, 215004, China
| | - Chungen Xing
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, 215004, China
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19
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Blocking AMPK/ULK1-dependent autophagy promoted apoptosis and suppressed colon cancer growth. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:336. [PMID: 31871431 PMCID: PMC6911288 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-1054-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process through which cells degrade and recycle cytoplasm. The relation among autophagy, apoptosis and tumor is highly controversial until now and the molecular mechanism is poorly understood. Methods Cell viability and apoptosis were detected by CCK8, crystal violet staining, Hoechst333342 staining and flow cytometry. The expression of AMPK and ULK1 was analyzed by western blotting. Colon cancer growth suppression by NVP-BEZ235 or CQ in vivo was studied in a tumor xenograft mouse model. Results Our previous study revealed that NVP-BEZ235 suppressed colorectal cancer growth via inducing apoptosis, however later, we found it also initiated autophagy simultaneously. In this present study, our results show that NVP-BEZ235 induced autophagy through AMPK/ULK1 pathway in colon cancer cells. Blocking autophagy by knocking down AMPK or ULK1 inhibited cell proliferation and further promoted NVP-BEZ235 induced apoptosis. Meantime, the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) shows obvious effect on inhibiting cell proliferation but not on inducing apoptosis, while it significantly increased NVP-BEZ235 induced apoptosis. Furthermore, the combinational therapy of NVP-BEZ235 and CQ shows synergistic antitumor effects in colon cancer in vivo. Conclusion NVP-BEZ235 induced AMPK/ULK1-dependent autophagy. Targeting this autophagy suppressed colon cancer growth through further promoting apoptosis, which is a potential therapeutic option for clinical patients.
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20
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Liang H, Xu Y, Zhang Q, Yang Y, Mou Y, Gao Y, Chen R, Chen C, Dai P. MiR-483-3p regulates oxaliplatin resistance by targeting FAM171B in human colorectal cancer cells. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:725-736. [PMID: 30861353 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1569530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxaliplatin resistance limits the efficiency of treatment for colorectal cancer (CRC). Studies have shown that abnormal expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) were associated with tumorigenesis, cancer development and chemoresistance. The purpose of this study was to identify potential miRNAs related to oxaliplatin resistance in CRC cells. In this work, using small RNA sequencing (small RNA-Seq) and transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq), we found that down-regulated miR-483-3p was concurrent with up-regulated FAM171B in oxaliplatin-resistant colorectal cancer cell line HCT116/L as compared with its parental cell line HCT116. Transient transfection of miR-483-3p mimics markedly decreased the levels of FAM171B and restored oxaliplatin responsiveness of HCT116/L cells, and this alteration enhanced cell apoptosis and weakened cell migration. Whereas miR-483-3p inhibitor dramatically promoted the expression of FAM171B and enhanced oxaliplatin resistance of HCT116 cells by repressing cell apoptosis. Furthermore, knockdown of FAM171B in HCT116/L cells could also sensitize its reaction of the treatment with oxaliplatin, which was verified by the reduced cell migration. These findings demonstrate that FAM171B is a functional target of miR-483-3p in the regulation of oxaliplatin resistance in human CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liang
- a National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, School of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Yisong Xu
- a National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, School of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- a National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, School of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Yu Yang
- a National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, School of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Yueyang Mou
- a National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, School of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Yingchun Gao
- a National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, School of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Rui Chen
- a National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, School of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Chao Chen
- a National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, School of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Penggao Dai
- a National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, School of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , China
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21
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Zhou X, Ouyang S, Li J, Huang X, Ai X, Zeng Y, Lv Y, Cai M. The novel non-immunological role and underlying mechanisms of B7-H3 in tumorigenesis. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:21785-21795. [PMID: 31222741 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
B7 homolog 3 (B7-H3) has been proven to be involved in tumorigenesis. An elucidation of its role and underlying mechanisms is essential to an understanding of tumorigenesis and the development of effective clinical applications. B7-H3 is abnormally overexpressed in many types of cancer and is generally associated with a poor clinical prognosis. B7-H3 inhibits the initiation of the "caspase cascade" by the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription pathway to resist tumor cell apoptosis. B7-H3 accelerates malignant proliferation by attacking the checkpoint mechanism of the tumor cell cycle through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and protein kinase B pathway. B7-H3 reprograms the metabolism of glucose and lipids and transforms the metabolic flux of tumor cells to promote tumorigenesis. B7-H3 induces abnormal angiogenesis by recruiting vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase to tumor lesions. B7-H3 strongly promotes tumorigenesis through antiapoptotic, pro-proliferation, metabolism reprogramming, and pro-angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqi Zhou
- Department of Radiotherapy of the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Shuhui Ouyang
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Department of Urology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Division of Gynecological Oncology, Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiaohong Ai
- Department of Radiotherapy of the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yixin Zeng
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, China
| | - Yuncheng Lv
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Manbo Cai
- Department of Radiotherapy of the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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22
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Cannabidiol Overcomes Oxaliplatin Resistance by Enhancing NOS3- and SOD2-Induced Autophagy in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11060781. [PMID: 31195721 PMCID: PMC6627455 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although oxaliplatin is an effective chemotherapeutic drug for colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment, patients often develop resistance to it. Therefore, a new strategy for CRC treatment is needed. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of cannabidiol (CBD), one of the components of the cannabis plant, in overcoming oxaliplatin resistance in CRC cells. We established oxaliplatin-resistant cell lines, DLD-1 R and colo205 R, in CRC DLD-1 and colo205 cells. Autophagic cell death was induced when oxaliplatin-resistant cells were treated with both oxaliplatin and CBD. Additionally, phosphorylation of nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) was increased in oxaliplatin-resistant cells compared to that in parent cells. Combined treatment with oxaliplatin and CBD reduced phospho-NOS3 levels and nitric oxide (NO) production and resulted in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by reducing the levels of superoxide dismutase 2, an antioxidant present in the mitochondria, causing mitochondrial dysfunction. Taken together, these results suggest that elevated phosphorylation of NOS3 is essential for oxaliplatin resistance. The combination of oxaliplatin and CBD decreased NOS3 phosphorylation, which resulted in autophagy, by inducing the overproduction of ROS through mitochondrial dysfunction, thus overcoming oxaliplatin resistance.
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23
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Ismail NI, Othman I, Abas F, H Lajis N, Naidu R. Mechanism of Apoptosis Induced by Curcumin in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2454. [PMID: 31108984 PMCID: PMC6566943 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the top three cancer with higher incident and mortality rate worldwide. It is estimated that about over than 1.1 million of death and 2.2 million new cases by the year 2030. The current treatment modalities with the usage of chemo drugs such as FOLFOX and FOLFIRI, surgery and radiotherapy, which are usually accompanied with major side effects, are rarely cured along with poor survival rate and at higher recurrence outcome. This trigger the needs of exploring new natural compounds with anti-cancer properties which possess fewer side effects. Curcumin, a common spice used in ancient medicine was found to induce apoptosis by targeting various molecules and signaling pathways involved in CRC. Disruption of the homeostatic balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis could be one of the promoting factors in colorectal cancer progression. In this review, we describe the current knowledge of apoptosis regulation by curcumin in CRC with regard to molecular targets and associated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Isnida Ismail
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
- UniKL MESTECH, A1-1 Jalan TKS1, Taman Kajang Sentral, 43000 Kajang, Malaysia.
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Faridah Abas
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University Putra Malaysia, UPM, 434000 Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Nordin H Lajis
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Rakesh Naidu
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Gil-Martín E, Egea J, Reiter RJ, Romero A. The emergence of melatonin in oncology: Focus on colorectal cancer. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:2239-2285. [PMID: 30950095 DOI: 10.1002/med.21582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Within the last few decades, melatonin has increasingly emerged in clinical oncology as a naturally occurring bioactive molecule with substantial anticancer properties and a pharmacological profile optimal for joining the currently available pharmacopeia. In addition, extensive experimental data shows that this chronobiotic agent exerts oncostatic effects throughout all stages of tumor growth, from initial cell transformation to mitigation of malignant progression and metastasis; additionally, melatonin alleviates the side effects and improves the welfare of radio/chemotherapy-treated patients. Thus, the support of clinicians and oncologists for the use of melatonin in both the treatment and proactive prevention of cancer is gaining strength. Because of its epidemiological importance and symptomatic debut in advanced stages of difficult clinical management, colorectal cancer (CRC) is a preferential target for testing new therapies. In this regard, the development of effective forms of clinical intervention for the improvement of CRC outcome, specifically metastatic CRC, is urgent. At the same time, the need to reduce the costs of conventional anti-CRC therapy results is also imperative. In light of this status quo, the therapeutic potential of melatonin, and the direct and indirect critical processes of CRC malignancy it modulates, have aroused much interest. To illuminate the imminent future on CRC research, we focused our attention on the molecular mechanisms underlying the multiple oncostatic actions displayed by melatonin in the onset and evolution of CRC and summarized epidemiological evidence, as well as in vitro, in vivo and clinical findings that support the broadly protective potential demonstrated by melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Gil-Martín
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO, 'Centro Singular de Investigación de Galicia'), University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Javier Egea
- Molecular Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Plasticity Laboratory, Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Madrid, Spain.,Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Instituto-Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Alejandro Romero
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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25
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Shin MK, Jeon YD, Jin JS. Apoptotic effect of enterodiol, the final metabolite of edible lignans, in colorectal cancer cells. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:2411-2419. [PMID: 30357838 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterodiol (END) is transformed by human intestinal bacteria from lignans contained in various whole-grain cereals, nuts, legumes, flaxseed, and vegetables. It is known to have several physiological effects, but its effects on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and apoptosis in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells have not yet been elucidated. We therefore investigated the effects of END on apoptosis in CRC cells and whether these effects are mediated via MAPK signaling. RESULTS Cell proliferation was decreased by END treatment in a time-dependent manner. In particular, END treatment resulted in an apoptosis rate of up to 40% in CT26 cells but showed no cytotoxicity toward RAW264.7 macrophages. Treatment with END also suppressed the migration of CRC cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 was down-regulated with END treatment. Furthermore, END decreased the expression levels of anti-apoptotic proteins in CRC cells. CONCLUSION Enterodiol inhibited the growth of CRC cells by controlling the MAPK signaling pathway involved in proliferation and apoptosis. These results demonstrate that END has an apoptotic effect in CRC cells. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Kyoung Shin
- Department of Oriental Medicine Resources, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Yong-Deok Jeon
- Department of Oriental Medicine Resources, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Jong-Sik Jin
- Department of Oriental Medicine Resources, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
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26
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Qiu GH, Que W, Yan S, Zheng X, Xie X, Huang C, Yang X, Hooi SC. The pro-survival function of DLEC1 and its protection of cancer cells against 5-FU-induced apoptosis through up-regulation of BCL-XL. Cytotechnology 2019; 71:23-33. [PMID: 30607648 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-018-0258-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor DLEC1 has been shown to promote cell proliferation when AP-2α2 is down-regulated in HCT116 stable clones, suggesting its pro-survival nature. However, the pro-survival function of DLEC1 has not been confirmed in other cells and its underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Therefore, we knocked down DLEC1 in a panel of cell lines and found that DLEC1 depletion caused various extents of cell death through intrinsic pathway. DLEC1 overexpression promoted cell survival and reduced cell death in cancer cells after 5-FU treatment, while DLEC1 down-regulation sensitized cancer cells to 5-FU. Further studies demonstrated that DLEC1 attenuated the increase in cleaved PARP, caspase-3 and caspase-7, the activity of caspase-9 and the diffusion of cytosolic cytochrome c from mitochondria. Our data also showed that BCL-XL was up-regulated by DLEC1 in stable clones after 5-FU treatment. Altogether, these results indicated that DLEC1 protects cells against cell death induced by 5-FU through the attenuation of active proteins in caspase cascade and the up-regulation of BCL-XL. Therefore, DLEC1 can be a pro-survival protein under certain circumstances and a potential therapeutic target for increasing sensitivity of cancer cells to 5-FU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Hua Qiu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Fujian Province Universities, Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
- College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
| | - Wutang Que
- Orthopedics Department, Longyan First Hospital, Longyan, 364000, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanying Yan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Fujian Province Universities, Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xintian Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Fujian Province Universities, Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojin Xie
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Cuiqin Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Fujian Province Universities, Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Fujian Province Universities, Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Shing Chuan Hooi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
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27
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Ying Y, Xu J, Qi Y, Zhang M, Yang Y. CASP8 rs3834129 (-652 6N insertion/deletion) Polymorphism and Colorectal Cancer Susceptibility: An Updated Meta-Analysis. J Cancer 2018; 9:4166-4171. [PMID: 30519316 PMCID: PMC6277605 DOI: 10.7150/jca.27110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CASP8 rs3834129 polymorphism (-652 6N insertion/deletion) is a genetic alteration which might affect the apoptosis pathway caspase enzyme. The impaired caspase enzyme would lead to the change of cancer risk. By now, the role of CASP8 rs3834129 polymorphism has been widely investigated. However, the relationship of this genetic variant on colorectal cancer (CRC) susceptibility still remains inconsistent. Therefore, we further investigated the role of rs3834129 polymorphism on CRC risk. Eligible published studies were retrieved from EMBASE, PubMed, CNKI and WANFANG database updates to March 2018. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the relationship strengths. In general, we successfully retrieved 13 studies (8 publications) involving 13058 cases and 14418 controls. The meta-analysis results demonstrated that rs3834129 polymorphism was associated with a decreased CRC risk in heterozygous model (ID vs. II: OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.88-0.99), but not the homozygous and allele models. Furthermore, significantly decreased risk was also found among Asian (ID vs. II: OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.76-0.98), and high quality score group (ID vs. II: OR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.81-1.00) in the stratified analyses. Taken together, we showed that CASP8 rs3834129 polymorphism influences CRC susceptibility in a weak impact manner. More case-control studies are warranted to validate such relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Ying
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of ENT, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, Zhejiang, China
| | - YaJun Qi
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meiling Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Department of Pathology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Abstract
The intestinal tract is a site of intense immune cell activity that is poised to mount an effective response against a pathogen and yet maintain tolerance toward commensal bacteria and innocuous dietary antigens. The role of cell death in gut pathologies is particularly important as the intestinal epithelium undergoes self-renewal every 4-7 days through a continuous process of cell death and cell division. Cell death is also required for removal of infected, damaged, and cancerous cells. Certain forms of cell death trigger inflammation through release of damage-associated molecular patterns. Further, molecules involved in cell death decisions also moonlight as critical nodes in immune signaling. The manner of cell death is, therefore, highly instructive of the immunological consequences that ensue. Perturbations in cell death pathways can impact the regulation of the immune system with deleterious consequences. In this review, we discuss the various forms of cell death with a special emphasis on lytic cell death pathways of pyroptosis and necroptosis and their implications in inflammation and cancer in the gut. Understanding the implications of distinct cell death pathways will help in the development of therapeutic interventions in intestinal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Sharma
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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29
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Zoledronic Acid Regulates Autophagy and Induces Apoptosis in Colon Cancer Cell Line CT26. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7203584. [PMID: 29457036 PMCID: PMC5804332 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7203584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Zoledronic acid (ZOL) is the third generation of bisphosphonates, which can inhibit many tumors growth, especially to inhibit the growth of colon cancer. However, the molecular mechanism is still very mysterious. In this study, we observed that ZOL could regulate CT26 colon cancer cells autophagy, promote CT26 cells apoptosis, and inhibit CT26 cells proliferation. Western blotting analysis showed that proapoptosis protein caspase-3 was basically unchanged, whereas the expression of the activated caspase-3 was significantly increased, after CT26 cells were treated with different doses of zoledronic acid. Western blot also showed that ZOL could significantly affect the expression of p-p53 and autophagy-related proteins beclin-1 and p62. In conclusion, the antitumor effect of ZOL on CT26 colon cancer cells in vitro is achieved by apoptosis induction and autophagy regulation, resulting in inhibition of cell proliferation.
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30
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Ren X, Kou YY, Kim T, Chae KJ, Ng HY. Toxicity study of reclaimed water on human embryonic kidney cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 189:390-398. [PMID: 28946073 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The importance of evaluating the toxic effects associated with the use of reclaimed water has been increasing. The purpose of this research was to investigate the cytotoxicity and molecular toxicity of reclaimed water on the human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells. The culture medium was synthesized using the reclaimed water samples. Wastewater treatment plant influent (WTI) and effluent (WTE), containing micropollutants at the nanogram per liter level, decreased cell proliferation (93.4-98.9% and 91.5-96.6% of the control, respectively) and increased cell damage (103.6-117.5% and 100.7-109% of the control, respectively) at all exposure times, except for a decrease in cell damage observed after an 8-h exposure to WTE. Membrane bioreactor permeate (MBRP) increased cell proliferation (102.1-106.7% of the control) and decreased cell damage at 8 and 12 h (92.4 and 98.4% of the control, respectively), but slightly increased cell damage at 24 h and later time points (101.1-104.9% of the control). All three water samples induced cell apoptosis (120.9-123.4% of the control). They also affected the expression of cell-cycle regulatory proteins (p16INK4a, p27Kip1, cyclin-dependent kinases 2 and 4, cyclin D1, and cyclin E) and apoptosis-related regulatory proteins (p-JNK, Bcl-2, caspase-9, and caspase-3). In conclusion, all three water samples showed cytotoxicity and molecular toxicity in the HEK293 cells, and the results of the cell-cycle and apoptosis regulatory protein expression after WTI and WTE treatments were consistent with the results of the cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghao Ren
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, PR China
| | - Ying-Ying Kou
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, PR China
| | - Taeeung Kim
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, PR China
| | - Kyu-Jung Chae
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, 727 Taejong-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan, 606791, South Korea
| | - How Yong Ng
- Centre for Water Research, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, 117576, Singapore.
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31
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Xu K, Chen G, Qiu Y, Yuan Z, Li H, Yuan X, Sun J, Xu J, Liang X, Yin P. miR-503-5p confers drug resistance by targeting PUMA in colorectal carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:21719-21732. [PMID: 28423513 PMCID: PMC5400618 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of multidrug-resistance (MDR) is a major contributor to death in colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Here, we investigated the possible role of microRNA (miR)-503-5p in drug resistant CRC cells. Unbiased microRNA array screening revealed that miR-503-5p is up-regulated in two oxaliplatin (OXA)-resistant CRC cell lines. Overexpression of miR-503-5p conferred resistance to OXA-induced apoptosis and inhibition of tumor growth in vitro and in vivo through down-regulation of PUMA expression. miR-503-5p knockdown sensitized chemoresistant CRC cells to OXA. Our studies indicated that p53 suppresses miR-503-5p expression and that deletion of p53 upregulates miR-503-5p expression. Inhibition of miR-503-5p in p53 null cells increased their sensitivity to OXA treatment. Importantly, analysis of patient samples showed that expression of miR-503-5p negatively correlates with PUMA in CRC. These results indicate that a p53/miR-503-5p/PUMA signaling axis regulates the CRC response to chemotherapy, and suggest that miR-503-5p plays an important role in the development of MDR in CRC by modulating PUMA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Central Laboratory, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, PR China.,Interventional Cancer Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Medicine, Shanghai 200062, PR China
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Yanyan Qiu
- Central Laboratory, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, PR China.,Interventional Cancer Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Medicine, Shanghai 200062, PR China.,Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, PR China State
| | - Zeting Yuan
- Central Laboratory, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, PR China
| | - Hongchang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, PR China State
| | - Xia Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, PR China
| | - Jian Sun
- Central Laboratory, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, PR China.,Interventional Cancer Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Medicine, Shanghai 200062, PR China
| | - Jianhua Xu
- Interventional Cancer Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Medicine, Shanghai 200062, PR China
| | - Xin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering & Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Peihao Yin
- Interventional Cancer Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Medicine, Shanghai 200062, PR China.,Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, PR China State
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32
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Wang Y, Yuan S, Li L, Yang D, Xu C, Wang S, Zhang D. Novel proapoptotic agent SM-1 enhances the inhibitory effect of 5-fluorouracil on colorectal cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:4762-4768. [PMID: 28599477 PMCID: PMC5452999 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is one of the most important agents used to treat colorectal cancer. However, the therapeutic effect of 5-FU on colon cancer is limited. SM-1 is a novel type of proapoptotic agent that directly activates procaspase-3 to caspase-3, leading to apoptosis in human cancer cells. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antitumor effects of 5-FU in combination with SM-1. The human colorectal cancer cell lines HCT116 and LoVo were cultured in the presence of SM-1 and 5-FU. The combination of SM-1 and 5-FU treatment exhibited increased proliferation inhibitory effects compared with 5-FU treatment alone in HCT116 and LoVo cells, as determined using an MTT assay. SM-1 significantly decreased the half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 5-FU from 8.07±0.49 to 2.55±0.41 µmol/l in HCT116 cells, and from 7.90±0.98 to 3.14±0.81 µmol/l in LoVo cells. Similarly, the apoptotic activity was increased to 47.95 and 35.19% in HCT116 and LoVo cells, respectively, as determined using Annexin V/propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry. The combination of SM-1 and 5-FU treatment led to significantly increased caspase-3 activity compared with either compound alone. The reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot analysis revealed the downregulation of B-cell lymphoma 2 and Survivin, and the upregulation of apoptosis regulator Bcl-2-associated X protein and cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase in HCT116 and LoVo cells. In addition, RT-qPCR identified downregulation of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein mRNA. 5-FU and SM-1 treatment in combination increased tumor proliferation inhibition in HCT116 and LoVo xenograft mouse models of colorectal cancer, compared with SM-1 or 5-FU treatment alone. SM-1 significantly enhanced the antitumor activity of 5-FU in colorectal cancer. These improved effects were due to increased activity of the apoptotic signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China
| | - Shoujun Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Linna Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Dexuan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Chengwang Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Danshen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China.,College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050018, P.R. China
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33
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Lai X, Friedman A. Exosomal microRNA concentrations in colorectal cancer: A mathematical model. J Theor Biol 2017; 415:70-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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34
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Gene Expression Profile of Colon Mucosa after Cytotoxic Insult in wt and Apc-Mutated Pirc Rats: Possible Relation to Resistance to Apoptosis during Carcinogenesis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1310342. [PMID: 27840820 PMCID: PMC5093255 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1310342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Apc-mutated Pirc rats, spontaneously developing intestinal tumours, are resistant to 1,2-dimethylhydrazine- (DMH-) induced colon apoptosis. To understand this phenomenon, we analyzed the expression of genotoxic stress-related genes Mgmt, Gsta1, and Gstp1 in the colon of wt and Pirc rats in basal conditions and 24 h after DMH; plasmatic oxidant/antioxidant status was also evaluated. After DMH, Mgmt expression was increased in both genotypes but significantly only in wt rats; Gsta1 expression was significantly increased in both genotypes. Gstp1 expression did not vary after DMH but was lower in Pirc rats. Moreover, for each genotype, we studied by microarray technique whole gene expression profile after DMH. By unsupervised cluster analysis, 28 genes were differentially modulated between the two genotypes. Among them were interferon-induced genes Irf7, Oas1a, Oasl2, and Isg15 and the transcription factor Taf6l, overexpressed in DMH-treated wt rats and unchanged in Pirc rats. RT-PCR confirmed their overexpression in DMH-treated wt rats and showed a slighter variation in DMH-treated Pirc rats. Taken together, despite a blunted induction of Irf7, Oas1a, and Mgmt, defective apoptosis in Pirc rats 24 h after DMH is not mirrored by major differences in gene expression compared with wt rats.
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35
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Liu MP, Liao M, Dai C, Chen JF, Yang CJ, Liu M, Chen ZG, Yao MC. Sanguisorba officinalis L synergistically enhanced 5-fluorouracil cytotoxicity in colorectal cancer cells by promoting a reactive oxygen species-mediated, mitochondria-caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34245. [PMID: 27671231 PMCID: PMC5037464 DOI: 10.1038/srep34245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sanguisorba officinalis L. radix is a widely used herb called DiYu (DY) in China and has an extensive range of bioactivities, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative activities. However, there is little evidence to support its anti-cancer effects against colorectal cancer (CRC). The first-line chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is used to treat CRC, but its efficiency is hampered by acquired drug resistance. This study found that a water extract of DY exerted anti-proliferative effects against two CRC cell lines (HCT-116 and RKO), and it sensitized CRC cells to 5-FU therapy by activating a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated, mitochondria-caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway. Co-treatment of DY and 5-FU significantly elevated ROS levels, up-regulated Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and triggered mitochondrial dysfunction, followed by a release of cytochrome c and up-regulation of proteins such as cleaved-caspase-9/3 and cleaved-PARP. Additionally, the induction of autophagy may be involved in mediating synergism of DY in HCT-116 cells. Gallic acid (GA), catechinic acid (CA) and ellagic acid (EA) were identified as the potential chief constituents responsible for the synergistic effects of DY. In conclusion, co-treatment of DY, specifically GA, CA and EA, with 5-FU may be a potential alternative therapeutic strategy for CRC by enhancing an intrinsic apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ping Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Min Liao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Cong Dai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jie-Feng Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Juan Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, P. R. China
| | - Ming Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zuan-Guang Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Mei-Cun Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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Ryan D, Carberry S, Murphy ÁC, Lindner AU, Fay J, Hector S, McCawley N, Bacon O, Concannon CG, Kay EW, McNamara DA, Prehn JHM. Calnexin, an ER stress-induced protein, is a prognostic marker and potential therapeutic target in colorectal cancer. J Transl Med 2016; 14:196. [PMID: 27369741 PMCID: PMC4930591 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0948-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality in the Western world and commonly treated with genotoxic chemotherapy. Stress in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was implicated to contribute to chemotherapeutic resistance. Hence, ER stress related protein may be of prognostic or therapeutic significance. METHODS The expression levels of ER stress proteins calnexin, calreticulin, GRP78 and GRP94 were determined in n = 23 Stage II and III colon cancer fresh frozen tumour and matched normal tissue samples. Data were validated in a cohort of n = 11 rectal cancer patients treated with radiochemotherapy in the neoadjuvant setting. The calnexin gene was silenced using siRNA in HCT116 cells. RESULTS There were no increased levels of ER stress proteins in tumour compared to matched normal tissue samples in Stage II or III CRC. However, increased calnexin protein levels were predictive of poor clinical outcome in the patient cohort. Data were validated in the rectal cancer cohort treated in the neoadjuvant setting. Calnexin gene-silencing significantly reduced cell survival and increased cancer cell susceptibility to 5FU chemotherapy. CONCLUSION Increased tumour protein levels of calnexin may be of prognostic significance in CRC, and calnexin may represent a potential target for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Ryan
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Steven Carberry
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Áine C Murphy
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Andreas U Lindner
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Joanna Fay
- Department of Pathology, Beaumont Hospital and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Suzanne Hector
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Niamh McCawley
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Orna Bacon
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Caoimhin G Concannon
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Elaine W Kay
- Department of Pathology, Beaumont Hospital and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | | | - Jochen H M Prehn
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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IGF2 knockdown in two colorectal cancer cell lines decreases survival, adhesion and modulates survival-associated genes. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:12485-12495. [PMID: 27337954 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5115-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased expression of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) is found in tumors of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients exhibiting a gained region on chromosome 11q15 and is implicated in poor patient survival. This study analyzes in vitro phenotypic- and gene expression changes associated with IGF2 shRNA-mediated knockdown. Initially, doxycycline inducible IGF2 knockdown cell lines were generated in the CRC cell lines SW480 and LS174T. The cells were analyzed for changes in proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, adhesion, and invasion. Expression profiling analysis was performed, and, for a subset of the identified genes, expression was validated by qRT-PCR and Western blot. IGF2 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation in both cell lines induced G1 cell cycle blockade and decreased adhesion to several extracellular matrix proteins. Knockdown of IGF2 did not alter invasiveness in SW480 cells, while a slight increase in apoptosis was seen only in the LS174T cell line. Knockdown of IGF2 in SW480 deregulated 58 genes, several of which were associated with proliferation and cell-cell/cell-ECM contacts. A subset of these genes, including CDK2, YAP1, and BIRC5 (Survivin), are members of a common network. This study supports the concept of direct autocrine/paracrine tumor cell activation through IGF2 and a shows role of IGF2 in CRC proliferation, adhesion and, to a limited extent, apoptosis.
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Elkady AI, Hussein RA, El-Assouli SM. Harmal Extract Induces Apoptosis of HCT116 Human Colon Cancer Cells, Mediated by Inhibition of Nuclear Factor-κB and Activator Protein-1 Signaling Pathways and Induction of Cytoprotective Genes. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 17:1947-59. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2016.17.4.1947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Pristimerin inhibits proliferation, migration and invasion, and induces apoptosis in HCT-116 colorectal cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 79:112-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Ahmed I, Roy BC, Subramaniam D, Ganie SA, Kwatra D, Dixon D, Anant S, Zargar MA, Umar S. An ornamental plant targets epigenetic signaling to block cancer stem cell-driven colon carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2016; 37:385-96. [PMID: 26785732 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochemicals modulate key cellular signaling pathways and have proven anticancer effects. Alcea rosea(AR; Hollyhock) is an ornamental plant with known anti-inflammatory properties. This study explored its role as an anticancer agent. The AR seed extract (AR extract) inhibited proliferation and colony formation in a dose- and time-dependent manner and promoted apoptosis as was evidenced by cleavage of PARP and increased expression of Bax accompanying reduced levels of BCL-xl protein in HCT116 and SW480 cells, respectively. In addition, AR extract-arrested cells at Go/G1 phase of cell cycle and exhibited decreases in Cyclin D1. AR extract-treated cells exhibited reduced number and size of colonospheres in a dose-dependent manner concomitant with decreases in cancer stem cell (CSC) markers ALDH1A1 and Dclk1. Relative levels of β-catenin, Notch-ICD, Hes1 and EZH2 were also attenuated by AR extract. TOP-flash reporter activity, a measure of Wnt signaling, decreased significantly in response to treatment while overexpression of wild type but not mutant EZH2, reversed the inhibitory effects. Moreover, WIF1 (a Wnt antagonist) promoter activity increased dramatically following treatment with AR extract which phenocopied increases in WIF1 reporter activity following EZH2 knockdown.In vivo, AR extract attenuated tumor growth due probably to reduced levels of EZH2, β-catenin, CyclinD1 and Ki-67 along with reduced levels of CSC markers. Since partial purification via HPLC yielded a prominent peak, efforts are underway to identify the active ingredient(s). Taken together, the results clearly suggest that AR extract/active component(s) can be an effective preventative/therapeutic agent to target colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishfaq Ahmed
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Badal C Roy
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Dharmalingam Subramaniam
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | | | - Deep Kwatra
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Adminstration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | | | - Shrikant Anant
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | | | - Shahid Umar
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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FAS rs2234767 and rs1800682 polymorphisms jointly contributed to risk of colorectal cancer by affecting SP1/STAT1 complex recruitment to chromatin. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19229. [PMID: 26759270 PMCID: PMC4725756 DOI: 10.1038/srep19229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
FAS rs2234767 (−1377 G>A), rs1800682 (−670 A>G) and FASLG rs763110 (−844 C>T) promoter polymorphisms can influence transcriptional activities of the genes and thus multiple tumors susceptibility. To investigate their association with risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), the three SNPs were genotyped in 878 cases and 884 controls and the results showed that the FAS rs2234767 and rs1800682 were in a high linkage disequilibrium (LD) with each other (D’ = 0.994) and jointly contributed to an increased risk of CRC (without vs. with rs2234767 GG/rs1800682 AA genotypes, adjusted OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.05 − 1.61). In vivo ChIP assays evaluated the effect of rs2234767 and rs1800682 on recruitment of SP1 and STAT1, respectively, to chromatin. The results showed SP1 interacting specifically with STAT1 recruited to their respective motifs for transcriptional activation. The mutant alleles rs2234767 A and rs1800682 G jointly affected coupled SP1 and STAT1 recruitment to chromatin. The interplay between SP1 and STAT1 was critical for the functional outcome of rs2234767 and rs1800682 in view of their high LD. In conclusion, the FAS rs2234767 and rs1800682 polymorphisms were in high LD with each other, and they jointly contributed to an increased risk of CRC by altering recruitment of SP1/STAT1 complex to the FAS promoter for transcriptional activation.
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Elkady AI, Hussein RA, El-Assouli SM. Mechanism of Action of Nigella sativa on Human Colon Cancer Cells: the Suppression of AP-1 and NF-κB Transcription Factors and the Induction of Cytoprotective Genes. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:7943-57. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.17.7943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Huang CY, Yu LCH. Pathophysiological mechanisms of death resistance in colorectal carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:11777-11792. [PMID: 26557002 PMCID: PMC4631976 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i41.11777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon cancers develop adaptive mechanisms to survive under extreme conditions and display hallmarks of unlimited proliferation and resistance to cell death. The deregulation of cell death is a key factor that contributes to chemoresistance in tumors. In a physiological context, balance between cell proliferation and death, and protection against cell damage are fundamental processes for maintaining gut epithelial homeostasis. The mechanisms underlying anti-death cytoprotection and tumor resistance often bear common pathways, and although distinguishing them would be a challenge, it would also provide an opportunity to develop advanced anti-cancer therapeutics. This review will outline cell death pathways (i.e., apoptosis, necrosis, and necroptosis), and discuss cytoprotective strategies in normal intestinal epithelium and death resistance mechanisms of colon tumor. In colorectal cancers, the intracellular mechanisms of death resistance include the direct alteration of apoptotic and necroptotic machinery and the upstream events modulating death effectors such as tumor suppressor gene inactivation and pro-survival signaling pathways. The autocrine, paracrine and exogenous factors within a tumor microenvironment can also instigate resistance against apoptotic and necroptotic cell death in colon cancers through changes in receptor signaling or transporter uptake. The roles of cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin E2, growth factors, glucose, and bacterial lipopolysaccharides in colorectal cancer will be highlighted. Targeting anti-death pathways in the colon cancer tissue might be a promising approach outside of anti-proliferation and anti-angiogenesis strategies for developing novel drugs to treat refractory tumors.
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Harmse L, Dahan-Farkas N, Panayides JL, van Otterlo W, Penny C. Aberrant Apoptotic Response of Colorectal Cancer Cells to Novel Nucleoside Analogues. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138607. [PMID: 26390405 PMCID: PMC4577089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the increased understanding of colorectal cancer and the introduction of targeted drug therapy, the metastatic phase of the disease remains refractory to treatment. Since the deregulation of normal apoptosis contributes to the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer, novel nucleoside analogues were synthesized here and evaluated for their ability to induce apoptosis and cause cell death in two colorectal adeno-carcinoma cell lines, Caco-2 and HT-29. Three novel nucleoside analogues assessed here showed cytotoxic activity, as measured by the MTT assay against both cell lines: the IC50 values ranged between 3 and 37 μM, with Caco-2 cells being more sensitive than HT-29 cells. Compared to camptothecin, the positive control, the nucleoside analogues were significantly less toxic to normal unstimulated leukocytes (p>0.05). Moreover, the nucleosides were able to induce apoptosis as measured by an increase in caspase 8 and caspase 3 activity above that of the control. This was additionally supported by data derived from Annexin V-FITC assays. Despite marginal changes to the mitochondrial membrane potential, all three nucleosides caused a significant increase in cytosolic cytochrome c (p>0.05), with a corresponding decrease in mitochondrial cytochrome c. Morphological analysis of both cell lines showed the rapid appearance of vacuoles following exposure to two of the nucleosides, while a third caused cellular detachment, delayed cytoplasmic vacuolisation and nuclear abnormalities. Preliminary investigations, using the autophagic indicator monodansylcadaverine and chloroquine as positive control, showed that two of the nucleosides induced the formation of autophagic vacuoles. In summary, the novel nucleoside analogues showed selective cytotoxicity towards both cancer cell lines and are effective initiators of an unusual apoptotic response, demonstrating their potential to serve as structural scaffolds for more potent analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Harmse
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Nurit Dahan-Farkas
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
| | - Jenny-Lee Panayides
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Willem van Otterlo
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag XI, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Clement Penny
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa
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Changes of immunocytic phenotypes and functions from human colorectal adenomatous stage to cancerous stage: Update. Immunobiology 2015; 220:1186-96. [PMID: 26153874 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is believed that chronic inflammation as seen in patients with ulcerative colitis significantly increases the colorectal cancer (CRC) risk and functions as the main driving force for the development of colitis associated CRC. Recently, increasing evidences suggest that inflammation is also involved in the processing of sporadic CRCs that mostly develop from the preformed adenomas through a long-term progression. Within the adenoma/CRC tumor microenvironment, high dense immunocytes with significant phenotypic and functional changes have been observed. These cells might produce high level of inflammatory mediators and then affect the adenoma-cancer transition. In this review, we summarize the update on altered phenotypes and inflammatory mediators within the tumor microenvironment from the adenomatous stage to the cancerous stage, and discuss the significance of inflammatory mediators as biomarkers in predicating the progression from the premalignant adenoma lesion to the sporadic CRC lesion and the potential as therapeutic targets.
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He XW, Feng T, Yin QL, Jian YW, Liu T. NOB1 is essential for the survival of RKO colorectal cancer cells. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:868-877. [PMID: 25624720 PMCID: PMC4299339 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i3.868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To determine the role of NOB1, a regulator of cell survival in yeast, in human colorectal cancer cells.
METHODS: Lentivirus-mediated small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to inhibit NOB1 expression in RKO human colorectal cancer cells in vitro and in vivo in a mouse xenograft model. The in vitro and in vivo knockdown efficacy was determined using both Western blot and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). qRT-PCR was also used to analyze the downstream signals following NOB1 knockdown. Cell growth and colony formation assays were used to determine the effect of NOB1 inhibition on RKO proliferation and their ability to form colonies. Endonuclease activity, as evaluated by terminal deoxytransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), and annexin V staining were used to determine the presence of apoptotic cell death prior to and following NOB1 inhibition. Cell cycle analysis was used to determine the effect of NOB1 inhibition on RKO cell cycle. A cDNA microarray was used to determine global differential gene expression following NOB1 knockdown.
RESULTS: Virus-mediated siRNA inhibition of NOB1 resulted in (1) the down-regulation of NOB1 expression in RKO cells for both the mRNA and protein; (2) inhibition of NOB1 expression both in vitro and in vivo experimental systems; (3) cell growth inhibition via significant induction of cell apoptosis, without alteration of the cell cycle distribution; and (4) a significant decrease in the average weight and volume of xenograft tumors in the NOB1-siRNA group compared to the control scr-siRNA group (P = 0.001, P < 0.05). Significantly more apoptosis was detected within tumors in the NOB1-siRNA group than in the control group. Microarray analysis detected 2336 genes potentially regulated by NOB1. Most of these genes are associated with the WNT, cell proliferation, apoptosis, fibroblast growth factor, and angiogenesis signaling pathways, of which BAX and WNT were validated by qRT-PCR. Among them, 1451 probes, representing 963 unique genes, were upregulated; however, 2308 probes, representing 1373 unique genes, were downregulated.
CONCLUSION: NOB1 gene silencing by lentivirus-mediated RNA interference can inhibit tumor growth by inducing apoptosis of cancerous human colorectal cells.
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Chung KS, Choi HE, Shin JS, Cho EJ, Cho YW, Choi JH, Baek NI, Lee KT. Chemopreventive effects of standardized ethanol extract from the aerial parts of Artemisia princeps Pampanini cv. Sajabal via NF-κB inactivation on colitis-associated colon tumorigenesis in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 75:14-23. [PMID: 25449198 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is an underlying risk factor of colon cancer, and NF-κB plays a critical role in the development of inflammation-associated colon cancer in an AOM/DSS mouse model. The aim of this study was to determine whether the standardized ethanol extract obtained from the aerial parts of Artemisia princeps Pampanini cv. Sajabal (EAPP) is effective at preventing inflammation-associated colon cancer, and if so, to identify the signaling pathways involved. In the present study, protective efficacy of EAPP on tumor formation and the infiltrations of monocytes and macrophages in colons of an AOM/DSS mouse model were evaluated. It was found that colitis and tumor burdens showed statistically meaningful improvements after EAPP administration. Furthermore, these improvements were accompanied by a reduction in NF-κB activity and in the levels of NF-κB-dependent pro-survival proteins, that is, survivin, cFLIP, XIAP, and Bcl-2. In vitro, EAPP significantly reduced NF-κB activation and the levels of IL-1β and IL-8 mRNA and pro-survival proteins in HT-29 and HCT-116 colon cancer cells. Furthermore, EAPP caused caspase-dependent apoptosis. Based on these results, the authors suggest EAPP suppresses inflammatory responses and induces apoptosis partly via NF-κB inactivation, and that EAPP could be useful for the prevention of colitis-associated tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Sook Chung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Eun Choi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Sun Shin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea; Reactive Oxygen Species Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eu-Jin Cho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Wuk Cho
- Reactive Oxygen Species Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hye Choi
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-In Baek
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Plant Metabolism Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
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Elkady AI, Hussein RAEH, Abu-Zinadah OA. Differential control of growth, apoptotic activity and gene expression in human colon cancer cells by extracts derived from medicinal herbs, Rhazya stricta and Zingiber officinale and their combination. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:15275-88. [PMID: 25386076 PMCID: PMC4223261 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i41.15275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of extracts from Rhazya stricta (R. stricta) and Zingiber officinale (Z. officinale) on human colorectal cancer cells. METHODS Human colorectal cancer cells (HCT116) were subjected to increasing doses of crude alkaloid extracts from R. stricta (CAERS) and crude flavonoid extracts from Z. officinale (CFEZO). Cells were then harvested after 24, 48 or 72 h and cell viability was examined by trypan blue exclusion dye test; clonogenicity and soft agar colony-forming assays were also carried out. Nuclear stain (Hoechst 33342), acridine orange/ethidium bromide double staining, agarose gel electrophoresis and comet assays were performed to assess pro-apoptotic potentiality of the extracts. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), using gene-specific primers and Western blot analyses were performed to assess the impact of CAERS and CFEZO on the expression levels of key regulatory proteins in HCT116 cells. RESULTS Treatment with a combination of CAERS and CFEZO synergistically suppressed the proliferation, colony formation and anchorage-independent growth of HCT116 cells. Calculated IC50, after 24, 48 and 72 h, were 70, 90 and 130 μg/mL for CAERS, 65, 85 and 120 μg/mL for CFEZO and 20, 25 and 45 μg/mL for both agents, respectively. CAERS- and CFEZO-treated cells exhibited morphologic and biochemical features of apoptotic cell death. The induction of apoptosis was associated with the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, an increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, activation of caspases 3 and 9 and cleavage of poly ADP-ribose polymerase. CAERS and CFEZO treatments downregulated expression levels of anti-apoptotic proteins including Bcl-2, Bcl-X, Mcl-1, survivin and XIAP, and upregulated expression levels of proapoptotic proteins such as Bad and Noxa. CAERS and CFEZO treatments elevated expression levels of the oncosuppressor proteins, p53, p21 and p27, and reduced levels of the oncoproteins, cyclin D1, cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase-4 and c-Myc. CONCLUSION These data suggest that a combination of CAERS and CFEZO is a promising treatment for the prevention of colon cancer.
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You RX, Liu JY, Li SJ, Wang L, Wang KP, Zhang Y. Alkali-soluble polysaccharide, isolated from Lentinus edodes, induces apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest in H22 cells through microtubule depolymerization. Phytother Res 2014; 28:1837-45. [PMID: 25111860 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the pro-apoptotic effects of polysaccharides derived from Lentinus edodes and further elucidated the mechanisms of this action. Our results demonstrated that marked morphological changes of apoptosis were observed after treatment of L. edodes polysaccharides [Lentinan (LTN)]. Moreover, LTN-induced cell apoptosis was characterized by a rapid stimulation of reactive oxygen species production, the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and an increase in intracellular concentration of Ca(2+) . In addition, the results of the haematoxylin and eosin and TUNEL assay further confirmed that LTN-induced apoptosis in vivo. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis showed that LTN could arrest the cell cycle at G2/M phase, and immunofluorescence showed LTN caused disruption of microtubule. These results suggest that disruption of cellular microtubule network, arrest of the cell cycle at G2/M phase and induction of apoptosis may be one of the possible mechanisms of anti-tumour effect of LTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Xu You
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277, Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430022, China
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Hong Y, Won J, Lee Y, Lee S, Park K, Chang KT, Hong Y. Melatonin treatment induces interplay of apoptosis, autophagy, and senescence in human colorectal cancer cells. J Pineal Res 2014; 56:264-74. [PMID: 24484372 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In Asia, the incidence of colorectal cancer has been increasing gradually due to a more Westernized lifestyle. The aim of study is to determine the interaction between melatonin-induced cell death and cellular senescence. We treated HCT116 human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells with 10 μm melatonin and determined the levels of cell death-related proteins and evaluated cell cycle kinetics. The plasma membrane melatonin receptor, MT1, was significantly decreased by melatonin in a time-dependent manner, whereas the nuclear receptor, RORα, was increased only after 12 hr treatment. HCT116 cells, which upregulated both pro-apoptotic Bax and anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL in the early response to melatonin treatment, activated autophagic as well as apoptotic machinery within 18 hr. Melatonin decreased the S-phase population of the cells to 57% of the control at 48 hr, which was concomitant with a reduction in BrdU-positive cells in the melatonin-treated cell population. We found not only marked attenuation of E- and A-type cyclins, but also increased expression of p16 and p-p21. Compared to the cardiotoxicity of Trichostatin A in vitro, single or cumulative melatonin treatment induced insignificant detrimental effects on neonatal cardiomyocytes. We found that 10 μm melatonin activated cell death programs early and induced G1-phase arrest at the advanced phase. Therefore, we suggest that melatonin is a potential chemotherapeutic agent for treatment of colon cancer, the effects of which are mediated by regulation of both cell death and senescence in cancerous cells with minimized cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunkyung Hong
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae, Korea; Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease Center, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea; Ubiquitous Healthcare Research Center, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
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