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Basar OY, Mohammed S, Qoronfleh MW, Acar A. Optimizing cancer therapy: a review of the multifaceted effects of metronomic chemotherapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1369597. [PMID: 38813084 PMCID: PMC11133583 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1369597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Metronomic chemotherapy (MCT), characterized by the continuous administration of chemotherapeutics at a lower dose without prolonged drug-free periods, has garnered significant attention over the last 2 decades. Extensive evidence from both pre-clinical and clinical settings indicates that MCT induces distinct biological effects than the standard Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) chemotherapy. The low toxicity profile, reduced likelihood of inducing acquired therapeutic resistance, and low cost of MCT render it an attractive chemotherapeutic regimen option. One of the most prominent aspects of MCT is its anti-angiogenesis effects. It has been shown to stimulate the expression of anti-angiogenic molecules, thereby inhibiting angiogenesis. In addition, MCT has been shown to decrease the regulatory T-cell population and promote anti-tumor immune response through inducing dendritic cell maturation and increasing the number of cytotoxic T-cells. Combination therapies utilizing MCT along with oncolytic virotherapy, radiotherapy or other chemotherapeutic regimens have been studied extensively. This review provides an overview of the current status of MCT research and the established mechanisms of action of MCT treatment and also offers insights into potential avenues of development for MCT in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyku Yagmur Basar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Sawsan Mohammed
- Qatar University, QU Health, College of Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - M. Walid Qoronfleh
- Q3 Research Institute (QRI), Research and Policy Division, Ypsilanti, MI, United States
| | - Ahmet Acar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Türkiye
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Santosh Nirmala S, Kayani K, Gliwiński M, Hu Y, Iwaszkiewicz-Grześ D, Piotrowska-Mieczkowska M, Sakowska J, Tomaszewicz M, Marín Morales JM, Lakshmi K, Marek-Trzonkowska NM, Trzonkowski P, Oo YH, Fuchs A. Beyond FOXP3: a 20-year journey unravelling human regulatory T-cell heterogeneity. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1321228. [PMID: 38283365 PMCID: PMC10811018 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1321228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The initial idea of a distinct group of T-cells responsible for suppressing immune responses was first postulated half a century ago. However, it is only in the last three decades that we have identified what we now term regulatory T-cells (Tregs), and subsequently elucidated and crystallized our understanding of them. Human Tregs have emerged as essential to immune tolerance and the prevention of autoimmune diseases and are typically contemporaneously characterized by their CD3+CD4+CD25high CD127lowFOXP3+ phenotype. It is important to note that FOXP3+ Tregs exhibit substantial diversity in their origin, phenotypic characteristics, and function. Identifying reliable markers is crucial to the accurate identification, quantification, and assessment of Tregs in health and disease, as well as the enrichment and expansion of viable cells for adoptive cell therapy. In our comprehensive review, we address the contributions of various markers identified in the last two decades since the master transcriptional factor FOXP3 was identified in establishing and enriching purity, lineage stability, tissue homing and suppressive proficiency in CD4+ Tregs. Additionally, our review delves into recent breakthroughs in innovative Treg-based therapies, underscoring the significance of distinct markers in their therapeutic utilization. Understanding Treg subsets holds the key to effectively harnessing human Tregs for immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kayani Kayani
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Academic Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Renal Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mateusz Gliwiński
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Yueyuan Hu
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Justyna Sakowska
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Martyna Tomaszewicz
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Kavitha Lakshmi
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Piotr Trzonkowski
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ye Htun Oo
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Liver Transplant and Hepatobiliary Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Birmingham Advanced Cellular Therapy Facility, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Rare Diseases, European Reference Network - Rare Liver Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anke Fuchs
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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The Regulatory-T-Cell Memory Phenotype: What We Know. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101687. [PMID: 35626725 PMCID: PMC9139615 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In immunology, the discovery of regulatory T (Treg) cells was a major breakthrough. Treg cells play a key role in pregnancy maintenance, in the prevention of autoimmune responses, and in the control of all immune responses, including responses to self cells, cancer, infection, and a transplant. It is currently unclear whether Treg cells are capable of long-term memory of an encounter with an antigen. Although the term “immunological memory” usually means an enhanced ability to protect the body from reinfection, the memory of the suppressive activity of Treg cells helps to avoid the state of generalized immunosuppression that may result from the second activation of the immune system. In this review, we would like to discuss the concept of regulatory memory and in which tissues memory Treg cells can perform their functions.
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Jash S, Sharma S. Pathogenic Infections during Pregnancy and the Consequences for Fetal Brain Development. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020193. [PMID: 35215136 PMCID: PMC8877441 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens comprised of viruses, bacteria, gut microbiome, and parasites are a leading cause of ever-emerging diseases in humans. Studying pathogens for their ability to cause diseases is a topic of critical discussion among scientists and pharmaceutical centers for effective drug development that diagnose, treat, and prevent infection-associated disorders. Pathogens impact health either directly by invading the host or by eliciting an acute inflammatory immune response. This paradigm of inflammatory immune responses is even more consequential in people who may be immunocompromised. In this regard, pregnancy offers an altered immunity scenario, which may allow the onset of severe diseases. Viruses, such as Influenza, HIV, and now SARS-CoV-2, associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, raise new concerns for maternal and fetal/neonatal health. Intrauterine bacterial and parasitic infections are also known to impact pregnancy outcomes and neonatal health. More importantly, viral and bacterial infections during pregnancy have been identified as a common contributor to fetal brain development defects. Infection-mediated inflammatory uterine immune milieu is thought to be the main trigger for causing poor fetal brain development, resulting in long-term cognitive impairments. The concept of in utero programming of childhood and adult disorders has revolutionized the field of neurodevelopment and its associated complications. Recent findings in mice and humans clearly support the idea that uterine immunity during pregnancy controls the health trajectory of the child and considerably influences the cognitive function and mental health. In this review, we focus on the in utero programming of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and assess the effects of pathogens on the onset of ASD-like symptoms.
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Matos C, Renner K, Peuker A, Schoenhammer G, Schreiber L, Bruss C, Eder R, Bruns H, Flamann C, Hoffmann P, Gebhard C, Herr W, Rehli M, Peter K, Kreutz M. Physiological levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 induce a suppressive CD4 + T cell phenotype not reflected in the epigenetic landscape. Scand J Immunol 2022; 95:e13146. [PMID: 35073416 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2 D3 ), the active metabolite of vitamin D3 has a strong impact on the differentiation and function of immune cells. Here we analyzed the influence of its precursor 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3 ) on the differentiation of human CD4+ T cells applying physiological concentrations in vitro. Our data show that 25(OH)D3 is converted to its active form 1,25(OH)2 D3 by T cells, which in turn supports FOXP3, CD25 and CTLA-4 expression and inhibits IFN-γ production. These changes were not reflected in the demethylation of the respective promoters. Furthermore, we investigated the impact of vitamin D3 metabolites under induced Treg polarization conditions using TGF-β. Surprisingly, no additive effect but a decreased percentage of FOXP3 expressing cells was observed. However, the combination of 25(OH)D3 or 1,25(OH)2 D3 together with TGF-β further upregulated CD25 and CTLA-4 and significantly increased soluble CTLA-4 and IL-10 secretion whereas IFN-γ expression of iTreg was decreased. Our data suggest that physiological levels of 25(OH)D3 act as potent modulator of human CD4+ T cells and autocrine or paracrine production of 1,25(OH)2 D3 by T cells might be crucial for the local regulation of an adaptive immune response. However, since no epigenetic changes are detected by 25(OH)D3 a rather transient phenotype is induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Matos
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Renner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alice Peuker
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Schoenhammer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Laura Schreiber
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christina Bruss
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ruediger Eder
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Heiko Bruns
- Department of Internal Medicine 5 - Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cindy Flamann
- Department of Internal Medicine 5 - Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Germany
| | - Petra Hoffmann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center of Regensburg, Germany.,Regensburg Centre for Interventional Immunology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Gebhard
- Regensburg Centre for Interventional Immunology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Herr
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Rehli
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center of Regensburg, Germany.,Regensburg Centre for Interventional Immunology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Peter
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marina Kreutz
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center of Regensburg, Germany.,Regensburg Centre for Interventional Immunology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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Barzaghi F, Passerini L. IPEX Syndrome: Improved Knowledge of Immune Pathogenesis Empowers Diagnosis. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:612760. [PMID: 33692972 PMCID: PMC7937806 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.612760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX) syndrome is a rare monogenic autoimmune disease with variable clinical manifestations, ranging from early-onset severe autoimmunity, including enteropathy, eczema, and type 1 diabetes, to late-onset or atypical symptoms. Despite the clinical heterogeneity, the unifying feature of IPEX is mutation of the FOXP3 gene, which encodes a transcription factor essential for maintenance of thymus-derived regulatory T cells (Tregs). In IPEX patients, Tregs can be present, although unstable and impaired in function, unable to inhibit proliferation and cytokine production of effector T (Teff) cells. Mutated FOXP3 can also disrupt other compartments: FOXP3-deficient Teff cells proliferate more than the wild-type counterpart, display altered T-cell-receptor signaling response, a reduced T-naïve compartment and a skew toward a Th2 profile. Due to FOXP3 mutations, the frequency of autoreactive B cells is increased and the IgA and IgE production is altered, together with early emergence of tissue-specific autoantibodies. Recently, the awareness of the wide clinical spectrum of IPEX improved the diagnostic tools. In cases presenting with enteropathy, histological evaluation is helpful, although there are no pathognomonic signs of disease. On the other hand, the study of FOXP3 expression and in vitro Treg function, as well as the detection of specific circulating autoantibodies, is recommended to narrow the differential diagnosis. Nowadays, Sanger sequencing should be limited to cases presenting with the classical triad of symptoms; otherwise, next-generation sequencing is recommended, given the cost-effectiveness and the advantage of excluding IPEX-like syndromes. The latter approach could be time spearing in children with severe phenotypes and candidate to advanced therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Barzaghi
- Department of Paediatric Immunohematology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Passerini
- Mechanisms of Peripheral Tolerance Unit, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Autocrine TGF-β1 Maintains the Stability of Foxp3 + Regulatory T Cells via IL-12Rβ2 Downregulation. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060819. [PMID: 32471185 PMCID: PMC7356964 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) is an immunosuppresive cytokine that plays an essential role in immune homeostasis. It is well known that regulatory T (Treg) cells express TGF-β1; however, the role of autocrine TGF-β1 in the development, function, and stability of Treg cells remains poorly understood. We found that Treg cell-derived TGF-β1 was not required for the development of thymic Treg cells in mice, but played a role in the expression of latency-associated peptide and optimal suppression of naïve T cell proliferation in vitro. Moreover, the frequency of Treg cells was significantly reduced in the mesenteric lymph nodes of the Treg cell-specific TGF-β1-deficient mice, which was associated with increased frequency of IFN-γ-producers among Treg cells. TGF-β1-deficient Treg cells were more prone to express IFN-γ than TGF-β1-sufficient Treg cells in a dendritic cell-mediated stimulation in vitro as well as in an adoptive transfer study in vivo. Mechanistically, TGF-β1-deficient Treg cells expressed higher levels of Il12rb2 and were more sensitive to IL-12-induced conversion into IFN-γ-producing Treg cells or IFN-γ-producing exTreg cells than TGF-β1-sufficient Treg cells. Our findings demonstrate that autocrine TGF-β1 plays a critical role in the optimal suppressive activity and stability of Treg cells by downregulating IL-12R on Treg cells.
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CRISPR screen in regulatory T cells reveals modulators of Foxp3. Nature 2020; 582:416-420. [PMID: 32499641 PMCID: PMC7305989 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2246-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are required to control immune responses and maintain homeostasis, but are a significant barrier to anti-tumor immunity1. Conversely, Treg instability, characterized by loss of the master transcription factor Foxp3 and acquisition of pro-inflammatory properties2, can promote autoimmunity and/or facilitate more effective tumor immunity3,4. A comprehensive understanding of the pathways that regulate Foxp3 could lead to more effective Treg therapies for autoimmune disease and cancer. Despite improved functional genetic tools that now allow for systematic interrogation, dissection of the gene regulatory programs that modulate Foxp3 expression has not yet been reported. In this study, we developed a CRISPR-based pooled screening platform for phenotypes in primary mouse Tregs and applied this technology to perform a targeted loss-of-function screen of ~490 nuclear factors to identify gene regulatory programs that promote or disrupt Foxp3 expression. We discovered several novel modulators including ubiquitin-specific peptidase 22 (Usp22) and ring finger protein 20 (Rnf20). Usp22, a member of the deubiquitination module of the SAGA chromatin modifying complex, was discovered to be a positive regulator that stabilized Foxp3 expression; whereas the screen suggested Rnf20, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, can serve as a negative regulator of Foxp3. Treg-specific ablation of Usp22 in mice reduced Foxp3 protein and created defects in their suppressive function that led to spontaneous autoimmunity but protected against tumor growth in multiple cancer models. Foxp3 destabilization in Usp22-deficient Tregs could be rescued by ablation of Rnf20, revealing a reciprocal ubiquitin switch in Tregs. These results reveal novel modulators of Foxp3 and demonstrate a screening method that can be broadly applied to discover new targets for Treg immunotherapies for cancer and autoimmune disease.
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Bittner-Eddy PD, Fischer LA, Costalonga M. Transient Expression of IL-17A in Foxp3 Fate-Tracked Cells in Porphyromonas gingivalis-Mediated Oral Dysbiosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:677. [PMID: 32391008 PMCID: PMC7190800 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In periodontitis Porphyromonas gingivalis contributes to the development of a dysbiotic oral microbiome. This altered ecosystem elicits a diverse innate and adaptive immune response that simultaneously involves Th1, Th17, and Treg cells. It has been shown that Th17 cells can alter their gene expression to produce interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) is considered the master regulator of Treg cells that produce inhibitory cytokines like IL-10. Differentiation pathways that lead to Th17 and Treg cells from naïve progenitors are considered antagonistic. However, it has been reported that Treg cells expressing IL-17A as well as IFN-γ producing Th17 cells have been observed in several inflammatory conditions. Each scenario appears plausible with T cell transdifferentiation resulting from persistent microbial challenge and consequent inflammation. We established that oral colonization with P. gingivalis drives an initial IL-17A dominated Th17 response in the oral mucosa that is dependent on intraepithelial Langerhans cells (LCs). We hypothesized that Treg cells contribute to this initial IL-17A response through transient expression of IL-17A and that persistent mucosal colonization with P. gingivalis drives Th17 cells toward an IFN-γ phenotype at later stages of infection. We utilized fate-tracking mice where IL-17A- or Foxp3-promoter activity drives the permanent expression of red fluorescent protein tdTomato to test our hypothesis. At day 28 of infection timeline, Th17 cells dominated in the oral mucosa, outnumbering Th1 cells by 3:1. By day 48 this dominance was inverted with Th1 cells outnumbering Th17 cells by nearly 2:1. Tracking tdTomato+ Th17 cells revealed only sporadic transdifferentiation to an IFN-γ-producing phenotype by day 48; the appearance of Th1 cells at day 48 was due to a late de novo Th1 response. tdTomato+ Foxp3+ T cells were 35% of the total live CD4+T cells in the oral mucosa and 3.9% of them developed a transient IL-17A-producing phenotype by day 28. Interestingly, by day 48 these IL-17A-producing Foxp3+ T cells had disappeared. Therefore, persistent oral P. gingivalis infection stimulates an initial IL-17A-biased response led by Th17 cells and a small but significant number of IL-17A-expressing Treg cells that changes into a late de novo Th1 response with only sporadic transdifferentiation of Th17 cells.
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Mousavinasab F, Babaie D, Nilipour Y, Mansouri M, Imanzadeh F, Dara N, Rohani P, Khatami K, Sayyari A, Khoddami M, Kazemiaghdam M, Mesdaghi M. Increased number of regulatory T cells in esophageal tissue of patients with eosinophilic esophagitis in comparison to gastro esophageal reflux disease and control groups. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2019; 47:431-436. [PMID: 31178311 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a primarily polygenic allergic disorder. Although most patients have IgE sensitization, it seems that non-IgE mediated responses mainly contribute to the pathogenesis of EoE. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) may have an important role in allergies. There are limited data on the association of Tregs and EoE. In this study, we enumerated and compared T lymphocytes and Tregs in esophageal tissue of patients with EoE, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and normal controls. METHODS Ten patients with EoE, ten patients with GERD and eight normal controls were included. Immunohistochemistry staining was used to enumerate T lymphocytes and Tregs. CD3+ cells were considered as T cells and FOXP3+, CD3+ cells were considered as Tregs. T cells and Tregs were counted in 10 high power fields (HPF) (×400) for each patient and the average of 10 HPFs was recorded. RESULTS The mean±SEM of Tregs in esophageal tissue of patients with EoE (10.90±2.14cells/HPF) was significantly higher than the GERD (2.77±0.66cells/HPF) and control groups (0.37±0.08cells/HPF) (P<0.001). Additionally, the mean±SEM of T lymphocytes in esophageal tissue of patients with EoE (24.39±3.86cells/HPF) were increased in comparison to the GERD (10.07±2.65cells/HPF) and control groups (3.17±0.93cells/HPF) (P<0.001). CONCLUSION There is an increase in the number of esophageal T lymphocytes and regulatory T cells in patients with EoE compared to the GERD and control groups.
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Wei YF, Chu CY, Chang CC, Lin SH, Su WC, Tseng YL, Lin CC, Yen YT. Different pattern of PD-L1, IDO, and FOXP3 Tregs expression with survival in thymoma and thymic carcinoma. Lung Cancer 2018; 125:35-42. [PMID: 30429036 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The expression of immune checkpoint ligand PD-L1 has been reported in various tumors. The expression of IDO and FOXP3 Tregs are considered to be associated with tumor-induced tolerance and poor outcome. Their prognostic role in surgically treated thymoma and thymic carcinoma, however, has not been investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tissue microarray (TMA) blocks comprised of 100 surgically treated thymomas and 69 surgically treated thymic carcinomas were conducted. Tissue sections were incubated with primary antibodies against PD-L1 (clone E1L3N, 1:100), IDO (clone 10.1, 1:50), and FOXP3 (clone 236 A/E7, 1:50). Comparisons for categorical variables were performed using χ2 test and Fisher's exact test. Survival analysis was established using Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using Cox regression model. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS High expression of PD-L1, IDO, and FOXP3 Tregs were identified in 36 (36%), 13 (13%), and 16 (16%) thymoma patients, respectively. High expression of PD-L1, IDO, and FOXP3 Tregs was associated with higher grade of tumor histology (P < 0.001, P = 0.007, and 0.014, respectively). High expression of PD-L1 was also associated with advanced Masaoka staging (P < 0.001). In patients with thymic carcinoma, high expression of PD-L1, IDO, and FOXP3 Tregs were identified in 25 (36%), 10 (14%), and 20 (29%) patients, respectively. Complete resection, low expression of IDO, and high expression of FOXP3 Tregs were associated with better overall survival (P = 0.001, 0.004, and 0.032, respectively), and progression-free survival (P < 0.001, P = 0.026, and 0.047, respectively) in multivariate analysis. In surgically treated thymoma, high PD-L1 expression was associated with advanced Masaoka staging. High PD-L1, IDO, and FOXP3 Tregs expression was associated with high grade histology. In surgically treated thymic carcinoma, significant survival benefit was noted in patients with complete resection, low IDO expression, and high FOXP3 Tregs expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Wei
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Yao Chu
- Division of Surgical Pathology, Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Chun Chang
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsiang Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Chou Su
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Lin Tseng
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chung Lin
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Yen
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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12
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Yang L, Guo W, Zhang S, Wang G. Ubiquitination-proteasome system: A new player in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and clinical implications. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 89:219-225. [PMID: 29279285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is an important post-translational modification that regulates a myriad of biological processes such as inflammation, immune response, cell differentiation and proliferation. During the last decade, progress in proteomics contributed to the identification of new E3 ligases and their substrates. Hence, deregulated ubiquitination events are found to be involved in several inflammatory disorders, exemplifying by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriasis. Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by epidermal hyperproliferation and differentiation. Through regulation of key transcriptional factors or signaling members, ubiquitination is viewed as a key regulator in psoriasis. Thus, targeting ubiquitination pathway holds potential for the treatment of psoriasis. Herein, we summarize the current understanding of ubiquitination in psoriasis, and discuss the prospects for targeting ubiquitination in the treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luting Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weinan Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shaolong Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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13
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Passerini L, Bacchetta R. Forkhead-Box-P3 Gene Transfer in Human CD4 + T Conventional Cells for the Generation of Stable and Efficient Regulatory T Cells, Suitable for Immune Modulatory Therapy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1282. [PMID: 29075264 PMCID: PMC5643480 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of novel approaches to control immune responses to self- and allogenic tissues/organs represents an ambitious goal for the management of autoimmune diseases and in transplantation. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are recognized as key players in the maintenance of peripheral tolerance in physiological and pathological conditions, and Treg-based cell therapies to restore tolerance in T cell-mediated disorders have been designed. However, several hurdles, including insufficient number of Tregs, their stability, and their antigen specificity, have challenged Tregs clinical applicability. In the past decade, the ability to engineer T cells has proven a powerful tool to redirect specificity and function of different cell types for specific therapeutic purposes. By using lentivirus-mediated gene transfer of the thymic-derived Treg transcription factor forkhead-box-P3 (FOXP3) in conventional CD4+ T cells, we converted effector T cells into Treg-like cells, endowed with potent in vitro and in vivo suppressive activity. The resulting CD4FOXP3 T-cell population displays stable phenotype and suppressive function. We showed that this strategy restores Treg function in T lymphocytes from patients carrying mutations in FOXP3 [immune-dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX)], in whom CD4FOXP3 T cell could be used as therapeutics to control autoimmunity. Here, we will discuss the potential advantages of using CD4FOXP3 T cells for in vivo application in inflammatory diseases, where tissue inflammation may undermine the function of natural Tregs. These findings pave the way for the use of engineered Tregs not only in IPEX syndrome but also in autoimmune disorders of different origin and in the context of stem cell and organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Passerini
- Mechanisms of Peripheral Tolerance Unit, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosa Bacchetta
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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14
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He L, Zhou S, Qi Q, Chi Y, Zhu J, Xu Z, Wang X, Hoellwarth J, Liu F, Chen X, Su C. The regulation of regulation: interleukin-10 increases CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T cells but impairs their immunosuppressive activity in murine models with schistosomiasis japonica or asthma. Immunology 2017; 153:84-96. [PMID: 28799262 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells play an important role in maintaining immune homeostasis. Interleukin-10 (IL-10), a cytokine with anti-inflammatory capacities, also has a critical role in controlling immune responses. In addition, it is well known that production of IL-10 is one of the suppression mechanisms of Treg cells. However, the action of IL-10 on Treg cells themselves remains insufficiently understood. In this study, by using a Schistosoma japonicum-infected murine model, we show that the elevated IL-10 contributed to Treg cell induction but impaired their immunosuppressive function. Our investigations further suggest that this may relate to the up-regulation of serum transforming growth factor (TGF-β) level but the decrease in membrane-bound TGF-β of Treg cells by IL-10 during S. japonicum infection. In addition, similar IL-10-mediated regulation on Treg cells was also confirmed in the murine model of asthma. In general, our findings identify a previously unrecognized opposing regulation of IL-10 on Treg cells and provide a deep insight into the precise regulation in immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei He
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sha Zhou
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qianqian Qi
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Chi
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jifeng Zhu
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhipeng Xu
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jason Hoellwarth
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuan Su
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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15
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Foulsham W, Marmalidou A, Amouzegar A, Coco G, Chen Y, Dana R. Review: The function of regulatory T cells at the ocular surface. Ocul Surf 2017; 15:652-659. [PMID: 28576753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical modulators of immune homeostasis. Tregs maintain peripheral tolerance to self-antigens, thereby preventing autoimmune disease. Furthermore, Tregs suppress excessive immune responses deleterious to the host. Recent research has deepened our understanding of how Tregs function at the ocular surface. This manuscript describes the classification, the immunosuppressive mechanisms, and the phenotypic plasticity of Tregs. We review the contribution of Tregs to ocular surface autoimmune disease, as well as the function of Tregs in allergy and infection at the ocular surface. Finally, we review the role of Tregs in promoting allotolerance in corneal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Foulsham
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna Marmalidou
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Afsaneh Amouzegar
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Giulia Coco
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yihe Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reza Dana
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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16
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Nikolova M, Wiedemann A, Muhtarova M, Achkova D, Lacabaratz C, Lévy Y. Subset- and Antigen-Specific Effects of Treg on CD8+ T Cell Responses in Chronic HIV Infection. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005995. [PMID: 27829019 PMCID: PMC5102588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We, and others, have reported that in the HIV-negative settings, regulatory CD4+CD25highFoxP3+ T cells (Treg) exert differential effects on CD8 subsets, and maintain the memory / effector CD8+ T cells balance, at least in part through the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. Here we investigated Treg-mediated effects on CD8 responses in chronic HIV infection. As compared to Treg from HIV negative controls (Treg/HIV-), we show that Treg from HIV infected patients (Treg/HIV+) did not significantly inhibit polyclonal autologous CD8+ T cell function indicating either a defect in the suppressive capacity of Treg/HIV+ or a lack of sensitivity of effector T cells in HIV infection. Results showed that Treg/HIV+ inhibited significantly the IFN-γ expression of autologous CD8+ T cells stimulated with recall CMV/EBV/Flu (CEF) antigens, but did not inhibit HIV-Gag-specific CD8+ T cells. In cross-over cultures, we show that Treg/HIV- inhibited significantly the differentiation of either CEF- or Gag-specific CD8+ T cells from HIV infected patients. The expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 was higher on Gag-specific CD8+ T cells as compared to CEF-specific CD8+ T cells, and the expression of these markers did not change significantly after Treg depletion or co-culture with Treg/HIV-, unlike on CEF-specific CD8+ T cells. In summary, we show a defect of Treg/HIV+ in modulating both the differentiation and the expression of PD-1/PD-L1 molecules on HIV-specific CD8 T cells. Our results strongly suggest that this particular defect of Treg might contribute to the exhaustion of HIV-specific T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nikolova
- INSERM, U955, Créteil, France
- Immunology Department, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Aurélie Wiedemann
- INSERM, U955, Créteil, France
- Université Paris Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Maria Muhtarova
- Immunology Department, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Daniela Achkova
- Immunology Department, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Christine Lacabaratz
- INSERM, U955, Créteil, France
- Université Paris Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Yves Lévy
- INSERM, U955, Créteil, France
- Université Paris Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
- AP-HP, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Immunologie clinique, Créteil, France
- * E-mail:
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17
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Skuljec J, Cabanski M, Surdziel E, Lachmann N, Brennig S, Pul R, Jirmo AC, Habener A, Visic J, Dalüge K, Hennig C, Moritz T, Happle C, Hansen G. Monocyte/macrophage lineage commitment and distribution are affected by the lack of regulatory T cells in scurfy mice. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:1656-68. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Skuljec
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH); Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Hannover Germany
| | - Maciej Cabanski
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Ewa Surdziel
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Nico Lachmann
- Reprogramming and Gene Therapy Group, REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Sebastian Brennig
- Reprogramming and Gene Therapy Group, REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Refik Pul
- Department of Neurology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Adan C. Jirmo
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH); Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Hannover Germany
| | - Anika Habener
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH); Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Hannover Germany
| | - Julia Visic
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Kathleen Dalüge
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Christian Hennig
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH); Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Hannover Germany
| | - Thomas Moritz
- Reprogramming and Gene Therapy Group, REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Christine Happle
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH); Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Hannover Germany
| | - Gesine Hansen
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH); Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Hannover Germany
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18
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Ke X, Zhang S, Xu J, Liu G, Zhang L, Xie E, Gao L, Li D, Sun R, Wang F, Pan S. Non-small-cell lung cancer-induced immunosuppression by increased human regulatory T cells via Foxp3 promoter demethylation. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 65:587-99. [PMID: 27000869 PMCID: PMC11028464 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1825-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have immune defects that are poorly understood. Forkhead box protein P3 (Foxp3) is crucial for immunosuppression by CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs). It is not well known how NSCLC induces Foxp3 expression and causes immunosuppression in tumor-bearing patients. Our study found a higher percentage of CD4(+) Tregs in the peripheral blood of NSCLC compared with healthy donors. NSCLC patients showed demethylation of eight CpG sites within the Foxp3 promoter with methylation ratios negatively correlated with CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T levels. Foxp3 expression in CD4(+) Tregs was directly regulated by Foxp3 promoter demethylation and was involved in immunosuppression by NSCLC. To verify the effect of tumor cells on the phenotype and function of CD4(+) Tregs, we established a coculture system using NSCLC cell line and healthy CD4(+) T cells and showed that SPC-A1 induced IL-10 and TGF-β1 secretion by affecting the function of CD4(+) Tregs. The activity of DNA methyltransferases from CD4(+) T was decreased during this process. Furthermore, eight CpG sites within the Foxp3 promoter also appeared to have undergone demethylation. Foxp3 is highly expressed in CD4(+) T cells, and this may be caused by gene promoter demethylation. These induced Tregs are highly immunosuppressive and dramatically inhibit the proliferative activity of naïve CD4(+) T cells. Our study provides one possible mechanism describing Foxp3 promoter demethylation changes by which NSCLC down-regulates immune responses and contributes to tumor progression. Foxp3 represents an important target for NSCLC anti-tumor immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Blotting, Western
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- CpG Islands/genetics
- CpG Islands/immunology
- DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases/genetics
- DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases/immunology
- DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases/metabolism
- DNA Methylation/genetics
- DNA Methylation/immunology
- DNA Methyltransferase 3A
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-10/immunology
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/immunology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Ke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
- National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuping Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
- National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
- National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Genyan Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
- National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
- National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Erfu Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
- National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
- National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Daqian Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
- National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruihong Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
- National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China.
- National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, 210029, Nanjing, China.
| | - Shiyang Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China.
- National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, 210029, Nanjing, China.
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19
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Huss DJ, Mehta DS, Sharma A, You X, Riester KA, Sheridan JP, Amaravadi LS, Elkins JS, Fontenot JD. In vivo maintenance of human regulatory T cells during CD25 blockade. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 194:84-92. [PMID: 25416807 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) mediate immune tolerance to self and depend on IL-2 for homeostasis. Treg deficiency, dysfunction, and instability are implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous autoimmune diseases. There is considerable interest in therapeutic modulation of the IL-2 pathway to treat autoimmunity, facilitate transplantation tolerance, or potentiate tumor immunotherapy. Daclizumab is a humanized mAb that binds the IL-2 receptor a subunit (IL-2R a or CD25) and prevents IL-2 binding. In this study, we investigated the effect of daclizumab-mediated CD25 blockade on Treg homeostasis in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. We report that daclizumab therapy caused an ~50% decrease in Tregs over a 52-wk period. Remaining FOXP3+ cells retained a demethylated Treg-specific demethylated region in the FOXP3 promoter, maintained active cell cycling, and had minimal production of IL-2, IFN- g, and IL-17. In the presence of daclizumab, IL-2 serum concentrations increased and IL-2R bg signaling induced STAT5 phosphorylation and sustained FOXP3 expression. Treg declines were not associated with daclizumab-related clinical benefit or cutaneous adverse events. These results demonstrate that Treg phenotype and lineage stability can be maintained in the face of CD25 blockade.
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20
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Gregori S, Passerini L, Roncarolo MG. Clinical Outlook for Type-1 and FOXP3(+) T Regulatory Cell-Based Therapy. Front Immunol 2015; 6:593. [PMID: 26635807 PMCID: PMC4658444 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T regulatory cells (Tregs) are subsets of T lymphocytes specialized in modulating antigen-specific immune responses in vivo. Hence, Tregs represent an ideal therapeutic tool to control detrimental immune reactions. Based on solid pre-clinical results, investigators started testing the safety and efficacy of Treg-based therapies in humans. Despite promising results, a number of issues remain to be solved. We will discuss the results obtained from clinical trials and the challenges and risks we are facing in the further development of Treg-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gregori
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET) , Milan , Italy
| | - Laura Passerini
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (TIGET) , Milan , Italy
| | - Maria-Grazia Roncarolo
- Department of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine , Palo Alto, CA , USA
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21
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Akhmetzyanova I, Zelinskyy G, Littwitz-Salomon E, Malyshkina A, Dietze KK, Streeck H, Brandau S, Dittmer U. CD137 Agonist Therapy Can Reprogram Regulatory T Cells into Cytotoxic CD4+T Cells with Antitumor Activity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:484-92. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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22
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Cheng LS, Liu Y, Jiang W. Restoring homeostasis of CD4 + T cells in hepatitis-B-virus-related liver fibrosis. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:10721-10731. [PMID: 26478664 PMCID: PMC4600574 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i38.10721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune-mediated liver injury is widely seen during hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Unsuccessful immune clearance of HBV results in chronic hepatitis and increases the risk of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV-related liver fibrosis (HBVLF), occurring as a result of HBV-induced chronic hepatitis, is a reversible, intermediate stage of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and liver cirrhosis. Therefore, defining the pathogenesis of HBVLF is of practical significance for achieving better clinical outcomes. Recently, the homeostasis of CD4+ T cells was considered to be pivotal in the process of HBVLF. To better uncover the underlying mechanisms, in this review, we systematically retrospect the impacts of different CD4+ T-cell subsets on CHB and HBVLF. We emphasize CD4+ T-cell homeostasis and the important balance between regulatory T (Treg) and T helper 17 (Th17) cells. We discuss some cytokines associated with Treg and Th17 cells such as interleukin (IL)-17, IL-22, IL-21, IL-23, IL-10, IL-35 and IL-33, as well as surface molecules such as programmed cell death protein 1, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4, T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-containing molecule 3 and cannabinoid receptor 2 that have potential therapeutic implications for the homeostasis of CD4+ T cells in CHB and HBVLF.
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23
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van Nieuwenhuijze A, Liston A. The Molecular Control of Regulatory T Cell Induction. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 136:69-97. [PMID: 26615093 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are characterized by the expression of the master transcription factor forkhead box P3 (Foxp3). Although Foxp3 expression is widely used as a marker of the Treg lineage, recent data show that the Treg fate is determined by a multifactorial signaling pathway, involving cytokines, nuclear factors, and epigenetic modifications. Foxp3 expression and the Treg phenotype can be acquired by T cells in the periphery, illustrating that the Treg fate is not necessarily conferred during thymic development. The two main Treg populations in vivo, thymic Tregs and peripheral Tregs, differ in the pathways followed for their maturation. This chapter discusses the molecular control of Treg induction, in the thymus as well as the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie van Nieuwenhuijze
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Adrian Liston
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Barbi J, Pardoll D, Pan F. Treg functional stability and its responsiveness to the microenvironment. Immunol Rev 2014; 259:115-39. [PMID: 24712463 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) prevent autoimmunity and tissue damage resulting from excessive or unnecessary immune activation through their suppressive function. While their importance for proper immune control is undeniable, the stability of the Treg lineage has recently become a controversial topic. Many reports have shown dramatic loss of the signature Treg transcription factor Forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3) and Treg function under various inflammatory conditions. Other recent studies demonstrate that most Tregs are extremely resilient in their expression of Foxp3 and the retention of suppressive function. While this debate is unlikely to be settled in the immediate future, improved understanding of the considerable heterogeneity within the Foxp3(+) Treg population and how Treg subsets respond to ranging environmental cues may be keys to reconciliation. In this review, we discuss the diverse mechanisms responsible for the observed stability or instability of Foxp3(+) Treg identity and function. These include transcriptional and epigenetic programs, transcript targeting, and posttranslational modifications that appear responsive to numerous elements of the microenvironment. These mechanisms for Treg functional modulation add to the discussion of Treg stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Barbi
- Department of Oncology, Immunology and Hematopoiesis Division, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayoko Sato
- Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University
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26
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Campos-Mora M, Morales RA, Pérez F, Gajardo T, Campos J, Catalan D, Aguillón JC, Pino-Lagos K. Neuropilin-1+ regulatory T cells promote skin allograft survival and modulate effector CD4+ T cells phenotypic signature. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 93:113-9. [PMID: 25245111 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
During allograft rejection, several immune cell types, including dendritic cells, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells among others, recirculate between the graft and the nearest draining lymph node, resulting in immunity against the 'foreign' tissue. Regulatory CD4(+) T cells are critical for controlling the magnitude of the immune response and may act to promote or maintain tolerance. They are characterized by the expression of CD25 and Foxp3, and more recently, Neuropilin-1 (Nrp1). The role of these suppressor cells during allograft rejection is not well understood. Our work shows that during graft rejection, there is an increase in the frequency of total CD4(+) T cells expressing Nrp1, but the expression of this molecule is downregulated in the regulatory CD4(+) T-cell compartment. Interestingly, the expression of the transcription factor Eos, which renders cell function stability, is also reduced. In adoptive transfer experiments, we observed that during allograft rejection: (i) natural regulatory CD4(+) T cells maintain high levels of Nrp1 expression, (ii) effector CD4(+) T cells (Nrp1(-)) become Nrp1(+)Eos(+) and (iii) the transfer of regulatory CD4(+) T cells (Nrp1(+)) can promote allograft survival, and also enhance the gain of Nrp1 and Eos on T-effector cells. Together, these data suggest that rejection occurs, at least in part, through the loss of Nrp1 expression on regulatory CD4(+) T cells, their stability or both. Additionally, the transfer of regulatory CD4(+) T cells (based on Nrp1 expression) permits the acceptance of the allograft, placing Nrp1 as a new target for immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Campos-Mora
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Morales
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Pérez
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tania Gajardo
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier Campos
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Catalan
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Aguillón
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karina Pino-Lagos
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Domev H, Milkov I, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Dar A. Immunoevasive pericytes from human pluripotent stem cells preferentially modulate induction of allogeneic regulatory T cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:1169-81. [PMID: 25205843 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolated microvessel-residing pericytes and pericytes from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) exhibit mesenchymal stem cell-like characteristics and therapeutic properties. Despite growing interest in pericyte-based stem cell therapy, their immunogenicity and immunomodulatory effects on nonactivated T cells are still poorly defined, in particular those of vasculogenic hPSC pericytes. We found that tissue-embedded and unstimulated cultured hPSC- or tissue-derived pericytes constitutively expressed major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and the inhibitory programmed cell death-ligand 1/2 (PD-L1/2) molecules but not MHC class II or CD80/CD86 costimulatory molecules. Pretreatment with inflammatory mediators failed to induce an antigen-presenting cell-like phenotype in stimulated pericytes. CD146+ pericytes from hPSCs did not induce activation and proliferation of allogeneic resting T cells independent of interferon (IFN)-γ prestimulation, similarly to pericytes from human brain or placenta. Instead, pericytes mediated a significant increase in the frequency of allogeneic CD25highFoxP3+ regulatory T cells when cocultured with nonactivated peripheral blood T cells. Furthermore, when peripheral blood CD25high regulatory T cells (Tregs) were depleted from isolated CD3+ T cells, pericytes preferentially induced de novo formation of CD4+CD25highFoxP3+CD127-, suppressive regulatory T cells. Constitutive expression of PD-L1/2 and secretion of transforming growth factor-β by hPSC pericytes directly regulated generation of pericyte-induced Tregs. Pericytes cotransplanted into immunodeficient mice with allogeneic CD25- T cells maintained a nonimmunogenic phenotype and mediated the development of functional regulatory T cells. Together, these findings reveal a novel feature of pericyte-mediated immunomodulation distinguished from immunosuppression, shared by native tissue pericytes and hPSC pericytes, and support the notion that pericytes can be applied for allogeneic cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagit Domev
- Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Irina Milkov
- Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Joseph Itskovitz-Eldor
- Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ayelet Dar
- Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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T helper 2 and regulatory T-cell cytokine production by mast cells: a key factor in the pathogenesis of IgG4-related disease. Mod Pathol 2014; 27:1126-36. [PMID: 24390219 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2013.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
IgG4-related disease is a systemic disorder with unique clinicopathological features and uncertain etiological features and is frequently related to allergic disease. T helper 2 and regulatory T-cell cytokines have been reported to be upregulated in the affected tissues; thus, the production of these cytokines by T helper 2 and regulatory T cells has been suggested as an important factor in the pathogenesis of IgG4-related disease. However, it is not yet clear which cells produce these cytokines in IgG4-related disease, and some aspects of the disorder cannot be completely explained by T-cell-related processes. To address this, we analyzed paraffin-embedded sections of tissues from nine cases of IgG4-related submandibular gland disease, five cases of submandibular sialolithiasis, and six cases of normal submandibular gland in order to identify potential key players in the pathogenesis of IgG4-related disease. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed the significant upregulation of interleukin (IL)4, IL10, and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) in IgG4-related disease. Interestingly, immunohistochemical studies indicated the presence of mast cells expressing these cytokines in diseased tissues. In addition, dual immunofluorescence assays identified cells that were double-positive for each cytokine and for KIT, which is expressed by mast cells. In contrast, the distribution of T cells did not correlate with cytokine distribution in affected tissues. We also found that the mast cells were strongly positive for IgE. This observation supports the hypothesis that mast cells are involved in IgG4-related disease, as mast cells are known to be closely related to allergic reactions and are activated in the presence of elevated non-specific IgE levels. In conclusion, our results indicate that mast cells produce T helper 2 and regulatory T-cell cytokines in tissues affected by IgG4-related disease and possibly have an important role in disease pathogenesis.
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Liu Y, Tran DQ, Fatheree NY, Marc Rhoads J. Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 differentially modulates effector memory T cells and Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in a mouse model of necrotizing enterocolitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G177-86. [PMID: 24852566 PMCID: PMC4101683 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00038.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an inflammatory disease with evidence of increased production of proinflammatory cytokines in the intestinal mucosa. Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 (LR17938) has been shown to have anti-inflammatory activities in an experimental model of NEC. Activated effector lymphocyte recruitment to sites of inflammation requires the sequential engagement of adhesion molecules such as CD44. The phenotype of CD44(+)CD45RB(lo) separates T effector/memory (Tem) cells from naive (CD44(-)CD45RB(hi)) cells. It is unknown whether these Tem cells participate in the inflammation associated with NEC and can be altered by LR17938. NEC was induced in 8- to 10-day-old C57BL/6J mice by gavage feeding with formula and exposure to hypoxia and cold stress for 4 days. Survival curves and histological scores were analyzed. Lymphocytes isolated from mesenteric lymph nodes and ileum were labeled for CD4, CD44, CD45RB, intracellular Foxp3, and Helios and subsequently analyzed by flow cytometry. LR17938 decreased mortality and the incidence and severity of NEC. The percentage of Tem cells in the ileum and mesenteric lymph nodes was increased in NEC but decreased by LR17938. Conversely, the percentage of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells in the intestine decreased during NEC and was restored to normal by LR17938. The majority of the Treg cells preserved by LR17938 were Helios+ subsets, possibly of thymic origin. In conclusion, LR17938 may represent a useful treatment to prevent NEC. The mechanism of protection by LR17938 involves modulation of the balance between Tem and Treg cells. These T cell subsets might be potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets during intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Liu
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas; ,3Pediatric Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Dat Q. Tran
- 2Division of Allergy/Immunology/Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas; and ,3Pediatric Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Nicole Y. Fatheree
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas;
| | - J. Marc Rhoads
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas; ,3Pediatric Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas
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Karczewski J. Apoptosis of regulatory T cells in Crohn's disease. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2014; 38:e57-9. [PMID: 24406252 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Karczewski
- Transplant Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Fredry 10, 61-701 Poznan, Poland.
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Koumarianou A, Christodoulou MI, Patapis P, Papadopoulos I, Liakata E, Giagini A, Stavropoulou A, Poulakaki N, Tountas N, Xiros N, Economopoulos T, Pectasides D, Tsitsilonis OE, Pappa V. The effect of metronomic versus standard chemotherapy on the regulatory to effector T-cell equilibrium in cancer patients. Exp Hematol Oncol 2014; 3:3. [PMID: 24456704 PMCID: PMC3906764 DOI: 10.1186/2162-3619-3-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The host's immune system is crucially involved in cancer development and progression. The ratio of regulatory to effector T-cells, as well as the interplay of T-cells with therapeutic agents, impact on cancer prognosis. The current study aimed to comparatively investigate the effect of metronomic and standard chemotherapy on the number and functionality of peripheral regulatory and effector T-cells in cancer patients. METHODS CD4+CD25+ regulatory and CD4+CD25- effector T-cells were purified from the peripheral blood of 36 cancer patients and co-cultured in the presence of a polyclonal stimulus. The proliferative capacity and frequency of CD4+CD25+/CD4+CD25- T-cells were analysed before and during various chemotherapeutic regimes, by ELISA and flow cytometry, respectively. RESULTS Chemotherapy shifted immune responses in favour of regulatory T-cells. The relative ratio of regulatory to effector T-cells increased, and the T-cell-mediated suppressive activity of regulatory on effector T-cells was augmented. This effect was more profound in metronomic than in standard chemotherapeutic approaches. Moreover, an association between the chemotherapy strategy followed and the mode of action of specific drugs (anti-mitotic, anti-DNA) was revealed. CONCLUSIONS In comparison to standard chemotherapeutic strategies, metronomic approaches, though more patient-friendly, result in a significantly more prominent expansion of regulatory T-cells that aggravate the regulatory to effector T-cell imbalance. Our findings impact on the modulation of chemotherapy-treated patients' anti-tumor immunity and, thus, may be proven useful for selecting the most advantageous drug-delivery strategy, particularly when immunotherapeutics are eventually to be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Koumarianou
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Rimini 1 Street, 12462 Athens, Greece.
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Ulivieri C, Baldari CT. T-cell-based immunotherapy of autoimmune diseases. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 12:297-310. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Environmental sensing and regulation of gene expression in CD4+ T cell subsets. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:564-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Dhamne C, Chung Y, Alousi AM, Cooper LJN, Tran DQ. Peripheral and thymic foxp3(+) regulatory T cells in search of origin, distinction, and function. Front Immunol 2013; 4:253. [PMID: 23986762 PMCID: PMC3753660 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, much has been learnt and much more to discover about Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs). Initially, it was thought that Tregs were a unique entity that originates in the thymus. It is now recognized that there is a fraternal twin sibling that is generated in the periphery. The difficulty is in the distinction between these two subsets. The ability to detect, monitor, and analyze these two subsets in health and disease will provide invaluable insights into their functions and purposes. The plasticity and mechanisms of action can be unique and not overlapping within these subsets. Therefore, the therapeutic targeting of a particular subset of Tregs might be more efficacious. In the past couple of years, a vast amount of data have provided a better understanding of the cellular and molecular components essential for their development and stability. Many studies are implicating their preferential involvement in certain diseases and immunologic tolerance. However, it remains controversial as to whether any phenotypic markers have been identified that can differentiate thymic versus peripheral Tregs. This review will address the validity and controversy regarding Helios, Lap/Garp and Neuropilin-1 as markers of thymic Tregs. It also will discuss updated information on distinguishing features of these two subsets and their critical roles in maternal-fetal tolerance and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan Dhamne
- Department of Paediatrics, University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Yeonseok Chung
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amin Majid Alousi
- Department of Pediatrics Patient Care, Division of Pediatrics, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Laurence J. N. Cooper
- Department of Stem Cell Transplant and Cellular Therapy, Division of Cancer Medicine, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dat Quoc Tran
- Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Allergy/Immunology, Pediatric Research Center, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
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Younas M, Hue S, Lacabaratz C, Guguin A, Wiedemann A, Surenaud M, Beq S, Croughs T, Lelièvre JD, Lévy Y. IL-7 modulates in vitro and in vivo human memory T regulatory cell functions through the CD39/ATP axis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:3161-8. [PMID: 23966629 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of human regulatory T cells (Tregs) may explain the discrepancies between studies on Tregs in physiology and pathology. Contrasting effects of IL-7 on the expansion and survival of human Tregs were reported. Therefore, we investigated the effects of IL-7 on the phenotype and function of well-characterized populations of human Tregs. We show that IL-7 signals via the CD127 receptor on naive, memory, and activated memory Tregs sorted from the blood of healthy donors, but it does not affect their proliferation. In contrast, IL-7 affects their suppressive capacities differently. This effect was modest on naive Tregs but was dramatic (90%) on memory Tregs. We provide evidence that IL-7 exerts a synergistic effect through downmodulation of the ectoenzyme CD39, which converts ATP to ADP/AMP, and an increase in ATP receptor P2X7. Both effects lead to an increase in the ATP-mediated effect, tipping the balance to favor Th17 conversion. Using an IL-7 therapeutic study, we show that IL-7 exerts the same effects in vitro and in vivo in HIV-infected individuals. Globally, our data show that IL-7 negatively regulates Tregs and contributes to increase the number of tools that may affect Treg function in pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehwish Younas
- INSERM U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, 94010 Créteil, France
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Muratori L, Longhi MS. The interplay between regulatory and effector T cells in autoimmune hepatitis: Implications for innovative treatment strategies. J Autoimmun 2013; 46:74-80. [PMID: 23871639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis is an immuno-mediated inflammatory liver disorder of unknown etiology and is characterized by hypergammaglobulinaemia, circulating autoantibodies and interface hepatitis. The disease may often present as an acute icteric hepatitis, or run an insidious and progressive course, and in most of the cases it is expected to evolve toward liver cirrhosis and end-stage liver failure, without prompt and appropriate treatment with steroids and other immunosuppressive drugs. Nonetheless, several patients are non-responsive or become non-tolerant to conventional therapy with prednisone/prednisolone with or without azathioprine. Recent findings highlight the role of the interplay between CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells and Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis. A numerical and functional imbalance between regulatory and effector cells in favor of the latter appears to be pivotal in the progression of the disease. In addition, the intra-hepatic microenvironment of autoimmune hepatitis is particularly rich in pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-17, IL-23, IL-1β which play a crucial role in perpetuating and expanding effector cells and subsequent liver damage, whereas regulatory T cells are greatly disadvantaged and inhibited in such polarized habitat. Novel therapeutic interventions should aim at modulating the intra-hepatic pro-inflammatory milieu while favoring the expansion of regulatory T cells. Liver autoantigen-specific regulatory T cells generated and expanded in vitro from patients' own cells might offer a potentially curative approach to autoimmune hepatitis by inhibiting effector cells of the same specificity without inducing pan-immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Muratori
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Policlinico Sant'Orsola-Malpighi (Padiglione 11), via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
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Sharma MD, Huang L, Choi JH, Lee EJ, Wilson JM, Lemos H, Pan F, Blazar BR, Pardoll DM, Mellor AL, Shi H, Munn DH. An inherently bifunctional subset of Foxp3+ T helper cells is controlled by the transcription factor eos. Immunity 2013; 38:998-1012. [PMID: 23684987 PMCID: PMC3681093 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
At sites of inflammation, certain regulatory T cells (Treg cells) can undergo rapid reprogramming into helper-like cells without loss of the transcription factor Foxp3. We show that reprogramming is controlled by downregulation of the transcription factor Eos (Ikzf4), an obligate corepressor for Foxp3. Reprogramming was restricted to a specific subset of "Eos-labile" Treg cells that was present in the thymus and identifiable by characteristic surface markers and DNA methylation. Mice made deficient in this subset became impaired in their ability to provide help for presentation of new antigens to naive T cells. Downregulation of Eos required the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), and mice lacking IL-6 had impaired development and function of the Eos-labile subset. Conversely, the immunoregulatory enzyme IDO blocked loss of Eos and prevented the Eos-labile Treg cells from reprogramming. Thus, the Foxp3(+) lineage contains a committed subset of Treg cells capable of rapid conversion into biologically important helper cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhav D. Sharma
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regent's University, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
- Pediatrics, Georgia Regent's University, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
| | - Lei Huang
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regent's University, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
- Radiology, Georgia Regent's University, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
| | - Jeong-Hyeon Choi
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regent's University, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
| | - Eun-Joon Lee
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regent's University, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
| | - James M. Wilson
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regent's University, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
| | - Henrique Lemos
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regent's University, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
| | - Fan Pan
- Immunology and Hematopoiesis Div., Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Univ. School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA
| | - Bruce R. Blazar
- Dept. of Pediatrics and Div. of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Drew M. Pardoll
- Immunology and Hematopoiesis Div., Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Univ. School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA
| | - Andrew L Mellor
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regent's University, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
- Medicine Georgia Regent's University, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
| | - Huidong Shi
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regent's University, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
| | - David H. Munn
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regent's University, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
- Pediatrics, Georgia Regent's University, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
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Anderson RP, Jabri B. Vaccine against autoimmune disease: antigen-specific immunotherapy. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:410-7. [PMID: 23478068 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent interest in testing whether the success of antigen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) for autoimmune diseases in mice can be translated to humans has highlighted the need for better tools to study and understand human autoimmunity. Clinical development of ASIT for allergy has been instructive, but limited understanding of CD4 T cell epitope/determinant hierarchies hampers the rational design and monitoring of ASIT. Definitive identification of pathogenic T cell epitopes as is now known in celiac disease and recent initiatives to optimize immune monitoring will facilitate rational design, monitoring and mechanistic understanding of ASIT for human autoimmune diseases.
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Gradolatto A, Nazzal D, Foti M, Bismuth J, Truffault F, Panse RL, Berrih-Aknin S. Defects of immunoregulatory mechanisms in myasthenia gravis: role of IL-17. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1274:40-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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