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Cleland NRW, Bruce KD. Fatty acid sensing in the brain: The role of glial-neuronal metabolic crosstalk and horizontal lipid flux. Biochimie 2024; 223:166-178. [PMID: 35998849 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The central control of energy homeostasis is a regulatory axis that involves the sensing of nutrients, signaling molecules, adipokines, and neuropeptides by neurons in the metabolic centers of the hypothalamus. However, non-neuronal glial cells are also abundant in the hypothalamus and recent findings have underscored the importance of the metabolic crosstalk and horizontal lipid flux between glia and neurons to the downstream regulation of systemic metabolism. New transgenic models and high-resolution analyses of glial phenotype and function have revealed that glia sit at the nexus between lipid metabolism and neural function, and may markedly impact the brain's response to dietary lipids or the supply of brain-derived lipids. Glia comprise the main cellular compartment involved in lipid synthesis, lipoprotein production, and lipid processing in the brain. In brief, tanycytes provide an interface between peripheral lipids and neurons, astrocytes produce lipoproteins that transport lipids to neurons and other glia, oligodendrocytes use brain-derived and dietary lipids to myelinate axons and influence neuronal function, while microglia can remove unwanted lipids in the brain and contribute to lipid re-utilization through cholesterol efflux. Here, we review recent findings regarding glial-lipid transport and highlight the specific molecular factors necessary for lipid processing in the brain, and how dysregulation of glial-neuronal metabolic crosstalk contributes to imbalanced energy homeostasis. Furthering our understanding of glial lipid metabolism will guide the design of future studies that target horizontal lipid processing in the brain to ameliorate the risk of developing obesity and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R W Cleland
- Division of Endocrinology Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Kimberley D Bruce
- Division of Endocrinology Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Palmisano BT, Zhu L, Eckel RH, Stafford JM. Sex differences in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Mol Metab 2018; 15:45-55. [PMID: 29858147 PMCID: PMC6066747 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endogenous sex hormones are important for metabolic health in men and women. Before menopause, women are protected from atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) relative to men. Women have fewer cardiovascular complications of obesity compared to men with obesity. Endogenous estrogens have been proposed as a mechanism that lessens ASCVD risk, as risk of glucose and lipid abnormalities increases when endogenous estrogens decline with menopause. While baseline risk is higher in males than females, endogenously produced androgens are also protective against fatty liver, diabetes and ASCVD, as risk goes up with androgen deprivation and with the decline in androgens with age. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we discuss evidence of how endogenous sex hormones and hormone treatment approaches impact fatty acid, triglyceride, and cholesterol metabolism to influence metabolic and cardiovascular risk. We also discuss potential reasons for why treatment strategies with estrogens and androgens in older individuals fail to fully recapitulate the effects of endogenous sex hormones. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The pathways that confer ASCVD protection for women are of potential therapeutic relevance. Despite protection relative to men, ASCVD is still the major cause of mortality in women. Additionally, diabetic women have similar ASCVD risk as diabetic men, suggesting that the presence of diabetes may offset the protective cardiovascular effects of being female through unknown mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Palmisano
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, USA
| | - Lin Zhu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA
| | - Robert H Eckel
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, & Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, USA
| | - John M Stafford
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA.
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Morselli E, Santos RDS, Gao S, Ávalos Y, Criollo A, Palmer BF, Clegg DJ. Impact of estrogens and estrogen receptor-α in brain lipid metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E7-E14. [PMID: 29509437 PMCID: PMC7717113 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00473.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens and their receptors play key roles in regulating body weight, energy expenditure, and metabolic homeostasis. It is known that lack of estrogens promotes increased food intake and induces the expansion of adipose tissues, for which much is known. An area of estrogenic research that has received less attention is the role of estrogens and their receptors in influencing intermediary lipid metabolism in organs such as the brain. In this review, we highlight the actions of estrogens and their receptors in regulating their impact on modulating fatty acid content, utilization, and oxidation through their direct impact on intracellular signaling cascades within the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Morselli
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Roberta de Souza Santos
- Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Research , Los Angeles, California
| | - Su Gao
- Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Research , Los Angeles, California
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center , New York, New York
| | - Yenniffer Ávalos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Alfredo Criollo
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases and Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell , Santiago , Chile
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Biff F Palmer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas
| | - Deborah J Clegg
- Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Research , Los Angeles, California
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Gao Y, Vidal-Itriago A, Kalsbeek MJ, Layritz C, García-Cáceres C, Tom RZ, Eichmann TO, Vaz FM, Houtkooper RH, van der Wel N, Verhoeven AJ, Yan J, Kalsbeek A, Eckel RH, Hofmann SM, Yi CX. Lipoprotein Lipase Maintains Microglial Innate Immunity in Obesity. Cell Rep 2018; 20:3034-3042. [PMID: 28954222 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of a hypercaloric diet upregulates microglial innate immune reactivity along with a higher expression of lipoprotein lipase (Lpl) within the reactive microglia in the mouse brain. Here, we show that knockdown of the Lpl gene specifically in microglia resulted in deficient microglial uptake of lipid, mitochondrial fuel utilization shifting to glutamine, and significantly decreased immune reactivity. Mice with knockdown of the Lpl gene in microglia gained more body weight than control mice on a high-carbohydrate high-fat (HCHF) diet. In these mice, microglial reactivity was significantly decreased in the mediobasal hypothalamus, accompanied by downregulation of phagocytic capacity and increased mitochondrial dysmorphologies. Furthermore, HCHF-diet-induced POMC neuronal loss was accelerated. These results show that LPL-governed microglial immunometabolism is essential to maintain microglial function upon exposure to an HCHF diet. In a hypercaloric environment, lack of such an adaptive immunometabolic response has detrimental effects on CNS regulation of energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqing Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrés Vidal-Itriago
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin J Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Clarita Layritz
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center & German Center for Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München & Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Cristina García-Cáceres
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center & German Center for Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München & Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Robby Zachariah Tom
- Institute for Diabetes and Regeneration Research & Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der LMU, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Frédéric M Vaz
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Riekelt H Houtkooper
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole van der Wel
- Cellular Imaging Core Facility, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arthur J Verhoeven
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert H Eckel
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Susanna M Hofmann
- Institute for Diabetes and Regeneration Research & Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Chun-Xia Yi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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