1
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Ihlamur M, Akgul B, Zengin Y, Korkut ŞV, Kelleci K, Abamor EŞ. The mTOR Signaling Pathway and mTOR Inhibitors in Cancer: Next-generation Inhibitors and Approaches. Curr Mol Med 2024; 24:478-494. [PMID: 37165594 DOI: 10.2174/1566524023666230509161645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
mTOR is a serine/threonine kinase that plays various roles in cell growth, proliferation, and metabolism. mTOR signaling in cancer becomes irregular. Therefore, drugs targeting mTOR have been developed. Although mTOR inhibitors rapamycin and rapamycin rapalogs (everolimus, rapamycin, temsirolimus, deforolimus, etc.) and new generation mTOR inhibitors (Rapalink, Dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors, etc.) are used in cancer treatments, mTOR resistance mechanisms may inhibit the efficacy of these drugs. Therefore, new inhibition approaches are developed. Although these new inhibition approaches have not been widely investigated in cancer treatment, the use of nanoparticles has been evaluated as a new treatment option in a few types of cancer. This review outlines the functions of mTOR in the cancer process, its resistance mechanisms, and the efficiency of mTOR inhibitors in cancer treatment. Furthermore, it discusses the next-generation mTOR inhibitors and inhibition strategies created using nanoparticles. Since mTOR resistance mechanisms prevent the effects of mTOR inhibitors used in cancer treatments, new inhibition strategies should be developed. Inhibition approaches are created using nanoparticles, and one of them offers a promising treatment option with evidence supporting its effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Ihlamur
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Electronics and Automation, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Busra Akgul
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yağmur Zengin
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Şenay Vural Korkut
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kübra Kelleci
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Beykoz University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emrah Şefik Abamor
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
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2
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Ferro A, Pantazaka E, Athanassopoulos CM, Cuendet M. Histone deacetylase-based dual targeted inhibition in multiple myeloma. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:2177-2236. [PMID: 37191917 DOI: 10.1002/med.21972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite enormous advances in terms of therapeutic strategies, multiple myeloma (MM) still remains an incurable disease with MM patients often becoming resistant to standard treatments. To date, multiple combined and targeted therapies have proven to be more beneficial compared to monotherapy approaches, leading to a decrease in drug resistance and an improvement in median overall survival in patients. Moreover, recent breakthroughs highlighted the relevant role of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in cancer treatment, including MM. Thus, the simultaneous use of HDAC inhibitors with other conventional regimens, such as proteasome inhibitors, is of interest in the field. In this review, we provide a general overview of HDAC-based combination treatments in MM, through a critical presentation of publications from the past few decades related to in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as clinical trials. Furthermore, we discuss the recent introduction of dual-inhibitor entities that could have the same beneficial effects as drug combinations with the advantage of having two or more pharmacophores in one molecular structure. These findings could represent a starting-point for both reducing therapeutic doses and lowering the risk of developing drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Ferro
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Evangelia Pantazaka
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
- Laboratory of Biochemistry/Metastatic Signaling, Section of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Muriel Cuendet
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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3
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Peat TJ, Gaikwad SM, Dubois W, Gyabaah-Kessie N, Zhang S, Gorjifard S, Phyo Z, Andres M, Hughitt VK, Simpson RM, Miller MA, Girvin AT, Taylor A, Williams D, D'Antonio N, Zhang Y, Rajagopalan A, Flietner E, Wilson K, Zhang X, Shinn P, Klumpp-Thomas C, McKnight C, Itkin Z, Chen L, Kazandijian D, Zhang J, Michalowski AM, Simmons JK, Keats J, Thomas CJ, Mock BA. Drug combinations identified by high-throughput screening promote cell cycle transition and upregulate Smad pathways in myeloma. Cancer Lett 2023; 568:216284. [PMID: 37356470 PMCID: PMC10408729 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance and disease progression are common in multiple myeloma (MM) patients, underscoring the need for new therapeutic combinations. A high-throughput drug screen in 47 MM cell lines and in silico Huber robust regression analysis of drug responses revealed 43 potentially synergistic combinations. We hypothesized that effective combinations would reduce MYC expression and enhance p16 activity. Six combinations cooperatively reduced MYC protein, frequently over-expressed in MM and also cooperatively increased p16 expression, frequently downregulated in MM. Synergistic reductions in viability were observed with top combinations in proteasome inhibitor-resistant and sensitive MM cell lines, while sparing fibroblasts. Three combinations significantly prolonged survival in a transplantable Ras-driven allograft model of advanced MM closely recapitulating high-risk/refractory myeloma in humans and reduced viability of ex vivo treated patient cells. Common genetic pathways similarly downregulated by these combinations promoted cell cycle transition, whereas pathways most upregulated were involved in TGFβ/SMAD signaling. These preclinical data identify potentially useful drug combinations for evaluation in drug-resistant MM and reveal potential mechanisms of combined drug sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Peat
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Snehal M Gaikwad
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wendy Dubois
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nana Gyabaah-Kessie
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shuling Zhang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sayeh Gorjifard
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zaw Phyo
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Megan Andres
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - V Keith Hughitt
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R Mark Simpson
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Margaret A Miller
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Yong Zhang
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA; Office of Oncologic Diseases, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - Evan Flietner
- McArdle Research Labs, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kelli Wilson
- Chemical Genomics Center, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xiaohu Zhang
- Chemical Genomics Center, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul Shinn
- Chemical Genomics Center, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carleen Klumpp-Thomas
- Chemical Genomics Center, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Crystal McKnight
- Chemical Genomics Center, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zina Itkin
- Chemical Genomics Center, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lu Chen
- Chemical Genomics Center, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dickran Kazandijian
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- McArdle Research Labs, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Aleksandra M Michalowski
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Keats
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Craig J Thomas
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA; Chemical Genomics Center, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Beverly A Mock
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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4
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Park JE, Lee H, Oliva P, Kirsch K, Kim B, Ahn JI, Alverez CN, Gaikwad S, Krausz KW, O’Connor R, Rai G, Simeonov A, Mock BA, Gonzalez FJ, Lee KS, Jacobson KA. Structural Optimization and Anticancer Activity of Polo-like Kinase 1 (Plk1) Polo-Box Domain (PBD) Inhibitors and Their Prodrugs. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:422-446. [PMID: 36926457 PMCID: PMC10012257 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), a mitotic kinase whose activity is widely upregulated in various human cancers, is considered an attractive target for anticancer drug discovery. Aside from the kinase domain, the C-terminal noncatalytic polo-box domain (PBD), which mediates the interaction with the enzyme's binding targets or substrates, has emerged as an alternative target for developing a new class of inhibitors. Various reported small molecule PBD inhibitors exhibit poor cellular efficacy and/or selectivity. Here, we report structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies on triazoloquinazolinone-derived inhibitors, such as 43 (a 1-thioxo-2,4-dihydrothieno[2,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidin-5(1H)-one) that effectively block Plk1, but not Plk2 and Plk3 PBDs, with improved affinity and drug-like properties. The range of prodrug moieties needed for thiol group masking of the active drugs has been expanded to increase cell permeability and mechanism-based cancer cell (L363 and HeLa) death. For example, a 5-thio-1-methyl-4-nitroimidazolyl prodrug 80, derived from 43, showed an improved cellular potency (GI50 4.1 μM). As expected, 80 effectively blocked Plk1 from localizing to centrosomes and kinetochores and consequently induced potent mitotic block and apoptotic cell death. Another prodrug 78 containing 9-fluorophenyl in place of the thiophene-containing heterocycle in 80 also induced a comparable degree of anti-Plk1 PBD effect. However, orally administered 78 was rapidly converted in the bloodstream to parent drug 15, which was shown be relatively stable toward in vivo oxidation due to its 9-fluorophenyl group in comparison to unsubstituted phenyl. Further derivatization of these inhibitors, particularly to improve the systemic prodrug stability, could lead to a new class of therapeutics against Plk1-addicted cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Eun Park
- Cancer
Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Hobin Lee
- Cancer
Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
- Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute
of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes
of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Paola Oliva
- Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute
of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes
of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Klara Kirsch
- Cancer
Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Bora Kim
- Cancer
Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jong Il Ahn
- Cancer
Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Celeste N. Alverez
- Cancer
Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
- Division
of Preclinical Innovation, National Center
for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Snehal Gaikwad
- Laboratory
of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of
Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kristopher W. Krausz
- Cancer
Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Robert O’Connor
- Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute
of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes
of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Ganesha Rai
- Division
of Preclinical Innovation, National Center
for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Anton Simeonov
- Division
of Preclinical Innovation, National Center
for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Beverly A. Mock
- Laboratory
of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of
Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Cancer
Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kyung S. Lee
- Cancer
Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute
of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes
of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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5
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Han Y, Shi J, Xu Z, Zhang Y, Cao X, Yu J, Li J, Xu S. Identification of solamargine as a cisplatin sensitizer through phenotypical screening in cisplatin-resistant NSCLC organoids. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:802168. [PMID: 36034794 PMCID: PMC9399411 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.802168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Cisplatin (DDP) is a widely used first-line chemotherapy medication, DDP resistance is one of the main causes of treatment failure in advanced lung cancer. Therefore, it is urgent to identify DDP sensitizers and investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Here we utilized DDP-resistant organoids established from tumor biopsies of patients with relapsed lung cancers. In this study, we identified Solamargine as a potential DDP sensitizer through screening a natural product library. Mechanically, Solamargine induced G0/G1-phase arrest and apoptosis in DDP-resistant lung cancer cell lines. Gene expression analysis and KEGG pathway analysis indicated that the hedgehog pathway was suppressed by Solamargine. Moreover, Gli responsive element (GRE) reporter gene assay and BODIPY-cyclopamine binding assay showed that Solamargine inhibited the hedgehog pathway via direct binding to SMO protein. Interestingly, Solamargine and DDP showed a synergetic effect in inhibiting DDP-resistant lung cancer cell lines. Taken together, our work herein revealed Solamargine as a hedgehog pathway inhibitor and DDP-sensitizer, which might provide a new direction for further treatment of advanced DDP-resistant lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Han
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jianquan Shi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ziwei Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yushan Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Cao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Department of Oncology, Wang Jing Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Li, ; Shaofa Xu,
| | - Shaofa Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Li, ; Shaofa Xu,
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6
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A Small Molecule Stabilizer of the MYC G4-Quadruplex Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Senescence and Pyroptosis in Multiple Myeloma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102952. [PMID: 33066043 PMCID: PMC7650714 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The DNA G-quadruplex (G4) present in the promoter of the MYC oncogene, commonly amplified in cancers, including multiple myeloma, represents a potential anti-cancer target. A previously identified MYC G4-stablizer, which demonstrated cytotoxicity and senescence in myeloma cells, was discovered to induce endoplasmic reticulum stress and non-apoptotic cell death, pyroptosis. Cancers including myeloma escape apoptosis through upregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins and drug resistance; therefore, induction of pyroptosis provides an alternate therapeutic option. Thus, our study provides a disease-specific experimental strategy for identifying new investigational drugs in cancer treatment. Abstract New approaches to target MYC include the stabilization of a guanine-rich, G-quadruplex (G4) tertiary DNA structure in the NHE III region of its promoter. Recent screening of a small molecule microarray platform identified a benzofuran, D089, that can stabilize the MYC G4 and inhibit its transcription. D089 induced both dose- and time-dependent multiple myeloma cell death mediated by endoplasmic reticulum induced stress. Unexpectedly, we uncovered two mechanisms of cell death: cellular senescence, as evidenced by increased levels of p16, p21 and γ-H2AX proteins and a caspase 3-independent mechanism consistent with pyroptosis. Cells treated with D089 exhibited high levels of the cleaved form of initiator caspase 8; but failed to show cleavage of executioner caspase 3, a classical apoptotic marker. Cotreatment with the a pan-caspase inhibitor Q-VD-OPh did not affect the cytotoxic effect of D089. In contrast, cleaved caspase 1, an inflammatory caspase downstream of caspases 8/9, was increased by D089 treatment. Cells treated with D089 in addition to either a caspase 1 inhibitor or siRNA-caspase 1 showed increased IC50 values, indicating a contribution of cleaved caspase 1 to cell death. Downstream effects of caspase 1 activation after drug treatment included increases in IL1B, gasdermin D cleavage, and HMGB1 translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Drug treated cells underwent a ‘ballooning’ morphology characteristic of pyroptosis, rather than ‘blebbing’ typically associated with apoptosis. ASC specks colocalized with NLRP3 in proximity ligation assays after drug treatment, indicating inflammasome activation and further confirming pyroptosis as a contributor to cell death. Thus, the small molecule MYC G4 stabilizer, D089, provides a new tool compound for studying pyroptosis. These studies suggest that inducing both tumor senescence and pyroptosis may have therapeutic potential for cancer treatment.
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7
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Zhang S, DuBois W, Zhang K, Simmons JK, Hughitt VK, Gorjifard S, Gaikwad S, Peat TJ, Mock BA. Mouse tumor susceptibility genes identify drug combinations for multiple myeloma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 6. [PMID: 32923678 PMCID: PMC7486007 DOI: 10.20517/2394-4722.2020.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Long-term genetic studies utilizing backcross and congenic strain analyses coupled with positional cloning strategies and functional studies identified Cdkn2a, Mtor, and Mndal as mouse plasmacytoma susceptibility/resistance genes. Tumor incidence data in congenic strains carrying the resistance alleles of Cdkn2a and Mtor led us to hypothesize that drug combinations affecting these pathways are likely to have an additive, if not synergistic effect in inhibiting tumor cell growth. Traditional and novel systems-level genomic approaches were used to assess combination activity, disease specificity, and clinical potential of a drug combination involving rapamycin/everolimus, an Mtor inhibitor, with entinostat, an histone deacetylase inhibitor. The combination synergistically repressed oncogenic MYC and activated the Cdkn2a tumor suppressor. The identification of MYC as a primary upstream regulator led to the identification of small molecule binders of the G-quadruplex structure that forms in the NHEIII region of the MYC promoter. These studies highlight the importance of identifying drug combinations which simultaneously upregulate tumor suppressors and downregulate oncogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuling Zhang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wendy DuBois
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ke Zhang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John K Simmons
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Personal Genome Diagnostics, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - V Keith Hughitt
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sayeh Gorjifard
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Genome Sciences, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Snehal Gaikwad
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tyler J Peat
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Beverly A Mock
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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8
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Gary JM, Simmons JK, Xu J, Zhang S, Peat TJ, Watson N, Gamache BJ, Zhang K, Kovalchuk AL, Michalowski AM, Chen JQ, Thaiwong T, Kiupel M, Gaikwad S, Etienne M, Simpson RM, Dubois W, Testa JR, Mock BA. Hypomorphic mTOR Downregulates CDK6 and Delays Thymic Pre-T LBL Tumorigenesis. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:2221-2232. [PMID: 32747423 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway hyperactivation is frequent in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (T-ALL/LBL). To model inhibition of mTOR, pre-T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (pre-T LBL) tumor development was monitored in mice with T lymphocyte-specific, constitutively active AKT (Lck-MyrAkt2) that were either crossed to mTOR knockdown (KD) mice or treated with the mTOR inhibitor everolimus. Lck-MyrAkt2;mTOR KD mice lived significantly longer than Lck-MyrAkt2;mTOR wild-type (WT) mice, although both groups ultimately developed thymic pre-T LBL. An increase in survival was also observed when Lck-MyrAkt2;mTOR WT mice were treated for 8 weeks with everolimus. The transcriptional profiles of WT and KD thymic lymphomas were compared, and Ingenuity Pathway Upstream Regulator Analysis of differentially expressed genes in tumors from mTOR WT versus KD mice identified let-7 and miR-21 as potential regulatory genes. mTOR KD mice had higher levels of let-7a and miR-21 than mTOR WT mice, and rapamycin induced their expression in mTOR WT cells. CDK6 was one of the most downregulated targets of both let-7 and miR21 in mTOR KD tumors. CDK6 overexpression and decreased expression of let-7 in mTOR KD cells rescued a G1 arrest phenotype. Combined mTOR (rapamycin) and CDK4/6 (palbociclib) inhibition decreased tumor size and proliferation in tumor flank transplants, increased survival in an intravenous transplant model of disseminated leukemia compared with single agent treatment, and cooperatively decreased cell viability in human T-ALL/LBL cell lines. Thus, mTOR KD mice provide a model to explore drug combinations synergizing with mTOR inhibitors and can be used to identify downstream targets of inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy M Gary
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.,Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - John K Simmons
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jinfei Xu
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shuling Zhang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tyler J Peat
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nicholas Watson
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Benjamin J Gamache
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.,American University, Washington, DC
| | - Ke Zhang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Jin-Qiu Chen
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tuddow Thaiwong
- Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Snehal Gaikwad
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Maudeline Etienne
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - R Mark Simpson
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wendy Dubois
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joseph R Testa
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Beverly A Mock
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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9
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Drug-based perturbation screen uncovers synergistic drug combinations in Burkitt lymphoma. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12046. [PMID: 30104685 PMCID: PMC6089937 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30509-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is a highly aggressive B-cell lymphoma associated with MYC translocation. Here, we describe drug response profiling of 42 blood cancer cell lines including 17 BL to 32 drugs targeting key cancer pathways and provide a systematic study of drug combinations in BL cell lines. Based on drug response, we identified cell line specific sensitivities, i.e. to venetoclax driven by BCL2 overexpression and partitioned subsets of BL driven by response to kinase inhibitors. In the combination screen, including BET, BTK and PI3K inhibitors, we identified synergistic combinations of PI3K and BTK inhibition with drugs targeting Akt, mTOR, BET and doxorubicin. A detailed comparison of PI3K and BTKi combinations identified subtle differences, in line with convergent pathway activity. Most synergistic combinations were identified for the BET inhibitor OTX015, which showed synergistic effects for 41% of combinations including inhibitors of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling. The strongest synergy was observed for the combination of the CDK 2/7/9 inhibitor SNS032 and OTX015. Our data provide a landscape of drug combination effects in BL and suggest that targeting CDK and BET could provide a novel vulnerability of BL.
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10
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Wang B, Lyu H, Pei S, Song D, Ni J, Liu B. Cladribine in combination with entinostat synergistically elicits anti-proliferative/anti-survival effects on multiple myeloma cells. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:985-996. [PMID: 29969371 PMCID: PMC6197031 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1464849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cladribine (2CdA), a synthetic purine analog interfering with DNA synthesis, is a medication used to treat hairy cell leukemia (HCL) and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Entinostat, a selective class I histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, shows antitumor activity in various human cancers, including hematological malignancies. The therapeutic potential of cladribine and entinostat against multiple myeloma (MM) remains unclear. Here we investigate the combinatorial effects of cladribine and entinostat within the range of their clinical achievable concentrations on MM cells. While either agent alone inhibited MM cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, their combinations synergistically induced anti-proliferative/anti-survival effects on all MM cell lines (RPMI8226, U266, and MM1.R) tested. Further studies showed that the combinations of cladribine and entinostat as compared to either agent alone more potently induced mitotic catastrophe in the MM cells, and resulted in a marked increase of the cells at G1 phase associated with decrease of Cyclin D1 and E2F-1 expression and upregulation of p21waf-1. Apoptotic ELISA and western blot analyses revealed that the combinations of cladribine and entinostat exerted a much more profound activity to induce apoptosis and DNA damage response, evidenced by enhanced phosphorylation of histone H2A.X and the DNA repair enzymes Chk1 and Chk2. Collectively, our data demonstrate that the combinations of cladribine and entinostat exhibit potent activity to induce anti-proliferative/anti-survival effects on MM cells via induction of cell cycle G1 arrest, apoptosis, and DNA damage response. Regimens consisting of cladribine and/or entinostat may offer a new treatment option for patients with MM. ABBREVIATIONS MM, multiple myeloma; HCL, hairy cell leukemia; HDAC, histone deacetylase; Ab, antibody; mAb, monoclonal Ab; FBS, fetal bovine serum; CI, combination index; PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; PARP, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; MTS, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium,inner salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolun Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Hui Lyu
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Shanshan Pei
- Department of Hematology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Deye Song
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiangdong Ni
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bolin Liu
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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11
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VENTURI V, MASEK T, POSPISEK M. A Blood Pact: the Significance and Implications of eIF4E on Lymphocytic Leukemia. Physiol Res 2018. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) are implicated in neoplasia, with cumulative evidence pointing to its role in the etiopathogenesis of hematological diseases. As a node of convergence for several oncogenic signaling pathways, eIF4E has attracted a great deal of interest from biologists and clinicians whose efforts have been targeting this translation factor and its biological circuits in the battle against leukemia. The role of eIF4E in myeloid leukemia has been ascertained and drugs targeting its functions have found their place in clinical trials. Little is known, however, about the pertinence of eIF4E to the biology of lymphocytic leukemia and a paucity of literature is available in this regard that prospectively evaluates the topic to guide practice in hematological cancer. A comprehensive analysis on the significance of eIF4E translation factor in the clinical picture of leukemia arises, therefore, as a compelling need. This review presents aspects of eIF4E involvement in the realm of the lymphoblastic leukemia status; translational control of immunological function via eIF4E and the state-of-the-art in drugs will also be outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M. POSPISEK
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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12
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mTOR Cross-Talk in Cancer and Potential for Combination Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10010023. [PMID: 29351204 PMCID: PMC5789373 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) pathway plays an essential role in sensing and integrating a variety of exogenous cues to regulate cellular growth and metabolism, in both physiological and pathological conditions. mTOR functions through two functionally and structurally distinct multi-component complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, which interact with each other and with several elements of other signaling pathways. In the past few years, many new insights into mTOR function and regulation have been gained and extensive genetic and pharmacological studies in mice have enhanced our understanding of how mTOR dysfunction contributes to several diseases, including cancer. Single-agent mTOR targeting, mostly using rapalogs, has so far met limited clinical success; however, due to the extensive cross-talk between mTOR and other pathways, combined approaches are the most promising avenues to improve clinical efficacy of available therapeutics and overcome drug resistance. This review provides a brief and up-to-date narrative on the regulation of mTOR function, the relative contributions of mTORC1 and mTORC2 complexes to cancer development and progression, and prospects for mTOR inhibition as a therapeutic strategy.
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13
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Inamdar AA, Goy A, Ayoub NM, Attia C, Oton L, Taruvai V, Costales M, Lin YT, Pecora A, Suh KS. Mantle cell lymphoma in the era of precision medicine-diagnosis, biomarkers and therapeutic agents. Oncotarget 2018; 7:48692-48731. [PMID: 27119356 PMCID: PMC5217048 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in the development of clinical agents for treating Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL), treatment of MCL remains a challenge due to complexity and frequent relapse associated with MCL. The incorporation of conventional and novel diagnostic approaches such as genomic sequencing have helped improve understanding of the pathogenesis of MCL, and have led to development of specific agents targeting signaling pathways that have recently been shown to be involved in MCL. In this review, we first provide a general overview of MCL and then discuss about the role of biomarkers in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment for MCL. We attempt to discuss major biomarkers for MCL and highlight published and ongoing clinical trials in an effort to evaluate the dominant signaling pathways as drugable targets for treating MCL so as to determine the potential combination of drugs for both untreated and relapse/refractory cases. Our analysis indicates that incorporation of biomarkers is crucial for patient stratification and improve diagnosis and predictability of disease outcome thus help us in designing future precision therapies. The evidence indicates that a combination of conventional chemotherapeutic agents and novel drugs designed to target specific dysregulated signaling pathways can provide the effective therapeutic options for both untreated and relapse/refractory MCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arati A Inamdar
- The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Andre Goy
- Clinical Divisions, John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Nehad M Ayoub
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Christen Attia
- The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Lucia Oton
- The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Varun Taruvai
- The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Mark Costales
- The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Yu-Ting Lin
- The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Andrew Pecora
- Clinical Divisions, John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - K Stephen Suh
- The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
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14
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Ramakrishnan V, Kumar S. PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in multiple myeloma: from basic biology to clinical promise. Leuk Lymphoma 2018; 59:2524-2534. [PMID: 29322846 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2017.1421760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM), a cancer of terminally differentiated plasma cells, is the second most common hematological malignancy. The disease is characterized by the accumulation of abnormal plasma cells in the bone marrow that remains in close association with other cells in the marrow microenvironment. In addition to the genomic alterations that commonly occur in MM, the interaction with cells in the marrow microenvironment promotes signaling events within the myeloma cells that enhances survival of MM cells. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is such a pathway that is aberrantly activated in a large proportion of MM patients through numerous mechanisms and can play a role in resistance to several existing therapies making this a central pathway in MM pathophysiology. Here, we review the pathway, its role in MM, promising preclinical results obtained thus far and the clinical promise that drugs targeting this pathway have in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaji Kumar
- a Division of Hematology , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
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15
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Simmons JK, Michalowski AM, Gamache BJ, DuBois W, Patel J, Zhang K, Gary J, Zhang S, Gaikwad S, Connors D, Watson N, Leon E, Chen JQ, Kuehl WM, Lee MP, Zingone A, Landgren O, Ordentlich P, Huang J, Mock BA. Cooperative Targets of Combined mTOR/HDAC Inhibition Promote MYC Degradation. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:2008-2021. [PMID: 28522584 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer treatments often require combinations of molecularly targeted agents to be effective. mTORi (rapamycin) and HDACi (MS-275/entinostat) inhibitors have been shown to be effective in limiting tumor growth, and here we define part of the cooperative action of this drug combination. More than 60 human cancer cell lines responded synergistically (CI<1) when treated with this drug combination compared with single agents. In addition, a breast cancer patient-derived xenograft, and a BCL-XL plasmacytoma mouse model both showed enhanced responses to the combination compared with single agents. Mice bearing plasma cell tumors lived an average of 70 days longer on combination treatment compared with single agents. A set of 37 genes cooperatively affected (34 downregulated; 3 upregulated) by the combination responded pharmacodynamically in human myeloma cell lines, xenografts, and a P493 model, and were both enriched in tumors, and correlated with prognostic markers in myeloma patient datasets. Genes downregulated by the combination were overexpressed in several untreated cancers (breast, lung, colon, sarcoma, head and neck, myeloma) compared with normal tissues. The MYC/E2F axis, identified by upstream regulator analyses and validated by immunoblots, was significantly inhibited by the drug combination in several myeloma cell lines. Furthermore, 88% of the 34 genes downregulated have MYC-binding sites in their promoters, and the drug combination cooperatively reduced MYC half-life by 55% and increased degradation. Cells with MYC mutations were refractory to the combination. Thus, integrative approaches to understand drug synergy identified a clinically actionable strategy to inhibit MYC/E2F activity and tumor cell growth in vivoMol Cancer Ther; 16(9); 2008-21. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Simmons
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Wendy DuBois
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jyoti Patel
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ke Zhang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joy Gary
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shuling Zhang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Snehal Gaikwad
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Daniel Connors
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nicholas Watson
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elena Leon
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jin-Qiu Chen
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Maxwell P Lee
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Adriana Zingone
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ola Landgren
- Syndax Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts
| | | | - Jing Huang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Beverly A Mock
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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16
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Brohée L, Demine S, Willems J, Arnould T, Colige AC, Deroanne CF. Lipin-1 regulates cancer cell phenotype and is a potential target to potentiate rapamycin treatment. Oncotarget 2016; 6:11264-80. [PMID: 25834103 PMCID: PMC4484455 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipogenesis inhibition was reported to induce apoptosis and repress proliferation of cancer cells while barely affecting normal cells. Lipins exhibit dual function as enzymes catalyzing the dephosphorylation of phosphatidic acid to diacylglycerol and as co-transcriptional regulators. Thus, they are able to regulate lipid homeostasis at several nodal points. Here, we show that lipin-1 is up-regulated in several cancer cell lines and overexpressed in 50 % of high grade prostate cancers. The proliferation of prostate and breast cancer cells, but not of non-tumorigenic cells, was repressed upon lipin-1 knock-down. Lipin-1 depletion also decreased cancer cell migration through RhoA activation. Lipin-1 silencing did not significantly affect global lipid synthesis but enhanced the cellular concentration of phosphatidic acid. In parallel, autophagy was induced while AKT and ribosomal protein S6 phosphorylation were repressed. We also observed a compensatory regulation between lipin-1 and lipin-2 and demonstrated that their co-silencing aggravates the phenotype induced by lipin-1 silencing alone. Most interestingly, lipin-1 depletion or lipins inhibition with propranolol sensitized cancer cells to rapamycin. These data indicate that lipin-1 controls main cellular processes involved in cancer progression and that its targeting, alone or in combination with other treatments, could open new avenues in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Brohée
- Laboratory of Connective Tissues Biology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Tour de Pathologie, Sart-Tilman, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Demine
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC), NARILIS (Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences), University of Namur (UNamur), Namur, Belgium
| | - Jérome Willems
- Laboratory of Connective Tissues Biology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Tour de Pathologie, Sart-Tilman, Belgium
| | - Thierry Arnould
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC), NARILIS (Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences), University of Namur (UNamur), Namur, Belgium
| | - Alain C Colige
- Laboratory of Connective Tissues Biology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Tour de Pathologie, Sart-Tilman, Belgium
| | - Christophe F Deroanne
- Laboratory of Connective Tissues Biology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Tour de Pathologie, Sart-Tilman, Belgium
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17
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Felsenstein KM, Saunders LB, Simmons JK, Leon E, Calabrese DR, Zhang S, Michalowski A, Gareiss P, Mock BA, Schneekloth JS. Small Molecule Microarrays Enable the Identification of a Selective, Quadruplex-Binding Inhibitor of MYC Expression. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:139-48. [PMID: 26462961 PMCID: PMC4719142 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The
transcription factor MYC plays a pivotal role in cancer initiation,
progression, and maintenance. However, it has proven difficult to
develop small molecule inhibitors of MYC. One attractive route to
pharmacological inhibition of MYC has been the prevention of its expression
through small molecule-mediated stabilization of the G-quadruplex
(G4) present in its promoter. Although molecules that bind globally
to quadruplex DNA and influence gene expression are well-known, the
identification of new chemical scaffolds that selectively modulate
G4-driven genes remains a challenge. Here, we report an approach for
the identification of G4-binding small molecules using small molecule
microarrays (SMMs). We use the SMM screening platform to identify
a novel G4-binding small molecule that inhibits MYC expression in
cell models, with minimal impact on the expression of other G4-associated
genes. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and thermal melt assays demonstrated
that this molecule binds reversibly to the MYC G4 with single digit
micromolar affinity, and with weaker or no measurable binding to other
G4s. Biochemical and cell-based assays demonstrated that the compound
effectively silenced MYC transcription and translation via a G4-dependent
mechanism of action. The compound induced G1 arrest and was selectively
toxic to MYC-driven cancer cell lines containing the G4 in the promoter
but had minimal effects in peripheral blood mononucleocytes or a cell
line lacking the G4 in its MYC promoter. As a measure of selectivity,
gene expression analysis and qPCR experiments demonstrated that MYC
and several MYC target genes were downregulated upon treatment with
this compound, while the expression of several other G4-driven genes
was not affected. In addition to providing a novel chemical scaffold
that modulates MYC expression through G4 binding, this work suggests
that the SMM screening approach may be broadly useful as an approach
for the identification of new G4-binding small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M. Felsenstein
- Laboratory
of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Building
37, Room 3146, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4258, United States
- NCI/JHU Molecular Targets and Drug Discovery Program, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Lindsey B. Saunders
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Building 376, Room 225C, P.O. Box B, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
| | - John K. Simmons
- Laboratory
of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Building
37, Room 3146, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4258, United States
| | - Elena Leon
- Laboratory
of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Building
37, Room 3146, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4258, United States
- NCI/JHU Molecular Targets and Drug Discovery Program, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - David R. Calabrese
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Building 376, Room 225C, P.O. Box B, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
| | - Shuling Zhang
- Laboratory
of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Building
37, Room 3146, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4258, United States
| | - Aleksandra Michalowski
- Laboratory
of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Building
37, Room 3146, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4258, United States
| | - Peter Gareiss
- Yale Center for Molecular Discovery, West Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Beverly A. Mock
- Laboratory
of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Building
37, Room 3146, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4258, United States
| | - John S. Schneekloth
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Building 376, Room 225C, P.O. Box B, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
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18
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Beagle BR, Nguyen DM, Mallya S, Tang SS, Lu M, Zeng Z, Konopleva M, Vo TT, Fruman DA. mTOR kinase inhibitors synergize with histone deacetylase inhibitors to kill B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Oncotarget 2015; 6:2088-100. [PMID: 25576920 PMCID: PMC4385838 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High activity of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is associated with poor prognosis in pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), suggesting that inhibiting mTOR might be clinically useful. However, emerging data indicate that mTOR inhibitors are most effective when combined with other target agents. One strategy is to combine with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, since B-ALL is often characterized by epigenetic changes that silence the expression of pro-apoptotic factors. Here we tested combinations of mTOR and pan-HDAC inhibitors on B-ALL cells, including both Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) and non-Ph cell lines. We found that mTOR kinase inhibitors (TOR-KIs) synergize with HDAC inhibitors to cause apoptosis in B-ALL cells and the effect is greater when compared to rapamycin plus HDAC inhibitors. The combination of TOR-KIs with the clinically approved HDAC inhibitor vorinostat increased apoptosis in primary pediatric B-ALL cells in vitro. Mechanistically, TOR-KI and HDAC inhibitor combinations increased expression of pro-death genes, including targets of the Forkhead Box O (FOXO) transcription factors, and increased sensitivity to apoptotic triggers at the mitochondria. These findings suggest that targeting epigenetic factors can unmask the cytotoxic potential of TOR-KIs towards B-ALL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon R Beagle
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Duc M Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Sharmila Mallya
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Sarah S Tang
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Mengrou Lu
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Zhihong Zeng
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.,Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Marina Konopleva
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.,Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Thanh-Trang Vo
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - David A Fruman
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA
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19
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Gahr S, Mayr C, Kiesslich T, Illig R, Neureiter D, Alinger B, Ganslmayer M, Wissniowski T, Fazio PD, Montalbano R, Ficker JH, Ocker M, Quint K. The pan-deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat affects angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma models via modulation of CTGF expression. Int J Oncol 2015. [PMID: 26202945 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of chromatin components are significantly involved in the regulation of tumor suppressor gene and oncogene expression. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is an epigenetically regulated growth factor with functions in angiogenesis and cell-matrix interactions and plays a pivotal role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The pharmacologic inhibition of histone and protein deacetylases represents a new approach to interfere with pathways of apoptosis and angiogenesis. We investigated the effect of the pan-deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat (LBH589) on human HCC cell lines HepG2 (p53wt) and Hep3B (p53null) and in a subcutaneous xenograft model and explored the influence on angiogenesis. Specimens were characterized by quantitative real-time PCR. Protein was separated for western blotting against CTGF, VEGF, VEGF receptor-1 (VEGFR-1/FLT-1), VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2/KDR), MAPK and phospho-MAPK. In vivo, HepG2 cells were xenografted to NMRI mice and treated with daily i.p. injections of 10 mg/kg panobinostat. After 1, 7 and 28 days, real-time PCR was performed. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting were examined after 28 days. An increased significant expression of CTGF was only seen after 24 h treatment with 0.1 µM panobinostat in HepG2 cells and Hep3B cells, whereas after 72 h treatment CTGF expression clearly decreased. In the xenografts, treatment with panobinostat showed a minimal CTGF expression after 1 day and 4 weeks, respectively. In vitro as well as in vivo, VEGF was not affected by panobinostat treatment at any time. In conclusion, panobinostat influences extracellular signaling cascades via CTGF-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Gahr
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Mayr
- Laboratory for Tumour Biology and Experimental Therapies, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Tobias Kiesslich
- Laboratory for Tumour Biology and Experimental Therapies, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Romana Illig
- Institute of Pathology, Salzburger Landeskliniken, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniel Neureiter
- Institute of Pathology, Salzburger Landeskliniken, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Beate Alinger
- Institute of Pathology, Salzburger Landeskliniken, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Marion Ganslmayer
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Till Wissniowski
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pietro Di Fazio
- Institute for Surgical Research, Phillips University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Roberta Montalbano
- Institute for Surgical Research, Phillips University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Joachim H Ficker
- Klinikum Nuernberg, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Ocker
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karl Quint
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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20
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Haery L, Thompson RC, Gilmore TD. Histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases in B- and T-cell development, physiology and malignancy. Genes Cancer 2015; 6:184-213. [PMID: 26124919 PMCID: PMC4482241 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of B and T cells from hematopoietic precursors and the regulation of the functions of these immune cells are complex processes that involve highly regulated signaling pathways and transcriptional control. The signaling pathways and gene expression patterns that give rise to these developmental processes are coordinated, in part, by two opposing classes of broad-based enzymatic regulators: histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). HATs and HDACs can modulate gene transcription by altering histone acetylation to modify chromatin structure, and by regulating the activity of non-histone substrates, including an array of immune-cell transcription factors. In addition to their role in normal B and T cells, dysregulation of HAT and HDAC activity is associated with a variety of B- and T-cell malignancies. In this review, we describe the roles of HATs and HDACs in normal B- and T-cell physiology, describe mutations and dysregulation of HATs and HDACs that are implicated lymphoma and leukemia, and discuss HAT and HDAC inhibitors that have been explored as treatment options for leukemias and lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Haery
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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Günther A, Baumann P, Burger R, Kellner C, Klapper W, Schmidmaier R, Gramatzki M. Activity of everolimus (RAD001) in relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma: a phase I study. Haematologica 2015; 100:541-7. [PMID: 25682600 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.116269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin plays an important role in multiple myeloma. The allosteric mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor everolimus has long been approved for immunosuppression and has shown activity in certain cancers. This investigator-initiated phase I trial explored the use of everolimus in relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma patients who had received two or more lines of prior treatment. Following a dose-escalation design, it called for a fixed dose of oral everolimus. Blood drug levels were monitored and the biological activity of everolimus was evaluated in bone marrow. Seventeen patients were enrolled (age range, 52 to 76 years). All had been previously treated with stem cell transplantation and proteasome inhibitors and almost all with immunomodulatory drugs. No dose-limiting toxicity was observed and the intended final daily dose of 10 mg was reached. Only one severe adverse event was assessed as possibly related to the study drug, namely atypical pneumonia. Remarkably few infections were observed. Although the trial was mainly designed to evaluate feasibility, anti-myeloma activity, defined as clinical benefit, was documented in ten of 15 evaluable patients at every dose level including eight patients with stable disease, one patient with minor remission and one with partial remission. However, the median time to progression was 90 days (range, 13 to 278 days). The biomarker study documented on-target activity of everolimus in malignant plasma cells as well as the microenvironment. The observed responses are promising and allow further studies to be considered, including those testing combination strategies addressing escape pathways. This trial is registered with EudraCT number 2006-002675-41.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Günther
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2 Department of Medicine, University of Kiel, Germany
| | - Philipp Baumann
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität München (LMU), Germany
| | - Renate Burger
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2 Department of Medicine, University of Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Kellner
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2 Department of Medicine, University of Kiel, Germany
| | - Wolfram Klapper
- Division of Hematopathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Kiel, Germany
| | - Ralf Schmidmaier
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität München (LMU), Germany
| | - Martin Gramatzki
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, 2 Department of Medicine, University of Kiel, Germany
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22
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Ou O, Huppi K, Chakka S, Gehlhaus K, Dubois W, Patel J, Chen J, Mackiewicz M, Jones TL, Pitt JJ, Martin SE, Goldsmith P, Simmons JK, Mock BA, Caplen NJ. Loss-of-function RNAi screens in breast cancer cells identify AURKB, PLK1, PIK3R1, MAPK12, PRKD2, and PTK6 as sensitizing targets of rapamycin activity. Cancer Lett 2014; 354:336-47. [PMID: 25193464 PMCID: PMC4240001 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of molecularly targeted drugs as single agents has shown limited utility in many tumor types, largely due to the complex and redundant nature of oncogenic signaling networks. Targeting of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway through inhibition of mTOR in combination with aromatase inhibitors has seen success in particular sub-types of breast cancer and there is a need to identify additional synergistic combinations to maximize the clinical potential of mTOR inhibitors. We have used loss-of-function RNAi screens of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin to identify sensitizers of mTOR inhibition. RNAi screens conducted in combination with rapamycin in multiple breast cancer cell lines identified six genes, AURKB, PLK1, PIK3R1, MAPK12, PRKD2, and PTK6 that when silenced, each enhanced the sensitivity of multiple breast cancer lines to rapamycin. Using selective pharmacological agents we confirmed that inhibition of AURKB or PLK1 synergizes with rapamycin. Compound-associated gene expression data suggested histone deacetylation (HDAC) inhibition as a strategy for reducing the expression of several of the rapamycin-sensitizing genes, and we tested and validated this using the HDAC inhibitor entinostat in vitro and in vivo. Our findings indicate new approaches for enhancing the efficacy of rapamycin including the use of combining its application with HDAC inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Ou
- Genetics Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Konrad Huppi
- Genetics Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sirisha Chakka
- Genetics Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kristen Gehlhaus
- Genetics Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wendy Dubois
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jyoti Patel
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jinqiu Chen
- Office of Science and Technology Partnerships, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark Mackiewicz
- Genetics Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tamara L Jones
- Genetics Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jason J Pitt
- Genetics Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Scott E Martin
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20850, USA
| | - Paul Goldsmith
- Office of Science and Technology Partnerships, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John K Simmons
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Beverly A Mock
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Natasha J Caplen
- Genetics Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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23
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Computational analysis of image-based drug profiling predicts synergistic drug combinations: applications in triple-negative breast cancer. Mol Oncol 2014; 8:1548-60. [PMID: 24997502 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An imaged-based profiling and analysis system was developed to predict clinically effective synergistic drug combinations that could accelerate the identification of effective multi-drug therapies for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer and other challenging malignancies. The identification of effective drug combinations for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) was achieved by integrating high-content screening, computational analysis, and experimental biology. The approach was based on altered cellular phenotypes induced by 55 FDA-approved drugs and biologically active compounds, acquired using fluorescence microscopy and retained in multivariate compound profiles. Dissimilarities between compound profiles guided the identification of 5 combinations, which were assessed for qualitative interaction on TNBC cell growth. The combination of the microtubule-targeting drug vinblastine with KSP/Eg5 motor protein inhibitors monastrol or ispinesib showed potent synergism in 3 independent TNBC cell lines, which was not substantiated in normal fibroblasts. The synergistic interaction was mediated by an increase in mitotic arrest with cells demonstrating typical ispinesib-induced monopolar mitotic spindles, which translated into enhanced apoptosis induction. The antitumour activity of the combination vinblastine/ispinesib was confirmed in an orthotopic mouse model of TNBC. Compared to single drug treatment, combination treatment significantly reduced tumour growth without causing increased toxicity. Image-based profiling and analysis led to the rapid discovery of a drug combination effective against TNBC in vitro and in vivo, and has the potential to lead to the development of new therapeutic options in other hard-to-treat cancers.
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24
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Simmons JK, Patel J, Michalowski A, Zhang S, Wei BR, Sullivan P, Gamache B, Felsenstein K, Kuehl WM, Simpson RM, Zingone A, Landgren O, Mock BA. TORC1 and class I HDAC inhibitors synergize to suppress mature B cell neoplasms. Mol Oncol 2013; 8:261-72. [PMID: 24429254 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced proliferative signaling and loss of cell cycle regulation are essential for cancer progression. Increased mitogenic signaling through activation of the mTOR pathway, coupled with deregulation of the Cyclin D/retinoblastoma (Rb) pathway is a common feature of lymphoid malignancies, including plasmacytoma (PCT), multiple myeloma (MM), Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Here we evaluate the synergy of pharmacologically affecting both of these critical pathways using the mTOR inhibitor sirolimus and the histone deacetylase inhibitor entinostat. A dose-matrix screening approach found this combination to be highly active and synergistic in a panel of genetically diverse human MM cell lines. Synergy and activity was observed in mouse PCT and human BL and MCL cell lines tested in vitro, as well as in freshly isolated primary MM patient samples tested ex vivo. This combination had minimal effects on healthy donor cells and retained activity when tested in a co-culture system simulating the protective interaction of cancer cells with the tumor microenvironment. Combining sirolimus with entinostat enhanced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. At the molecular level, entinostat increased the expression of cell cycle negative regulators including CDKN1A (p21) and CDKN2A (p16), while the combination decreased critical growth and survival effectors including Cyclin D, BCL-XL, BIRC5, and activated MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Simmons
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Jyoti Patel
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Aleksandra Michalowski
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Shuling Zhang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Bih-Rong Wei
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Patrick Sullivan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Ben Gamache
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Kenneth Felsenstein
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - W Michael Kuehl
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - R Mark Simpson
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Adriana Zingone
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Ola Landgren
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Beverly A Mock
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA.
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