1
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Spada M, Pugliesi C, Fambrini M, Pecchia S. Challenges and Opportunities Arising from Host- Botrytis cinerea Interactions to Outline Novel and Sustainable Control Strategies: The Key Role of RNA Interference. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6798. [PMID: 38928507 PMCID: PMC11203536 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The necrotrophic plant pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea (Pers., 1794), the causative agent of gray mold disease, causes significant losses in agricultural production. Control of this fungal pathogen is quite difficult due to its wide host range and environmental persistence. Currently, the management of the disease is still mainly based on chemicals, which can have harmful effects not only on the environment and on human health but also because they favor the development of strains resistant to fungicides. The flexibility and plasticity of B. cinerea in challenging plant defense mechanisms and its ability to evolve strategies to escape chemicals require the development of new control strategies for successful disease management. In this review, some aspects of the host-pathogen interactions from which novel and sustainable control strategies could be developed (e.g., signaling pathways, molecules involved in plant immune mechanisms, hormones, post-transcriptional gene silencing) were analyzed. New biotechnological tools based on the use of RNA interference (RNAi) are emerging in the crop protection scenario as versatile, sustainable, effective, and environmentally friendly alternatives to the use of chemicals. RNAi-based fungicides are expected to be approved soon, although they will face several challenges before reaching the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Spada
- Department of Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudio Pugliesi
- Department of Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Fambrini
- Department of Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Susanna Pecchia
- Department of Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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2
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Mao JC, Yan M, Li JH, Yang JY, Wang HJ. The role of small RNAs in resistant melon cultivar against Phelipanche aegyptiaca parasitization. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1408926. [PMID: 38774502 PMCID: PMC11106454 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1408926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bidirectional trans-kingdom RNA silencing, a pivotal factor in plant-pathogen interactions, remains less explored in plant host-parasite dynamics. Here, using small RNA sequencing in melon root systems, we investigated microRNA (miRNA) expression variation in resistant and susceptible cultivars pre-and post-infection by the parasitic plant, broomrape. This approach revealed 979 known miRNAs and 110 novel miRNAs across 110 families. When comparing susceptible (F0) and resistant (R0) melon lines with broomrape infection (F25 and R25), 39 significantly differentially expressed miRNAs were observed in F25 vs. F0, 35 in R25 vs. R0, and 5 in R25 vs. F25. Notably, two miRNAs consistently exhibited differential expression across all comparisons, targeting genes linked to plant disease resistance. This suggests their pivotal role in melon's defense against broomrape. The target genes of these miRNAs were confirmed via degradome sequencing and validated by qRT-PCR, ensuring reliable sequencing outcomes. GO and KEGG analyses shed light on the molecular functions and pathways of these differential miRNAs. Furthermore, our study unveiled four trans-kingdom miRNAs, forming a foundation for exploring melon's resistance to broomrape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hao-Jie Wang
- Hami Melon Research Center, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
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3
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Yu X, Lin X, Zhou T, Cao L, Hu K, Li F, Qu S. Host-induced gene silencing in wild apple germplasm Malus hupehensis confers resistance to the fungal pathogen Botryosphaeria dothidea. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:1174-1193. [PMID: 38430515 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/04/2024]
Abstract
Host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) is an inherent mechanism of plant resistance to fungal pathogens, resulting from cross-kingdom RNA interference (RNAi) mediated by small RNAs (sRNAs) delivered from plants into invading fungi. Introducing artificial sRNA precursors into crops can trigger HIGS of selected fungal genes, and thus has potential applications in agricultural disease control. To investigate the HIGS of apple (Malus sp.) during the interaction with Botryosphaeria dothidea, the pathogenic fungus causing apple ring rot disease, we evaluated whether apple miRNAs can be transported into and target genes in B. dothidea. Indeed, miR159a from Malus hupehensis, a wild apple germplasm with B. dothidea resistance, silenced the fungal sugar transporter gene BdSTP. The accumulation of miR159a in extracellular vesicles (EVs) of both infected M. hupehensis and invading B. dothidea suggests that this miRNA of the host is transported into the fungus via the EV pathway. Knockout of BdSTP caused defects in fungal growth and proliferation, whereas knockin of a miR159a-insensitive version of BdSTP resulted in increased pathogenicity. Inhibition of miR159a in M. hupehensis substantially enhanced plant sensitivity to B. dothidea, indicating miR159a-mediated HIGS against BdSTP being integral to apple immunity. Introducing artificial sRNA precursors targeting BdSTP and BdALS, an acetolactate synthase gene, into M. hupehensis revealed that double-stranded RNAs were more potent than engineered MIRNAs in triggering HIGS alternative to those natural of apple and inhibiting infection. These results provide preliminary evidence for cross-kingdom RNAi in the apple-B. dothidea interaction and establish HIGS as a potential disease control strategy in apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Yu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xinxin Lin
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, P.R. China
| | - Lifang Cao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, P.R. China
| | - Kaixu Hu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, P.R. China
| | - Fangzhu Li
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, P.R. China
| | - Shenchun Qu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, P.R. China
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4
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Tian L, Li J, Xu Y, Qiu Y, Zhang Y, Li X. A MAP kinase cascade broadly regulates the lifestyle of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and can be targeted by HIGS for disease control. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:324-344. [PMID: 38149487 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes white mold or stem rot in a wide range of economically important plants, bringing significant yield losses worldwide. Control of this pathogen is difficult as its resting structure sclerotia can survive in soil for years, and no Resistance genes have been identified in S. sclerotiorum hosts. Host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) has shown promising effects in controlling many fungal pathogens, including S. sclerotiorum. However, better molecular genetic understanding of signaling pathways involved in its development and pathogenicity is needed to provide effective HIGS gene targets. Here, by employing a forward genetic screen, we characterized an evolutionarily conserved mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade in S. sclerotiorum, consisting of SsSte50-SsSte11-SsSte7-Smk1, which controls mycelial growth, sclerotia development, compound appressoria formation, virulence, and hyphal fusion. Moreover, disruption of the putative downstream transcription factor SsSte12 led to normal sclerotia but deformed appressoria and attenuated host penetration, as well as impaired apothecia formation, suggestive of diverged regulation downstream of the MAPK cascade. Most importantly, targeting SsSte50 using host-expressed double-stranded RNA resulted in largely reduced virulence of S. sclerotiorum on both Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Therefore, this MAPK signaling cascade is generally needed for its growth, development, and pathogenesis and can serve as ideal HIGS targets for mitigating economic damages caused by S. sclerotiorum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tian
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Josh Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yan Xu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yilan Qiu
- Department of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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5
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Fang R. Microbe-induced gene silencing explores interspecies RNAi and opens up possibilities of crop protection. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024; 67:626-628. [PMID: 38155277 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2477-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rongxiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and National Plant Gene Research Center, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Gupta A, Kumar M, Zhang B, Tomar M, Walia AK, Choyal P, Saini RP, Potkule J, Burritt DJ, Sheri V, Verma P, Chandran D, Tran LSP. Improvement of qualitative and quantitative traits in cotton under normal and stressed environments using genomics and biotechnological tools: A review. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 340:111937. [PMID: 38043729 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to the increasing demand for high-quality and high fiber-yielding cotton (Gossypium spp.), research into the development of stress-resilient cotton cultivars has acquired greater significance. Various biotic and abiotic stressors greatly affect cotton production and productivity, posing challenges to the future of the textile industry. Moreover, the content and quality of cottonseed oil can also potentially be influenced by future environmental conditions. Apart from conventional methods, genetic engineering has emerged as a potential tool to improve cotton fiber quality and productivity. Identification and modification of genome sequences and the expression levels of yield-related genes using genetic engineering approaches have enabled to increase both the quality and yields of cotton fiber and cottonseed oil. Herein, we evaluate the significance and molecular mechanisms associated with the regulation of cotton agronomic traits under both normal and stressful environmental conditions. In addition, the importance of gossypol, a toxic phenolic compound in cottonseed that can limit consumption by animals and humans, is reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Gupta
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea; Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai, India.
| | - Baohong Zhang
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Maharishi Tomar
- ICAR - Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, India
| | | | - Prince Choyal
- ICAR - Indian Institute of Soybean Research, Indore 452001, India
| | | | - Jayashree Potkule
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - David J Burritt
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Vijay Sheri
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Pooja Verma
- ICAR - Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, India
| | - Deepak Chandran
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Government of Kerala, Palakkad 679335, Kerala, India
| | - Lam-Son Phan Tran
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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7
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Xu Y, Tan J, Lu J, Zhang Y, Li X. RAS signalling genes can be used as host-induced gene silencing targets to control fungal diseases caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:262-277. [PMID: 37845842 PMCID: PMC10754012 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes white mold (also called stem rot, Sclerotinia blight, etc.) in many economically important plants. It is a notorious soilborne fungal pathogen due to its wide host range and ability to survive in soil for long periods of time as sclerotia. Although host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) was recently demonstrated to be an effective method for controlling white mold, limited gene targets are available. Here, using a forward genetics approach, we identified a RAS-GTPase activating protein, SsGAP1, which plays essential roles in sclerotia formation, compound appressoria production and virulence. In parallel, as revealed by our knockout analysis, the SsGAP1 ortholog in Botrytis cinerea, BcGAP1, plays similar roles in fungal development and virulence. By knocking down SsRAS1 and SsRAS2, we also revealed that both SsRAS1 and SsRAS2 are required for vegetative growth, sclerotia development, compound appressoria production and virulence in S. sclerotiorum. Due to the major roles these RAS signalling components play in Sclerotiniaceae biology, they can be used as HIGS targets to control diseases caused by both S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea. Indeed, when we introduced HIGS constructs targeting SsGAP1, SsRAS1 and SsRAS2 in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana, we observed reduced virulence. Taken together, our forward genetics gene discovery pipeline in S. sclerotiorum is highly effective in identifying novel HIGS targets to control S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Michael Smith LaboratoriesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of BotanyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Jinyi Tan
- Michael Smith LaboratoriesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of BotanyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Junxing Lu
- Michael Smith LaboratoriesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- College of Life ScienceChongqing Normal UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of BotanyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith LaboratoriesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of BotanyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
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8
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Wen X, Chen Z, Yang Z, Wang M, Jin S, Wang G, Zhang L, Wang L, Li J, Saeed S, He S, Wang Z, Wang K, Kong Z, Li F, Zhang X, Chen X, Zhu Y. A comprehensive overview of cotton genomics, biotechnology and molecular biological studies. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2023; 66:2214-2256. [PMID: 36899210 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Cotton is an irreplaceable economic crop currently domesticated in the human world for its extremely elongated fiber cells specialized in seed epidermis, which makes it of high research and application value. To date, numerous research on cotton has navigated various aspects, from multi-genome assembly, genome editing, mechanism of fiber development, metabolite biosynthesis, and analysis to genetic breeding. Genomic and 3D genomic studies reveal the origin of cotton species and the spatiotemporal asymmetric chromatin structure in fibers. Mature multiple genome editing systems, such as CRISPR/Cas9, Cas12 (Cpf1) and cytidine base editing (CBE), have been widely used in the study of candidate genes affecting fiber development. Based on this, the cotton fiber cell development network has been preliminarily drawn. Among them, the MYB-bHLH-WDR (MBW) transcription factor complex and IAA and BR signaling pathway regulate the initiation; various plant hormones, including ethylene, mediated regulatory network and membrane protein overlap fine-regulate elongation. Multistage transcription factors targeting CesA 4, 7, and 8 specifically dominate the whole process of secondary cell wall thickening. And fluorescently labeled cytoskeletal proteins can observe real-time dynamic changes in fiber development. Furthermore, research on the synthesis of cotton secondary metabolite gossypol, resistance to diseases and insect pests, plant architecture regulation, and seed oil utilization are all conducive to finding more high-quality breeding-related genes and subsequently facilitating the cultivation of better cotton varieties. This review summarizes the paramount research achievements in cotton molecular biology over the last few decades from the above aspects, thereby enabling us to conduct a status review on the current studies of cotton and provide strong theoretical support for the future direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingpeng Wen
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhiwen Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Zuoren Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Maojun Wang
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shuangxia Jin
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guangda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lingjian Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jianying Li
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Sumbul Saeed
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shoupu He
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Kun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhaosheng Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China.
| | - Fuguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.
| | - Xianlong Zhang
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Xiaoya Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, 572025, China.
| | - Yuxian Zhu
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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Wen HG, Zhao JH, Zhang BS, Gao F, Wu XM, Yan YS, Zhang J, Guo HS. Microbe-induced gene silencing boosts crop protection against soil-borne fungal pathogens. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1409-1418. [PMID: 37653339 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01507-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Small RNA (sRNA)-mediated trans-kingdom RNA interference (RNAi) between host and pathogen has been demonstrated and utilized. However, interspecies RNAi in rhizospheric microorganisms remains elusive. In this study, we developed a microbe-induced gene silencing (MIGS) technology by using a rhizospheric beneficial fungus, Trichoderma harzianum, to exploit an RNAi engineering microbe and two soil-borne pathogenic fungi, Verticillium dahliae and Fusarium oxysporum, as RNAi recipients. We first detected the feasibility of MIGS in inducing GFP silencing in V. dahliae. Then by targeting a fungal essential gene, we further demonstrated the effectiveness of MIGS in inhibiting fungal growth and protecting dicotyledon cotton and monocotyledon rice plants against V. dahliae and F. oxysporum. We also showed steerable MIGS specificity based on a selected target sequence. Our data verify interspecies RNAi in rhizospheric fungi and the potential application of MIGS in crop protection. In addition, the in situ propagation of a rhizospheric beneficial microbe would be optimal in ensuring the stability and sustainability of sRNAs, avoiding the use of nanomaterials to carry chemically synthetic sRNAs. Our finding reveals that exploiting MIGS-based biofungicides would offer straightforward design and implementation, without the need of host genetic modification, in crop protection against phytopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Guang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Bo-Sen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Ming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Shan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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10
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Qin L, Nong J, Cui K, Tang X, Gong X, Xia Y, Xu Y, Qiu Y, Li X, Xia S. SsCak1 Regulates Growth and Pathogenicity in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12610. [PMID: 37628791 PMCID: PMC10454577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a devastating fungal pathogen that causes severe crop losses worldwide. It is of vital importance to understand its pathogenic mechanism for disease control. Through a forward genetic screen combined with next-generation sequencing, a putative protein kinase, SsCak1, was found to be involved in the growth and pathogenicity of S. sclerotiorum. Knockout and complementation experiments confirmed that deletions in SsCak1 caused defects in mycelium and sclerotia development, as well as appressoria formation and host penetration, leading to complete loss of virulence. These findings suggest that SsCak1 is essential for the growth, development, and pathogenicity of S. sclerotiorum. Therefore, SsCak1 could serve as a potential target for the control of S. sclerotiorum infection through host-induced gene silencing (HIGS), which could increase crop resistance to the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (L.Q.); (J.N.); (X.T.); (X.G.); (Y.X.)
| | - Jieying Nong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (L.Q.); (J.N.); (X.T.); (X.G.); (Y.X.)
| | - Kan Cui
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China;
| | - Xianyu Tang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (L.Q.); (J.N.); (X.T.); (X.G.); (Y.X.)
| | - Xin Gong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (L.Q.); (J.N.); (X.T.); (X.G.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yunong Xia
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (L.Q.); (J.N.); (X.T.); (X.G.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yan Xu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yilan Qiu
- Department of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China;
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shitou Xia
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (L.Q.); (J.N.); (X.T.); (X.G.); (Y.X.)
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11
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Xu Y, Qiu Y, Zhang Y, Li X. A cAMP phosphodiesterase is essential for sclerotia formation and virulence in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1175552. [PMID: 37324679 PMCID: PMC10264682 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1175552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a plant pathogenic fungus that causes white mold or stem rot diseases. It affects mostly dicotyledonous crops, resulting in significant economic losses worldwide. Sclerotia formation is a special feature of S. sclerotiorum, allowing its survival in soil for extended periods and facilitates the spread of the pathogen. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms of how sclerotia are formed and how virulence is achieved in S. sclerotiorum are not fully understood. Here, we report the identification of a mutant that cannot form sclerotia using a forward genetics approach. Next-generation sequencing of the mutant's whole genome revealed candidate genes. Through knockout experiments, the causal gene was found to encode a cAMP phosphodiesterase (SsPDE2). From mutant phenotypic examinations, we found that SsPDE2 plays essential roles not only in sclerotia formation, but also in the regulation of oxalic acid accumulation, infection cushion functionality and virulence. Downregulation of SsSMK1 transcripts in Sspde2 mutants revealed that these morphological defects are likely caused by cAMP-dependent inhibition of MAPK signaling. Moreover, when we introduced HIGS construct targeting SsPDE2 in Nicotiana benthamiana, largely compromised virulence was observed against S. sclerotiorum. Taken together, SsPDE2 is indispensable for key biological processes of S. sclerotiorum and can potentially serve as a HIGS target to control stem rot in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yilan Qiu
- Department of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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12
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Umer MJ, Zheng J, Yang M, Batool R, Abro AA, Hou Y, Xu Y, Gebremeskel H, Wang Y, Zhou Z, Cai X, Liu F, Zhang B. Insights to Gossypium defense response against Verticillium dahliae: the Cotton Cancer. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:142. [PMID: 37121989 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-01065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The soil-borne pathogen Verticillium dahliae, also referred as "The Cotton Cancer," is responsible for causing Verticillium wilt in cotton crops, a destructive disease with a global impact. To infect cotton plants, the pathogen employs multiple virulence mechanisms such as releasing enzymes that degrade cell walls, activating genes that contribute to virulence, and using protein effectors. Conversely, cotton plants have developed numerous defense mechanisms to combat the impact of V. dahliae. These include strengthening the cell wall by producing lignin and depositing callose, discharging reactive oxygen species, and amassing hormones related to defense. Despite the efforts to develop resistant cultivars, there is still no permanent solution to Verticillium wilt due to a limited understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms that drive both resistance and pathogenesis is currently prevalent. To address this challenge, cutting-edge technologies such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9), host-induced gene silencing (HIGS), and gene delivery via nano-carriers could be employed as effective alternatives to control the disease. This article intends to present an overview of V. dahliae virulence mechanisms and discuss the different cotton defense mechanisms against Verticillium wilt, including morphophysiological and biochemical responses and signaling pathways including jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ET), and strigolactones (SLs). Additionally, the article highlights the significance of microRNAs (miRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in gene expression regulation, as well as the different methods employed to identify and functionally validate genes to achieve resistance against this disease. Gaining a more profound understanding of these mechanisms could potentially result in the creation of more efficient strategies for combating Verticillium wilt in cotton crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jawad Umer
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, China/National Nanfan, Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Mengying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Raufa Batool
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aamir Ali Abro
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Yuqing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Yanchao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Haileslassie Gebremeskel
- Mehoni Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yuhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - ZhongLi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, China/National Nanfan, Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, 572025, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang, China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, China/National Nanfan, Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, 572025, China.
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang, China.
| | - Baohong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA.
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13
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Sun L, Wu X, Diao J, Zhang J. Pathogenesis mechanisms of phytopathogen effectors. WIREs Mech Dis 2023; 15:e1592. [PMID: 36593734 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants commonly face the threat of invasion by a wide variety of pathogens and have developed sophisticated immune mechanisms to defend against infectious diseases. However, successful pathogens have evolved diverse mechanisms to overcome host immunity and cause diseases. Different cell structures and unique cellular organelles carried by plant cells endow plant-specific defense mechanisms, in addition to the common framework of innate immune system shared by both plants and animals. Effectors serve as crucial virulence weapons employed by phytopathogens to disarm the plant immune system and promote infection. Here we summarized the many diverse strategies by which phytopathogen effectors overcome plant defense and prospected future perspectives. This article is categorized under: Infectious Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Diao
- Northeast Forestry University, College of Forestry, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Chen L, Chen B, Zhu QH, Zhang X, Sun T, Liu F, Yang Y, Sun J, Li Y. Identification of sugar transporter genes and their roles in the pathogenicity of Verticillium dahliae on cotton. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1123523. [PMID: 36778686 PMCID: PMC9910176 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1123523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Verticillium wilt (VW) caused by Verticillium dahliae is a soil-borne vascular fungal disease that severely affects cotton yield and fiber quality. Sugar metabolism plays an important role in the growth and pathogenicity of V. dahliae. However, limited information is known about the sugar transporter genes and their roles in the growth and pathogenicity of V. dahliae. METHOD In this study, genome-wide identification of sugar transporter genes in V. dahliae was conducted and the expression profiles of these genes in response to root exudates from cotton varieties susceptible or resistant to V. dahliae were investigated based on RNA-seq data. Tobacco Rattle Virus-based host-induced gene silencing (TRV-based HIGS) and artificial small interfering RNAs (asiRNAs) were applied to investigate the function of candidate genes involved in the growth and pathogenic process of V. dahliae. RESULTS A total of 65 putative sugar transporter genes were identified and clustered into 8 Clades. Of the 65 sugar transporter genes, 9 were found to be induced only by root exudates from the susceptible variety, including VdST3 and VdST12 that were selected for further functional study. Silencing of VdST3 or VdST12 in host plants by TRV-based HIGS reduced fungal biomass and enhanced cotton resistance against V. dahliae. Additionally, silencing of VdST12 and VdST3 by feeding asiRNAs targeting VdST12 (asiR815 or asiR1436) and VdST3 (asiR201 or asiR1238) inhibited fungal growth, exhibiting significant reduction in hyphae and colony diameter, with a more significant effect observed for the asiRNAs targeting VdST12. The inhibitory effect of asiRNAs on the growth of V. dahliae was enhanced with the increasing concentration of asiRNAs. Silencing of VdST12 by feeding asiR815+asiR1436 significantly decreased the pathogenicity of V. dahliae. DISCUSSION The results suggest that VdST3 and VdST12 are sugar transporter genes required for growth and pathogenicity of V. dahliae and that asiRNA is a valuable tool for functional characterization of V. dahliae genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Bin Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | | | - Xinyu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tiange Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Feng Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yonglin Yang
- Cotton Research Institute, Shihezi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shihezi, China
| | - Jie Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
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15
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Xu J, Zhang N, Wang K, Xian Q, Dong J, Chen X. Exploring new strategies in diseases resistance of horticultural crops. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.1021350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Horticultural crops are susceptible to various biotic stressors including fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, and root-knot nematodes. These pathogens limit the growth, development, yield, and quality of horticultural crops, and also limit their adaptability and geographic distribution. The continuous cropping model in horticultural facilities exacerbates soil-borne diseases, and severely restricts yield, quality, and productivity. Recent progress in the understanding of mechanisms that confer tolerance to different diseases through innovative strategies including host-induced gene silencing (HIGS), targeting susceptibility genes, and rootstocks grafting applications are reviewed to systematically explore the resistance mechanisms against horticultural plant diseases. Future work should successfully breed resistant varieties using these strategies combined with molecular biologic methods.
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16
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Kong X, Yang M, Le BH, He W, Hou Y. The master role of siRNAs in plant immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1565-1574. [PMID: 35869407 PMCID: PMC9452763 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Gene silencing mediated by small noncoding RNAs (sRNAs) is a fundamental gene regulation mechanism in eukaryotes that broadly governs cellular processes. It has been established that sRNAs are critical regulators of plant growth, development, and antiviral defence, while accumulating studies support positive roles of sRNAs in plant defence against bacteria and eukaryotic pathogens such as fungi and oomycetes. Emerging evidence suggests that plant sRNAs move between species and function as antimicrobial agents against nonviral parasites. Multiple plant pathosystems have been shown to involve a similar exchange of small RNAs between species. Recent analysis about extracellular sRNAs shed light on the understanding of the selection and transportation of sRNAs moving from plant to parasites. In this review, we summarize current advances regarding the function and regulatory mechanism of plant endogenous small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) in mediating plant defence against pathogen intruders including viruses, bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, and parasitic plants. Beyond that, we propose potential mechanisms behind the sorting of sRNAs moving between species and the idea that engineering siRNA-producing loci could be a useful strategy to improve disease resistance of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhen Kong
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri‐Seeds/School of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Meng Yang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri‐Seeds/School of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Brandon H. Le
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrative Genome BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCaliforniaUSA
| | - Wenrong He
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology LaboratorySalk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Yingnan Hou
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri‐Seeds/School of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
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17
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Wu M, Li Q, Xia G, Zhang Y, Wang F. New insights into defense responses against Verticillium dahliae infection revealed by a quantitative proteomic analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2022; 49:980-994. [PMID: 35908800 DOI: 10.1071/fp22006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt is a highly destructive fungal disease that attacks a broad range of plants, including many major crops. However, the mechanism underlying plant immunity toward Verticillium dahliae is very complex and requires further study. By combining bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation, we investigated plant defence responses against V. dahliae infection in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana L. A total of 301 increased and 214 decreased differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) between mock and infected wild type (WT) plants were acquired and bioinformatics analyses were then conducted and compared (increased vs decreased) in detail. In addition to the currently known mechanisms, several new clues about plant immunity against V. dahliae infection were found in this study: (1) exosome formation was dramatically induced by V. dahliae attack; (2) tryptophan-derived camalexin and cyanogenic biosynthesis were durably promoted in response to infection; and (3) various newly identified components were activated for hub immunity responses. These new clues provide valuable information that extends the current knowledge about the molecular basis of plant immunity against V. dahliae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiulin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Guixian Xia
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yongshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Fuxin Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; and Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China
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18
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Ray P, Sahu D, Aminedi R, Chandran D. Concepts and considerations for enhancing RNAi efficiency in phytopathogenic fungi for RNAi-based crop protection using nanocarrier-mediated dsRNA delivery systems. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2022; 3:977502. [PMID: 37746174 PMCID: PMC10512274 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.977502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Existing, emerging, and reemerging strains of phytopathogenic fungi pose a significant threat to agricultural productivity globally. This risk is further exacerbated by the lack of resistance source(s) in plants or a breakdown of resistance by pathogens through co-evolution. In recent years, attenuation of essential pathogen gene(s) via double-stranded (ds) RNA-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) in host plants, a phenomenon known as host-induced gene silencing, has gained significant attention as a way to combat pathogen attack. Yet, due to biosafety concerns regarding transgenics, country-specific GMO legislation has limited the practical application of desirable attributes in plants. The topical application of dsRNA/siRNA targeting essential fungal gene(s) through spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) on host plants has opened up a transgene-free avenue for crop protection. However, several factors influence the outcome of RNAi, including but not limited to RNAi mechanism in plant/fungi, dsRNA/siRNA uptake efficiency, dsRNA/siRNA design parameters, dsRNA stability and delivery strategy, off-target effects, etc. This review emphasizes the significance of these factors and suggests appropriate measures to consider while designing in silico and in vitro experiments for successful RNAi in open-field conditions. We also highlight prospective nanoparticles as smart delivery vehicles for deploying RNAi molecules in plant systems for long-term crop protection and ecosystem compatibility. Lastly, we provide specific directions for future investigations that focus on blending nanotechnology and RNAi-based fungal control for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Ray
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Debashish Sahu
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Raghavendra Aminedi
- Division of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - Divya Chandran
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
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19
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Chen X, Duan Y, Qiao F, Liu H, Huang J, Luo C, Chen X, Li G, Xie K, Hsiang T, Zheng L. A secreted fungal effector suppresses rice immunity through host histone hypoacetylation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1977-1994. [PMID: 35592995 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Histone acetylation is a critical epigenetic modification that regulates plant immunity. Fungal pathogens secrete effectors that modulate host immunity and facilitate infection, but whether fungal pathogens have evolved effectors that directly target plant histone acetylation remains unknown. Here, we identified a secreted protein, UvSec117, from the rice false smut fungus, Ustilaginoidea virens, as a key effector that can target the rice histone deacetylase OsHDA701 and negatively regulates rice broad-spectrum resistance against rice pathogens. UvSec117 disrupts host immunity by recruiting OsHDA701 to the nucleus and enhancing OsHDA701-modulated deacetylation, thereby reducing histone H3K9 acetylation levels in rice plants and interfering with defense gene activation. Host-induced gene silencing of UvSec117 promotes rice resistance to U. virens, thus providing an alternative way for developing rice false smut-resistant plants. This is the first direct evidence demonstrating that a fungal effector targets a histone deacetylase to suppress plant immunity. Our data provided insight into a counter-defense mechanism in a plant pathogen that inactivates host defense responses at the epigenetic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuhang Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Fugang Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Junbin Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chaoxi Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guotian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Kabin Xie
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tom Hsiang
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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20
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Bocos-Asenjo IT, Niño-Sánchez J, Ginésy M, Diez JJ. New Insights on the Integrated Management of Plant Diseases by RNA Strategies: Mycoviruses and RNA Interference. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9236. [PMID: 36012499 PMCID: PMC9409477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-based strategies for plant disease management offer an attractive alternative to agrochemicals that negatively impact human and ecosystem health and lead to pathogen resistance. There has been recent interest in using mycoviruses for fungal disease control after it was discovered that some cause hypovirulence in fungal pathogens, which refers to a decline in the ability of a pathogen to cause disease. Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight, has set an ideal model of management through the release of hypovirulent strains. However, mycovirus-based management of plant diseases is still restricted by limited approaches to search for viruses causing hypovirulence and the lack of protocols allowing effective and systemic virus infection in pathogens. RNA interference (RNAi), the eukaryotic cell system that recognizes RNA sequences and specifically degrades them, represents a promising. RNA-based disease management method. The natural occurrence of cross-kingdom RNAi provides a basis for host-induced gene silencing, while the ability of most pathogens to uptake exogenous small RNAs enables the use of spray-induced gene silencing techniques. This review describes the mechanisms behind and the potential of two RNA-based strategies, mycoviruses and RNAi, for plant disease management. Successful applications are discussed, as well as the research gaps and limitations that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Teresa Bocos-Asenjo
- Department of Plant Production and Forest Resources, University of Valladolid, 34004 Palencia, Spain
- iuFOR-Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid-INIA, 34004 Palencia, Spain
| | - Jonatan Niño-Sánchez
- Department of Plant Production and Forest Resources, University of Valladolid, 34004 Palencia, Spain
- iuFOR-Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid-INIA, 34004 Palencia, Spain
| | - Mireille Ginésy
- Department of Plant Production and Forest Resources, University of Valladolid, 34004 Palencia, Spain
- iuFOR-Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid-INIA, 34004 Palencia, Spain
| | - Julio Javier Diez
- Department of Plant Production and Forest Resources, University of Valladolid, 34004 Palencia, Spain
- iuFOR-Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid-INIA, 34004 Palencia, Spain
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21
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Ciofini A, Negrini F, Baroncelli R, Baraldi E. Management of Post-Harvest Anthracnose: Current Approaches and Future Perspectives. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11141856. [PMID: 35890490 PMCID: PMC9319655 DOI: 10.3390/plants11141856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Anthracnose is a severe disease caused by Colletotrichum spp. on several crop species. Fungal infections can occur both in the field and at the post-harvest stage causing severe lesions on fruits and economic losses. Physical treatments and synthetic fungicides have traditionally been the preferred means to control anthracnose adverse effects; however, the urgent need to decrease the use of toxic chemicals led to the investigation of innovative and sustainable protection techniques. Evidence for the efficacy of biological agents and vegetal derivates has been reported; however, their introduction into actual crop protection strategies requires the solutions of several critical issues. Biotechnology-based approaches have also been explored, revealing the opportunity to develop innovative and safe methods for anthracnose management through genome editing and RNA interference technologies. Nevertheless, besides the number of advantages related to their use, e.g., the putative absence of adverse effects due to their high specificity, a number of aspects remain to be clarified to enable their introduction into Integrated Pest Management (IPM) protocols against Colletotrichum spp. disease.
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22
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Zhang L, Liu J, Cheng J, Sun Q, Zhang Y, Liu J, Li H, Zhang Z, Wang P, Cai C, Chu Z, Zhang X, Yuan Y, Shi Y, Cai Y. lncRNA7 and lncRNA2 modulate cell wall defense genes to regulate cotton resistance to Verticillium wilt. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:264-284. [PMID: 35134243 PMCID: PMC9070856 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In plants, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate disease resistance against fungi and other pathogens. However, the specific mechanism behind this regulation remains unclear. In this study, we identified disease resistance-related lncRNAs as well as their regulating genes and assessed their functions by infection of cotton (Gossypium) chromosome segment substitution lines with Verticillium dahliae. Our results demonstrated that lncRNA7 and its regulating gene Pectin methylesterase inhibitor 13 (GbPMEI13) positively regulated disease resistance via the silencing approach, while ectopic overexpression of GbPMEI13 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) promoted growth and enhanced resistance to V. dahliae. In contrast, lncRNA2 and its regulating gene Polygalacturonase 12 (GbPG12) negatively regulated resistance to V. dahliae. We further found that fungal disease-related agents, including the pectin-derived oligogalacturonide (OG), could downregulate the expression of lncRNA2 and GbPG12, leading to pectin accumulation. Conversely, OG upregulated the expression of lncRNA7, which encodes a plant peptide phytosulfokine (PSK-α), which was confirmed by lncRNA7 overexpression and Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS) experiments. We showed that PSK-α promoted 3-Indoleacetic acid (IAA) accumulation and activated GbPMEI13 expression through Auxin Response Factor 5. Since it is an inhibitor of pectin methylesterase (PME), GbPMEI13 promotes pectin methylation and therefore increases the resistance to V. dahliae. Consistently, we also demonstrated that GbPMEI13 inhibits the mycelial growth and spore germination of V. dahliae in vitro. In this study, we demonstrated that lncRNA7, lncRNA2, and their regulating genes modulate cell wall defense against V. dahliae via auxin-mediated signaling, providing a strategy for cotton breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Key Laboratory of Plant
Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, School of Computer and Information
Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Jinggao Liu
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research
Service, USDA, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
| | - Huimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Key Laboratory of Plant
Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, School of Computer and Information
Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Key Laboratory of Plant
Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, School of Computer and Information
Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Key Laboratory of Plant
Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, School of Computer and Information
Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Chaowei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Key Laboratory of Plant
Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, School of Computer and Information
Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Zongyan Chu
- Kaifeng Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Kaifeng 475000,
China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Key Laboratory of Plant
Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, School of Computer and Information
Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Youlu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and
Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research,
Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Yuzhen Shi
- Author for correspondence:
(Y.C.), (Y.S.)
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23
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Exploring the Effectiveness and Durability of Trans-Kingdom Silencing of Fungal Genes in the Vascular Pathogen Verticillium dahliae. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052742. [PMID: 35269884 PMCID: PMC8910871 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) based on trans-kingdom RNA interference (RNAi) has been successfully exploited to engineer host resistance to pests and pathogens, including fungi and oomycetes. However, revealing the mechanisms underlying trans-kingdom RNAi between hosts and pathogens lags behind applications. The effectiveness and durability of trans-kingdom silencing of pathogenic genes are uncharacterized. In this study, using our transgenic 35S-VdH1i cotton plants in which dsVdH1-derived small RNAs (siVdH1) accumulated, small RNA sequencing analysis revealed that siVdH1s exclusively occur within the double-stranded (ds)VdH1 region, and no transitive siRNAs were produced beyond this region in recovered hyphae of Verticillium dahliae (V. dahliae). Accordingly, we found that VdH1 silencing was reduced over time in recovered hyphae cultured in vitro, inferring that once the fungus got rid of the 35S-VdH1i cotton plants would gradually regain their pathogenicity. To explore whether continually exporting dsRNAs/siRNAs from transgenic plants into recipient fungal cells guaranteed the effectiveness and stability of HIGS, we created GFP/RFP double-labeled V. dahliae and transgenic Arabidopsis expressing dsGFP (35S-GFPi plants). Confocal images visually demonstrate the efficient silencing of GFP in V. dahliae that colonized host vascular tissues. Taken together, our results demonstrate that HIGS effectively triggers long-lasting trans-kingdom RNAi during plant vasculature V. dahliae interactions, despite no amplification or transitivity of RNAi being noted in this soil-borne fungal pathogen.
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24
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Zhao JH, Guo HS. RNA silencing: From discovery and elucidation to application and perspectives. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:476-498. [PMID: 34964265 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
RNA silencing (or RNA interference, RNAi) is a conserved mechanism for regulating gene expression in eukaryotes. The discovery of natural trans-kingdom RNAi indicated that small RNAs act as signaling molecules and enable communication between organisms in different kingdoms. The phenomenon and potential mechanisms of trans-kingdom RNAi are among the most exciting research topics. To better understand trans-kingdom RNAi, we review the history of the discovery and elucidation of RNAi mechanisms. Based on canonical RNAi mechanisms, we summarize the major points of divergence around RNAi pathways in the main eukaryotes' kingdoms, including plants, animals, and fungi. We review the representative incidents associated with the mechanisms and applications of trans-kingdom RNAi in crop protection, and discuss the critical factors that should be considered to develop successful trans-kingdom RNAi-based crop protection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hui-Shan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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25
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Shao S, Li B, Sun Q, Guo P, Du Y, Huang J. Acetolactate synthases regulatory subunit and catalytic subunit genes VdILVs are involved in BCAA biosynthesis, microscletotial and conidial formation and virulence in Verticillium dahliae. Fungal Genet Biol 2022; 159:103667. [PMID: 35041986 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Acetolactate synthase (AHAS) catalyses the first common step in the biosynthesis pathways of three branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) of valine, isoleucine and leucine. Here, we characterized one regulatory subunit (VdILV6) and three catalytic subunits (VdILV2A, VdILV2B and VdILV2C) of AHAS from the important cotton Verticillium wilt fungus Verticillium dahliae. Phenotypic analysis showed that VdILV6 knockout mutants were auxotrophic for valine and isoleucine and were defective in conidial morphogenesis, hypha penetration and virulence to cotton, and lost ability of microscletotial formation. The growth of single catalytic subunit gene knockout mutants were significantly inhibited by leucine at higher concentration and single catalytic subunit gene knockout mutants showed significantly reduced virulence to cotton. VdILV2B knockout also led to obviously reduced microscletotial formation and conidial production, VdILV2C knockout led to reduced conidial production. Further studies suggested that both feedback inhibition by leucine and the inhibition by AHAS inhibiting herbicides of tribenuron and bispyribac resulted in significantly down-regulated expression of the four subunit VdILVs genes (VdILV2A, VdILV2B, VdILV2C and VdILV6). Any single catalytic subunit gene knockout led to reduced expression of the other three subunit genes, whereas VdILV6 knckout induced increased expression of the three catalytic subunit genes. VdILV2B, VdILV2C and VdILV6 knockout resulted in increased expression of VdCPC1 regulator gene of the cross-pathway control of amino acid biosynthesis. Taken together, these results indicate multiple roles of four VdILVs genes in the biosynthesis of BCAAs, virulence, fungal growth and development in the filamentous fungi V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShengNan Shao
- College of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang
| | - Biao Li
- College of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang
| | - Qi Sun
- College of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang
| | - PeiRu Guo
- College of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang
| | - YeJuan Du
- College of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang.
| | - JiaFeng Huang
- College of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang.
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26
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Zhang T, Wang F, Guo HS, Jin Y. Trans-Kingdom RNA Silencing in Plant-Fungal Disease Control. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2408:243-252. [PMID: 35325427 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1875-2_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Trans-kingdom RNA interference (RNAi) has been reported in several plant-fungal pathosystems. Our recent works have demonstrated natural RNAi transmission from cotton plants into Verticillium dahliae, a soil-borne phytopathogenic fungus that infects host roots and proliferates in vascular tissues, and successful application of trans-kingdom RNAi in cotton plants to confer Verticillium wilt disease resistance. Here, we provide a detailed protocol of cotton infection with V. dahliae, fungal hyphae recovery from infected cotton stems, and transmitted small RNA detection developed from our previous studies for trans-kingdom RNAi assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Shan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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27
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Zhang Y, Chen W, Sang X, Wang T, Gong H, Zhao Y, Zhao P, Wang H. Genome-Wide Identification of the Thaumatin-like Protein Family Genes in Gossypium barbadense and Analysis of Their Responses to Verticillium dahliae Infection. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10122647. [PMID: 34961118 PMCID: PMC8708996 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Plants respond to pathogen challenge by activating a defense system involving pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. The PR-5 family includes thaumatin, thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs), and other related proteins. TLPs play an important role in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Many TLP-encoding genes have been identified and functionally characterized in the model plant species. (2) Results: We identified a total of 90 TLP genes in the G. barbadense genome. They were phylogenetically classified into 10 subfamilies and distributed across 19 chromosomes and nine scaffolds. The genes were characterized by examining their exon-intron structures, promoter cis-elements, conserved domains, synteny and collinearity, gene family evolution, and gene duplications. Several TLP genes were predicted to be targets of miRNAs. Investigation of expression changes of 21 GbTLPs in a G. barbadense cultivar (Hai7124) resistance to Verticillium dahliae revealed 13 GbTLPs being upregulated in response to V. dahliae infection, suggesting a potential role of these GbTLP genes in disease response. (3) Conclusions: The results of this study allow insight into the GbTLP gene family, identify GbTLP genes responsive to V. dahliae infection, and provide candidate genes for future studies of their roles in disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Zhang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.Z.); (T.W.)
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (W.C.); (X.S.); (H.G.)
| | - Xiaohui Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (W.C.); (X.S.); (H.G.)
| | - Ting Wang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.Z.); (T.W.)
| | - Haiyan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (W.C.); (X.S.); (H.G.)
| | - Yunlei Zhao
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.Z.); (T.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (W.C.); (X.S.); (H.G.)
| | - Pei Zhao
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.Z.); (T.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (W.C.); (X.S.); (H.G.)
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.Z.); (T.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (W.C.); (X.S.); (H.G.)
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28
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Zhao M, Wang C, Wan J, Li Z, Liu D, Yamamoto N, Zhou E, Shu C. Functional validation of pathogenicity genes in rice sheath blight pathogen Rhizoctonia solani by a novel host-induced gene silencing system. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1587-1598. [PMID: 34453407 PMCID: PMC8578826 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Rice sheath blight, caused by the soilborne fungus Rhizoctonia solani, causes severe yield losses worldwide. Elucidation of the pathogenic mechanism of R. solani is highly desired. However, the lack of a stable genetic transformation system has made it challenging to examine genes' functions in this fungus. Here, we present functional validation of pathogenicity genes in the rice sheath blight pathogen R. solani by a newly established tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) system using the virulent R. solani AG-1 IA strain GD-118. RNA interference constructs of 33 candidate pathogenicity genes were infiltrated into Nicotiana benthamiana leaves with the TRV-HIGS system. Of these constructs, 29 resulted in a significant reduction in necrosis caused by GD-118 infection. For further validation of one of the positive genes, trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (Rstps2), stable rice transformants harbouring the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) construct for Rstps2 were created. The transformants exhibited reduced gene expression of Rstps2, virulence, and trehalose accumulation in GD-118. We showed that the dsRNA for Rstps2 was taken up by GD-118 mycelia and sclerotial differentiation of GD-118 was inhibited. These findings offer gene identification opportunities for the rice sheath blight pathogen and a theoretical basis for controlling this disease by spray-induced gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlDepartment of Plant PathologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Chenjiaozi Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlDepartment of Plant PathologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jun Wan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlDepartment of Plant PathologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Zanfeng Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlDepartment of Plant PathologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Dilin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice BreedingGuangzhouChina
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- College of AgronomySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Erxun Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlDepartment of Plant PathologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Canwei Shu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlDepartment of Plant PathologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
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29
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RNAi technology for plant protection and its application in wheat. ABIOTECH 2021; 2:365-374. [PMID: 36304420 PMCID: PMC9590511 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-021-00036-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The RNAi technology takes advantage of the intrinsic RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism that exists in nearly all eukaryotes in which target mRNAs are degraded or functionally suppressed. Significant progress has been made in recent years where RNAi technology is applied to several crops and economic plants for protection against diseases like fungi, pests, and nematode. RNAi technology is also applied in controlling pathogen damages in wheat, one of the most important crops in the world. In this review, we first give a brief introduction of the RNAi technology and the underneath mechanism. We then review the recent progress of its utilization in crops, particular wheat. Finally, we discuss the existing challenges and prospect future development of this technology in crop protection.
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30
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Goulin EH, de Lima TA, dos Santos PJC, Machado MA. RNAi-induced silencing of the succinate dehydrogenase subunits gene in Colletotrichum abscissum, the causal agent of postbloom fruit drop (PFD) in citrus. Microbiol Res 2021; 260:126938. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Tariqjaveed M, Mateen A, Wang S, Qiu S, Zheng X, Zhang J, Bhadauria V, Sun W. Versatile effectors of phytopathogenic fungi target host immunity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1856-1873. [PMID: 34383388 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi secrete a large arsenal of effector molecules, including proteinaceous effectors, small RNAs, phytohormones and derivatives thereof. The pathogenicity of fungal pathogens is primarily determined by these effectors that are secreted into host cells to undermine innate immunity, as well as to facilitate the acquisition of nutrients for their in planta growth and proliferation. After conventional and non-conventional secretion, fungal effectors are translocated into different subcellular compartments of the host cells to interfere with various biological processes. In extracellular spaces, apoplastic effectors cope with physical and chemical barriers to break the first line of plant defenses. Intracellular effectors target essential immune components on the plasma membrane, in the cytosol, including cytosolic organelles, and in the nucleus to suppress host immunity and reprogram host physiology, favoring pathogen colonization. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the recent advances in fungal effector biology, with a focus on the versatile virulence functions of fungal effectors in promoting pathogen infection and colonization. A perspective of future research on fungal effector biology is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tariqjaveed
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Abdul Mateen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shanshan Qiu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinhang Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Vijai Bhadauria
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
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32
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Ding Y, Chen Y, Yan B, Liao H, Dong M, Meng X, Wan H, Qian W. Host-Induced Gene Silencing of a Multifunction Gene Sscnd1 Enhances Plant Resistance Against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:693334. [PMID: 34690946 PMCID: PMC8531507 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.693334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a devastating necrotrophic fungal pathogen and has a substantial economic impact on crop production worldwide. Magnaporthe appressoria-specific (MAS) proteins have been suggested to be involved in the appressorium formation in Magnaporthe oryzae. Sscnd1, an MAS homolog gene, is highly induced at the early infection stage of S. sclerotiorum. Knock-down the expression of Sscnd1 gene severely reduced the virulence of S. sclerotiorum on intact rapeseed leaves, and their virulence was partially restored on wounded leaves. The Sscnd1 gene-silenced strains exhibited a defect in compound appressorium formation and cell integrity. The instantaneous silencing of Sscnd1 by tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-mediated host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) resulted in a significant reduction in disease development in tobacco. Three transgenic HIGS Arabidopsis lines displayed high levels of resistance to S. sclerotiorum and decreased Sscnd1 expression. Production of specific Sscnd1 siRNA in transgenic HIGS Arabidopsis lines was confirmed by stem-loop qRT-PCR. This study revealed that the compound appressorium-related gene Sscnd1 is required for cell integrity and full virulence in S. sclerotiorum and that Sclerotinia stem rot can be controlled by expressing the silencing constructs of Sscnd1 in host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijuan Ding
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Yangui Chen
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Baoqin Yan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongmei Liao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengquan Dong
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinran Meng
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Huafang Wan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Qian
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
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33
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Qiao Y, Xia R, Zhai J, Hou Y, Feng L, Zhai Y, Ma W. Small RNAs in Plant Immunity and Virulence of Filamentous Pathogens. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 59:265-288. [PMID: 34077241 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-121520-023514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Gene silencing guided by small RNAs governs a broad range of cellular processes in eukaryotes. Small RNAs are important components of plant immunity because they contribute to pathogen-triggered transcription reprogramming and directly target pathogen RNAs. Recent research suggests that silencing of pathogen genes by plant small RNAs occurs not only during viral infection but also in nonviral pathogens through a process termed host-induced gene silencing, which involves trans-species small RNA trafficking. Similarly, small RNAs are also produced by eukaryotic pathogens and regulate virulence. This review summarizes the small RNA pathways in both plants and filamentous pathogens, including fungi and oomycetes, and discusses their role in host-pathogen interactions. We highlight secondarysmall interfering RNAs of plants as regulators of immune receptor gene expression and executors of host-induced gene silencing in invading pathogens. The current status and prospects of trans-species gene silencing at the host-pathogen interface are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Qiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China;
| | - Rui Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jixian Zhai
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yingnan Hou
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Li Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yi Zhai
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Wenbo Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK;
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Rashid MHO, Li PT, Chen TT, Palanga KK, Gong WK, Ge Q, Gong JW, Liu AY, Lu QW, Diouf L, Sarfraz Z, Jamshed M, Shi YZ, Yuan YL. Genome-wide quantitative trait loci mapping on Verticillium wilt resistance in 300 chromosome segment substitution lines from Gossypium hirsutum × Gossypium barbadense. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2021; 11:6128683. [PMID: 33846710 PMCID: PMC8104949 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cotton Verticillium wilt (VW) is a devastating disease seriously affecting fiber yield and quality, and the most effective and economical prevention measure at present is selection and extension of Gossypium varieties harboring high resistance to VW. However, multiple attempts to improve the VW resistance of the most widely cultivated upland cottons have made little significant progress. The introduction of chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) provide the practical solutions for merging the superior genes related with high yield and wide adaptation from Gossypium hirsutum and VW resistance and the excellent fiber quality from Gossypium barbadense. In this study, 300 CSSLs were chosen from the developed BC5F3:5 CSSLs constructed from CCRI36 (G. hirsutum) and Hai1 (G. barbadense) to conduct quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping of VW resistance, and a total of 40 QTL relevant to VW disease index (DI) were identified. Phenotypic data were obtained from a 2-year investigation in two fields with two replications per year. All the QTL were distributed on 21 chromosomes, with phenotypic variation of 1.05%-10.52%, and 21 stable QTL were consistent in at least two environments. Based on a meta-analysis, 34 novel QTL were identified, while 6 loci were consistent with previously identified QTL. Meanwhile, 70 QTL hotspot regions were detected, including 44 novel regions. This study concentrates on QTL identification and screening for hotspot regions related with VW in the 300 CSSLs, and the results lay a solid foundation not only for revealing the genetic and molecular mechanisms of VW resistance but also for further fine mapping, gene cloning and molecular designing in breeding programs for resistant cotton varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Harun Or Rashid
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China.,Senior Scientific Officer, Breeding Division, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh
| | - Peng-Tao Li
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Ting-Ting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China.,College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Koffi Kibalou Palanga
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China.,Institut Supérieur des Métiers de l'Agriculture- Université de Kara (ISMA-UK), Kara, Togo
| | - Wan-Kui Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Qun Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Ju-Wu Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Ai-Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Quan-Wei Lu
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Latyr Diouf
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Zareen Sarfraz
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Muhammad Jamshed
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Yu-Zhen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - You-Lu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
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35
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Subhankar B, Yamaguchi K, Shigenobu S, Aoki K. Trans-species small RNAs move long distances in a parasitic plant complex. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2021; 38:187-196. [PMID: 34393597 PMCID: PMC8329266 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.21.0121a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic plants exchange various types of RNAs with their host plants, including mRNA, and small non-coding RNA. Among small non-coding RNAs, miRNA production is known to be induced at the haustorial interface. The induced miRNAs transfer to the host plant and activate secondary siRNA production to silence target genes in the host. In addition to interfacial transfer, long-distance movement of the small RNAs has also been known to mediate signaling and regulate biological processes. In this study, we tested the long-distance movement of trans-species small RNAs in a parasitic-plant complex. Small RNA-Seq was performed using a complex of a stem parasitic plant, Cuscuta campestris, and a host, Arabidopsis thaliana. In the host plant's parasitized stem, genes involved in the production of secondary siRNA, AtSGS3 and AtRDR6, were upregulated, and 22-nt small RNA was enriched concomitantly, suggesting the activation of secondary siRNA production. Stem-loop RT-PCR and subsequent sequencing experimentally confirmed the mobility of the small RNAs. Trans-species mobile small RNAs were detected in the parasitic interface and also in distant organs. To clarify the mode of long-distance translocation, we examined whether C. campestris-derived small RNA moves long distances in A. thaliana sgs3 and rdr6 mutants or not. Mobility of C. campestris-derived small RNA in sgs3 and rdr6 mutants suggested the occurrence of direct long-distance transport without secondary siRNA production in the recipient plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bera Subhankar
- Gradute School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Katsushi Yamaguchi
- Functional Genomics Facility, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- Functional Genomics Facility, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Koh Aoki
- Gradute School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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36
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Huang G, Huang JQ, Chen XY, Zhu YX. Recent Advances and Future Perspectives in Cotton Research. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 72:437-462. [PMID: 33428477 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-080720-113241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cotton is not only the world's most important natural fiber crop, but it is also an ideal system in which to study genome evolution, polyploidization, and cell elongation. With the assembly of five different cotton genomes, a cotton-specific whole-genome duplication with an allopolyploidization process that combined the A- and D-genomes became evident. All existing A-genomes seemed to originate from the A0-genome as a common ancestor, and several transposable element bursts contributed to A-genome size expansion and speciation. The ethylene production pathway is shown to regulate fiber elongation. A tip-biased diffuse growth mode and several regulatory mechanisms, including plant hormones, transcription factors, and epigenetic modifications, are involved in fiber development. Finally, we describe the involvement of the gossypol biosynthetic pathway in the manipulation of herbivorous insects, the role of GoPGF in gland formation, and host-induced gene silencing for pest and disease control. These new genes, modules, and pathways will accelerate the genetic improvement of cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gai Huang
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jin-Quan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Ya Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu-Xian Zhu
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China;
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37
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Xiong D, Yu L, Shan H, Tian C. CcPmk1 is a regulator of pathogenicity in Cytospora chrysosperma and can be used as a potential target for disease control. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:710-726. [PMID: 33835616 PMCID: PMC8126189 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Fus3/Kss1, also known as Pmk1 in several pathogenic fungi, is a component of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway that functions as a regulator in fungal development, stress response, mating, and pathogenicity. Cytospora chrysosperma, a notorious woody plant-pathogenic fungus, causes canker disease in many species, and its Pmk1 homolog, CcPmk1, is required for fungal development and pathogenicity. However, the global regulation network of CcPmk1 is still unclear. In this study, we compared transcriptional analysis between a CcPmk1 deletion mutant and the wild type during the simulated infection process. A subset of transcription factor genes and putative effector genes were significantly down-regulated in the CcPmk1 deletion mutant, which might be important for fungal pathogenicity. Additionally, many tandem genes were found to be regulated by CcPmk1. Eleven out of 68 core secondary metabolism biosynthesis genes and several gene clusters were significantly down-regulated in the CcPmk1 deletion mutant. GO annotation of down-regulated genes showed that the ribosome biosynthesis-related processes were over-represented in the CcPmk1 deletion mutant. Comparison of the CcPmk1-regulated genes with the Pmk1-regulated genes from Magnaporthe oryzae revealed only a few overlapping regulated genes in both CcPmk1 and Pmk1, while the enrichment GO terms in the ribosome biosynthesis-related processes were also found. Subsequently, we calculated that in vitro feeding artificial small interference RNAs of CcPmk1 could silence the target gene, resulting in inhibited fungal growth. Furthermore, silencing of BcPmk1 in Botrytis cinerea with conserved CcPmk1 and BcPmk1 fragments could significantly compromise fungal virulence using the virus-induced gene silencing system in Nicotiana benthamiana. These results suggest that CcPmk1 functions as a regulator of pathogenicity and can potentially be designed as a target for broad-spectrum disease control, but unintended effects on nonpathogenic fungi need to be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianguang Xiong
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of EducationCollege of ForestryBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest ControlBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Lu Yu
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of EducationCollege of ForestryBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Huimin Shan
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of EducationCollege of ForestryBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chengming Tian
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of EducationCollege of ForestryBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest ControlBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
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38
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Tong S, Yuan M, Liu Y, Li X, Jin D, Cheng X, Lin D, Ling H, Yang D, Wang Y, Mao A, Pei Y, Fan Y. Ergosterol-targeting fusion antifungal peptide significantly increases the Verticillium wilt resistance of cotton. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:926-936. [PMID: 33217142 PMCID: PMC8131044 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Increasing the targeting ability of antifungal proteins towards specific components of fungal cells has the potential to improve their antifungal activity and reduce harmful effects to nontarget cells. To obtain effective disease resistance genes against cotton Verticillium wilt, we constructed several fusion genes, in which binding domains targeting chitin, sphingolipid or ergosterol in the fungal cell wall or cell membrane were individually fused to the antifungal peptide BbAFP1 from entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Transient expression of fusion genes in cotton cotyledons indicated that the BbAFP1::ErBD fusion peptide with an ergosterol binding domain exhibited better disease resistance against V. dahliae than wild-type BbAFP1 and other fusion genes. BbAFP1::ErBD and BbAFP1 transgenic cotton were obtained and verified by Southern and Western blotting. Compared with BbAFP1-expressing cotton, BbAFP1::ErBD-expressing cotton showed higher disease resistance against V. dahliae, with smaller lesion areas (0.07 cm2 vs. 0.16 cm2 ) on the leaves and a lower disease index (23.9 vs. 34.5). Overexpression of BbAFP1::ErBD by transgenic tobacco also showed enhanced disease resistance against V. dahliae compared with that of the wild-type gene. These results indicated that construction of fusion antifungal peptides that target fungal cells is a powerful strategy to obtain new anti-disease genes, and the obtained fusion gene BbAFP1::ErBD has the potential to defend against plant fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Tong
- Biotechnology Research CenterChongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm InnovationSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Min Yuan
- Biotechnology Research CenterChongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm InnovationSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass SciencesSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Xianbi Li
- Biotechnology Research CenterChongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm InnovationSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Dan Jin
- Biotechnology Research CenterChongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm InnovationSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Xi Cheng
- Biotechnology Research CenterChongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm InnovationSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Dongmei Lin
- Biotechnology Research CenterChongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm InnovationSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Haichun Ling
- Biotechnology Research CenterChongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm InnovationSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Danni Yang
- Biotechnology Research CenterChongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm InnovationSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yang Wang
- Biotechnology Research CenterChongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm InnovationSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Ajing Mao
- Biotechnology Research CenterChongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm InnovationSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yan Pei
- Biotechnology Research CenterChongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm InnovationSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yanhua Fan
- Biotechnology Research CenterChongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm InnovationSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
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Zhao Y, Chen W, Cui Y, Sang X, Lu J, Jing H, Wang W, Zhao P, Wang H. Detection of candidate genes and development of KASP markers for Verticillium wilt resistance by combining genome-wide association study, QTL-seq and transcriptome sequencing in cotton. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:1063-1081. [PMID: 33438060 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-020-03752-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Combining GWAS, QTL-seq and transcriptome sequencing detected basal defense-related genes showing gDNA sequence variation and expression difference in diverse cotton lines, which might be the molecular mechanisms of VW resistance in G. hirsutum. Verticillium wilt (VW), which is caused by the soil-borne fungus Verticillium dahliae, is a major disease in cotton (Gossypim hirsutum) worldwide. To facilitate the understanding of the genetic basis for VW resistance in cotton, a genome-wide association study (GWAS), QTL-seq and transcriptome sequencing were performed. The GWAS of VW resistance in a panel of 120 core elite cotton accessions using the Cotton 63K Illumina Infinium SNP array identified 5 QTL from 18 significant SNPs meeting the 5% false discovery rate threshold on 5 chromosomes. All QTL identified through GWAS were found to be overlapped with previously reported QTL. By combining GWAS, QTL-seq and transcriptome sequencing, we identified eight candidate genes showing both gDNA sequence variation and expression difference between resistant and susceptible lines, most related to transcription factors (TFs), flavonoid biosynthesis and those involving in the plant basal defense and broad-spectrum disease resistance. Ten KASP markers were successfully validated in diverse cotton lines and could be deployed in marker-assisted breeding to enhance VW resistance. These results supported our inference that the gDNA sequence variation or expression difference of those genes involving in the basal defense in diverse cotton lines might be the molecular mechanisms of VW resistance in G. hirsutum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Yanli Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Xiaohui Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Jianhua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Huijuan Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Wenju Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Pei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China.
| | - Hongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China.
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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40
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RNA Interference Strategies for Future Management of Plant Pathogenic Fungi: Prospects and Challenges. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10040650. [PMID: 33805521 PMCID: PMC8067263 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic fungi are the largest group of disease-causing agents on crop plants and represent a persistent and significant threat to agriculture worldwide. Conventional approaches based on the use of pesticides raise social concern for the impact on the environment and human health and alternative control methods are urgently needed. The rapid improvement and extensive implementation of RNA interference (RNAi) technology for various model and non-model organisms has provided the initial framework to adapt this post-transcriptional gene silencing technology for the management of fungal pathogens. Recent studies showed that the exogenous application of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules on plants targeting fungal growth and virulence-related genes provided disease attenuation of pathogens like Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Fusarium graminearum in different hosts. Such results highlight that the exogenous RNAi holds great potential for RNAi-mediated plant pathogenic fungal disease control. Production of dsRNA can be possible by using either in-vitro or in-vivo synthesis. In this review, we describe exogenous RNAi involved in plant pathogenic fungi and discuss dsRNA production, formulation, and RNAi delivery methods. Potential challenges that are faced while developing a RNAi strategy for fungal pathogens, such as off-target and epigenetic effects, with their possible solutions are also discussed.
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Oelmüller R. Threat at One End of the Plant: What Travels to Inform the Other Parts? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3152. [PMID: 33808792 PMCID: PMC8003533 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation and response to environmental changes require dynamic and fast information distribution within the plant body. If one part of a plant is exposed to stress, attacked by other organisms or exposed to any other kind of threat, the information travels to neighboring organs and even neighboring plants and activates appropriate responses. The information flow is mediated by fast-traveling small metabolites, hormones, proteins/peptides, RNAs or volatiles. Electric and hydraulic waves also participate in signal propagation. The signaling molecules move from one cell to the neighboring cell, via the plasmodesmata, through the apoplast, within the vascular tissue or-as volatiles-through the air. A threat-specific response in a systemic tissue probably requires a combination of different traveling compounds. The propagating signals must travel over long distances and multiple barriers, and the signal intensity declines with increasing distance. This requires permanent amplification processes, feedback loops and cross-talks among the different traveling molecules and probably a short-term memory, to refresh the propagation process. Recent studies show that volatiles activate defense responses in systemic tissues but also play important roles in the maintenance of the propagation of traveling signals within the plant. The distal organs can respond immediately to the systemic signals or memorize the threat information and respond faster and stronger when they are exposed again to the same or even another threat. Transmission and storage of information is accompanied by loss of specificity about the threat that activated the process. I summarize our knowledge about the proposed long-distance traveling compounds and discuss their possible connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Oelmüller
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
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42
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Zhao JH, Zhang T, Liu QY, Guo HS. Trans-kingdom RNAs and their fates in recipient cells: advances, utilization, and perspectives. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:100167. [PMID: 33898979 PMCID: PMC8060725 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon and potential mechanisms of trans-kingdom RNA silencing (or RNA interference, RNAi) are among the most exciting topics in science today. Based on trans-kingdom RNAi, host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) has been widely applied to create crops with resistance to various pests and pathogens, overcoming the limitations of resistant cultivars. However, a lack of transformation technology in many crops limits the application of HIGS. Here, we describe the various fates of trans-kingdom RNAs in recipient organisms. Based on the assumption that small RNAs can be transferred between the host and its microbiome or among microbiome members, we propose a possible alternative strategy for plant protection against pathogens without the need for crop genetic modification.
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43
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Wang G, Wang X, Zhang Y, Yang J, Li Z, Wu L, Wu J, Wu N, Liu L, Liu Z, Zhang M, Wu L, Zhang G, Ma Z. Dynamic characteristics and functional analysis provide new insights into long non-coding RNA responsive to Verticillium dahliae infection in Gossypium hirsutum. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:68. [PMID: 33526028 PMCID: PMC7852192 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02835-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Verticillium wilt is a widespread and destructive disease, which causes serious loss of cotton yield and quality. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is involved in many biological processes, such as plant disease resistance response, through a variety of regulatory mechanisms, but their possible roles in cotton against Verticillium dahliae infection remain largely unclear. RESULTS Here, we measured the transcriptome of resistant G. hirsutum following infection by V. dahliae and 4277 differentially expressed lncRNAs (delncRNAs) were identified. Localization and abundance analysis revealed that delncRNAs were biased distribution on chromosomes. We explored the dynamic characteristics of disease resistance related lncRNAs in chromosome distribution, induced expression profiles, biological function, and these lncRNAs were divided into three categories according to their induced expression profiles. For the delncRNAs, 687 cis-acting pairs and 14,600 trans-acting pairs of lncRNA-mRNA were identified, which indicated that trans-acting was the main way of Verticillium wilt resistance-associated lncRNAs regulating target mRNAs in cotton. Analyzing the regulation pattern of delncRNAs revealed that cis-acting and trans-acting lncRNAs had different ways to influence target genes. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that the regulatory function of delncRNAs participated significantly in stimulus response process, kinase activity and plasma membrane components. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis indicated that delncRNAs participated in some important disease resistance pathways, such as plant-pathogen interaction, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism and plant hormone signal transduction. Additionally, 21 delncRNAs and 10 target genes were identified as being involved in alpha-linolenic acid metabolism associated with the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid (JA). Subsequently, we found that GhlncLOX3 might regulate resistance to V. dahliae through modulating the expression of GhLOX3 implicated in JA biosynthesis. Further functional analysis showed that GhlncLOX3-silenced seedlings displayed a reduced resistance to V. dahliae, with down-regulated expression of GhLOX3 and decreased content of JA. CONCLUSION This study shows the dynamic characteristics of delncRNAs in multiaspect, and suggests that GhlncLOX3-GhLOX3-JA network participates in response to V. dahliae invasion. Our results provide novel insights for genetic improvement of Verticillium wilt resistance in cotton using lncRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Xingfen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Zhikun Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Lizhu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Jinhua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Nan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Lixia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Zhengwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Man Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Liqiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Guiyin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China.
| | - Zhiying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China.
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Biotechnological Approaches: Gene Overexpression, Gene Silencing, and Genome Editing to Control Fungal and Oomycete Diseases in Grapevine. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165701. [PMID: 32784854 PMCID: PMC7460970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Downy mildew, powdery mildew, and grey mold are some of the phytopathological diseases causing economic losses in agricultural crops, including grapevine, worldwide. In the current scenario of increasing global warming, in which the massive use of agrochemicals should be limited, the management of fungal disease has become a challenge. The knowledge acquired on candidate resistant (R) genes having an active role in plant defense mechanisms has allowed numerous breeding programs to integrate these traits into selected cultivars, even though with some limits in the conservation of the proper qualitative characteristics of the original clones. Given their gene-specific mode of action, biotechnological techniques come to the aid of breeders, allowing them to generate simple and fast modifications in the host, without introducing other undesired genes. The availability of efficient gene transfer procedures in grapevine genotypes provide valid tools that support the application of new breeding techniques (NBTs). The expertise built up over the years has allowed the optimization of these techniques to overexpress genes that directly or indirectly limit fungal and oomycetes pathogens growth or silence plant susceptibility genes. Furthermore, the downregulation of pathogen genes which act as virulence effectors by exploiting the RNA interference mechanism, represents another biotechnological tool that increases plant defense. In this review, we summarize the most recent biotechnological strategies optimized and applied on Vitis species, aimed at reducing their susceptibility to the most harmful fungal and oomycetes diseases. The best strategy for combating pathogenic organisms is to exploit a holistic approach that fully integrates all these available tools.
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Clathrin mediated endocytosis is involved in the uptake of exogenous double-stranded RNA in the white mold phytopathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12773. [PMID: 32728195 PMCID: PMC7391711 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69771-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) technologies have recently been developed to control a growing number of agronomically significant fungal phytopathogens, including the white mold pathogen, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Exposure of this fungus to exogenous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) results in potent RNAi-mediated knockdown of target genes' transcripts, but it is unclear how the dsRNA can enter the fungal cells. In nematodes, specialized dsRNA transport proteins such as SID-1 facilitate dsRNA uptake, but for many other eukaryotes in which the dsRNA uptake mechanisms have been examined, endocytosis appears to mediate the uptake process. In this study, using live cell imaging, transgenic fungal cultures and endocytic inhibitors, we determined that the uptake mechanism in S. sclerotiorum occurs through clathrin-mediated endocytosis. RNAi-mediated knockdown of several clathrin-mediated endocytic genes' transcripts confirmed the involvement of this cellular uptake process in facilitating RNAi in this fungus. Understanding the mode of dsRNA entry into the fungus will prove useful in designing and optimizing future dsRNA-based control methods and in anticipating possible mechanisms by which phytopathogens may develop resistance to this novel category of fungicides.
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Mathur M, Nair A, Kadoo N. Plant-pathogen interactions: MicroRNA-mediated trans-kingdom gene regulation in fungi and their host plants. Genomics 2020; 112:3021-3035. [PMID: 32454170 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been prevalently studied in plants, animals, and viruses. However, recent studies show evidences of miRNA-like RNAs (milRNAs) in fungi as well. It is known that after successful infection, pathogens hijack the host machinery and use it for their own growth and multiplication. Alternatively, resistant plants can overcome the pathogen attack by a variety of mechanisms. Based on this prior knowledge, we computationally predicted milRNAs from 13 fungi, and identified their targets in transcriptomes of the respective fungi as well as their host plants. The expressions of the milRNAs and targets were confirmed using qRT-PCR. We found that plant miRNAs targeted fungal virulence genes, while fungal milRNAs targeted plant resistance genes; corroborating miRNA-mediated trans-kingdom gene regulation and the roles of miRNAs in plant-pathogen interactions. Transgenic plants with miRNAs targeting fungal virulence genes, or anti-sense of fungal milRNAs, would be expected to be highly resistant to the fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Mathur
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Aswathy Nair
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - Narendra Kadoo
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Wang M, Dean RA. Movement of small RNAs in and between plants and fungi. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:589-601. [PMID: 32027079 PMCID: PMC7060135 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference is a biological process whereby small RNAs inhibit gene expression through neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules. This process is conserved in eukaryotes. Here, recent work regarding the mechanisms of how small RNAs move within and between organisms is examined. Small RNAs can move locally and systemically in plants through plasmodesmata and phloem, respectively. In fungi, transportation of small RNAs may also be achieved by septal pores and vesicles. Recent evidence also supports bidirectional cross-kingdom communication of small RNAs between host plants and adapted fungal pathogens to affect the outcome of infection. We discuss several mechanisms for small RNA trafficking and describe evidence for transport through naked form, combined with RNA-binding proteins or enclosed by vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Wang
- Fungal Genomics LaboratoryCenter for Integrated Fungal ResearchDepartment of Entomology and Plant PathologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Ralph A. Dean
- Fungal Genomics LaboratoryCenter for Integrated Fungal ResearchDepartment of Entomology and Plant PathologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
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Cheng Y, Lin Y, Cao H, Li Z. Citrus Postharvest Green Mold: Recent Advances in Fungal Pathogenicity and Fruit Resistance. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E449. [PMID: 32209982 PMCID: PMC7143998 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
As the major postharvest disease of citrus fruit, postharvest green mold is caused by the necrotrophic fungus Penicillium digitatum (Pd), which leads to huge economic losses worldwide. Fungicides are still the main method currently used to control postharvest green mold in citrus fruit storage. Investigating molecular mechanisms of plant-pathogen interactions, including pathogenicity and plant resistance, is crucial for developing novel and safer strategies for effectively controlling plant diseases. Despite fruit-pathogen interactions remaining relatively unexplored compared with well-studied leaf-pathogen interactions, progress has occurred in the citrus fruit-Pd interaction in recent years, mainly due to their genome sequencing and establishment or optimization of their genetic transformation systems. Recent advances in Pd pathogenicity on citrus fruit and fruit resistance against Pd infection are summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China (H.C.)
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yunlong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China (H.C.)
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Haohao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China (H.C.)
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Zhengguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China (H.C.)
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
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Thomas E, Herrero S, Eng H, Gomaa N, Gillikin J, Noar R, Beseli A, Daub ME. Engineering Cercospora disease resistance via expression of Cercospora nicotianae cercosporin-resistance genes and silencing of cercosporin production in tobacco. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230362. [PMID: 32176712 PMCID: PMC7075572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi in the genus Cercospora cause crop losses world-wide on many crop species. The wide host range and success of these pathogens has been attributed to the production of a photoactivated toxin, cercosporin. We engineered tobacco for resistance to Cercospora nicotianae utilizing two strategies: 1) transformation with cercosporin autoresistance genes isolated from the fungus, and 2) transformation with constructs to silence the production of cercosporin during disease development. Three C. nicotianae cercosporin autoresistance genes were tested: ATR1 and CFP, encoding an ABC and an MFS transporter, respectively, and 71cR, which encodes a hypothetical protein. Resistance to the pathogen was identified in transgenic lines expressing ATR1 and 71cR, but not in lines transformed with CFP. Silencing of the CTB1 polyketide synthase and to a lesser extent the CTB8 pathway regulator in the cercosporin biosynthetic pathway also led to the recovery of resistant lines. All lines tested expressed the transgenes, and a direct correlation between the level of transgene expression and disease resistance was not identified in any line. Resistance was also not correlated with the degree of silencing in the CTB1 and CTB8 silenced lines. We conclude that expression of fungal cercosporin autoresistance genes as well as silencing of the cercosporin pathway are both effective strategies for engineering resistance to Cercospora diseases where cercosporin plays a critical role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Thomas
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Sonia Herrero
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Hayde Eng
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Nafisa Gomaa
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Al Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Jeff Gillikin
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Roslyn Noar
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Aydin Beseli
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Margaret E. Daub
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
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50
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Qin T, Hao W, Sun R, Li Y, Wang Y, Wei C, Dong T, Wu B, Dong N, Wang W, Sun J, Yang Q, Zhang Y, Yang S, Wang Q. Verticillium dahliae VdTHI20, Involved in Pyrimidine Biosynthesis, Is Required for DNA Repair Functions and Pathogenicity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1378. [PMID: 32085660 PMCID: PMC7073022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae (V. dahliae) infects roots and colonizes the vascular vessels of host plants, significantly reducing the economic yield of cotton and other crops. In this study, the protein VdTHI20, which is involved in the thiamine biosynthesis pathway, was characterized by knocking out the corresponding VdTHI20 gene in V. dahliae via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT). The deletion of VdTHI20 resulted in several phenotypic defects in vegetative growth and conidiation and in impaired virulence in tobacco seedlings. We show that VdTHI20 increases the tolerance of V. dahliae to UV damage. The impaired vegetative growth of ΔVdTHI20 mutant strains was restored by complementation with a functional copy of the VdTHI20 gene or by supplementation with additional thiamine. Furthermore, the root infection and colonization of the ΔVdTHI20 mutant strains were suppressed, as indicated by green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labelling under microscope observation. When the RNAi constructs of VdTHI20 were used to transform Nicotiana benthamiana, the transgenic lines expressing dsVdTHI20 showed elevated resistance to V. dahliae. Together, these results suggest that VdTHI20 plays a significant role in the pathogenicity of V. dahliae. In addition, the pathogenesis-related gene VdTHI20 exhibits potential for controlling V. dahliae in important crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Qin
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (T.Q.); (R.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (N.D.); (W.W.); (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (S.Y.)
| | - Wei Hao
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - Runrun Sun
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (T.Q.); (R.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (N.D.); (W.W.); (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (S.Y.)
| | - Yuqing Li
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (T.Q.); (R.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (N.D.); (W.W.); (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (S.Y.)
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (T.Q.); (R.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (N.D.); (W.W.); (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (S.Y.)
| | - Chunyan Wei
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (T.Q.); (R.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (N.D.); (W.W.); (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (S.Y.)
| | - Tao Dong
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (T.Q.); (R.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (N.D.); (W.W.); (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (S.Y.)
| | - Bingjie Wu
- College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China;
| | - Na Dong
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (T.Q.); (R.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (N.D.); (W.W.); (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (S.Y.)
| | - Weipeng Wang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (T.Q.); (R.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (N.D.); (W.W.); (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (S.Y.)
| | - Jialiang Sun
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (T.Q.); (R.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (N.D.); (W.W.); (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (S.Y.)
| | - Qiuyue Yang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (T.Q.); (R.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (N.D.); (W.W.); (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (S.Y.)
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (T.Q.); (R.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (N.D.); (W.W.); (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (S.Y.)
| | - Song Yang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (T.Q.); (R.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (N.D.); (W.W.); (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (S.Y.)
| | - Qinglian Wang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (T.Q.); (R.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (C.W.); (N.D.); (W.W.); (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (S.Y.)
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