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Palukaitis P, Yoon JY. Defense signaling pathways in resistance to plant viruses: Crosstalk and finger pointing. Adv Virus Res 2024; 118:77-212. [PMID: 38461031 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Resistance to infection by plant viruses involves proteins encoded by plant resistance (R) genes, viz., nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats (NLRs), immune receptors. These sensor NLRs are activated either directly or indirectly by viral protein effectors, in effector-triggered immunity, leading to induction of defense signaling pathways, resulting in the synthesis of numerous downstream plant effector molecules that inhibit different stages of the infection cycle, as well as the induction of cell death responses mediated by helper NLRs. Early events in this process involve recognition of the activation of the R gene response by various chaperones and the transport of these complexes to the sites of subsequent events. These events include activation of several kinase cascade pathways, and the syntheses of two master transcriptional regulators, EDS1 and NPR1, as well as the phytohormones salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. The phytohormones, which transit from a primed, resting states to active states, regulate the remainder of the defense signaling pathways, both directly and by crosstalk with each other. This regulation results in the turnover of various suppressors of downstream events and the synthesis of various transcription factors that cooperate and/or compete to induce or suppress transcription of either other regulatory proteins, or plant effector molecules. This network of interactions results in the production of defense effectors acting alone or together with cell death in the infected region, with or without the further activation of non-specific, long-distance resistance. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding these processes and the components of the local responses, their interactions, regulation, and crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Palukaitis
- Graduate School of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju-Yeon Yoon
- Graduate School of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Li Y, Zhang R, Wu Y, Wu Q, Jiang Q, Ma J, Zhang Y, Qi P, Chen G, Jiang Y, Zheng Y, Wei Y, Xu Q. TaRBP1 stabilizes TaGLTP and negatively regulates stripe rust resistance in wheat. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1205-1219. [PMID: 37306522 PMCID: PMC10502812 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic balance and distribution of sphingolipid metabolites modulate the level of programmed cell death and plant defence. However, current knowledge is still limited regarding the molecular mechanism underlying the relationship between sphingolipid metabolism and plant defence. In this study, we identified a wheat RNA-binding protein 1 (TaRBP1) and TaRBP1 mRNA accumulation significantly decreased in wheat after infection by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst). Knockdown of TaRBP1 via virus-induced gene silencing conferred strong resistance to Pst by enhancing host plant reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and cell death, indicating that TaRBP1 may act as a negative regulator in response to Pst. TaRBP1 formed a homopolymer and interacted with TaRBP1 C-terminus in plants. Additionally, TaRBP1 physically interacted with TaGLTP, a sphingosine transfer protein. Knockdown of TaGLTP enhanced wheat resistance to the virulent Pst CYR31. Sphingolipid metabolites showed a significant accumulation in TaGLTP-silenced wheat and TaRBP1-silenced wheat, respectively. In the presence of the TaRBP1 protein, TaGLTP failed to be degraded in a 26S proteasome-dependent manner in plants. Our results reveal a novel susceptible mechanism by which a plant fine-tunes its defence responses by stabilizing TaGLTP accumulation to suppress ROS and sphingolipid accumulation during Pst infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Rongrong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Qin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Qiantao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yazhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Pengfei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Guoyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yunfeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Youliang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yuming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
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Yang BX, Li ZX, Liu SS, Yang J, Wang PY, Liu HW, Zhou X, Liu LW, Wu ZB, Yang S. Novel cinnamic acid derivatives as a versatile tool for developing agrochemicals for controlling plant virus and bacterial diseases by enhancing plant defense responses. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:2556-2570. [PMID: 36864774 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant pathogens have led to large yield and quality losses in crops worldwide. The discovery and study of novel agrochemical alternatives based on the chemical modification of bioactive natural products is a highly efficient approach. Here, two series of novel cinnamic acid derivatives incorporating diverse building blocks with alternative linking patterns were designed and synthesized to identify their antiviral capacity and antibacterial activity. RESULTS The bioassay results demonstrated that most cinnamic acid derivatives had excellent antiviral competence toward tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in vivo, especially compound A5 (median effective concentration [EC50 ] = 287.7 μg mL-1 ), which had a notable protective effect against TMV when compared with the commercial virucide ribavirin (EC50 = 622.0 μg mL-1 ). In addition, compound A17 had a protective efficiency of 84.3% at 200 μg mL-1 against Xac in plants. Given these outstanding results, the engineered title compounds could be regarded as promising leads for controlling plant virus and bacterial diseases. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that compound A5 could enhance the host's defense responses by increasing the activity of defense enzymes and upregulating defense genes, thereby suppressing phytopathogen invasion. CONCLUSION This research lays a foundation for the practical application of cinnamic acid derivatives containing diverse building blocks with alternative linking patterns in pesticide exploration. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Xin Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhen-Xing Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shuai-Shuai Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jie Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Pei-Yi Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Hong-Wu Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Li-Wei Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhi-Bing Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Song Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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Yu X, Xie Y, Luo D, Liu H, de Oliveira MVV, Qi P, Kim SI, Ortiz-Morea FA, Liu J, Chen Y, Chen S, Rodrigues B, Li B, Xue S, He P, Shan L. A phospho-switch constrains BTL2-mediated phytocytokine signaling in plant immunity. Cell 2023; 186:2329-2344.e20. [PMID: 37192618 PMCID: PMC10281528 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Enabling and constraining immune activation is of fundamental importance in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Depleting BAK1 and SERK4, the co-receptors of multiple pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), abolishes pattern-triggered immunity but triggers intracellular NOD-like receptor (NLR)-mediated autoimmunity with an elusive mechanism. By deploying RNAi-based genetic screens in Arabidopsis, we identified BAK-TO-LIFE 2 (BTL2), an uncharacterized receptor kinase, sensing BAK1/SERK4 integrity. BTL2 induces autoimmunity through activating Ca2+ channel CNGC20 in a kinase-dependent manner when BAK1/SERK4 are perturbed. To compensate for BAK1 deficiency, BTL2 complexes with multiple phytocytokine receptors, leading to potent phytocytokine responses mediated by helper NLR ADR1 family immune receptors, suggesting phytocytokine signaling as a molecular link connecting PRR- and NLR-mediated immunity. Remarkably, BAK1 constrains BTL2 activation via specific phosphorylation to maintain cellular integrity. Thus, BTL2 serves as a surveillance rheostat sensing the perturbation of BAK1/SERK4 immune co-receptors in promoting NLR-mediated phytocytokine signaling to ensure plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yu
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yingpeng Xie
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Dexian Luo
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Hai Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Marcos V V de Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Peipei Qi
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Sung-Il Kim
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | | | - Jun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Yafei Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Bárbara Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Shaowu Xue
- College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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5
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Emerging Roles of Salicylic Acid in Plant Saline Stress Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043388. [PMID: 36834798 PMCID: PMC9961897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most important phytohormones is salicylic acid (SA), which is essential for the regulation of plant growth, development, ripening, and defense responses. The role of SA in plant-pathogen interactions has attracted a lot of attention. Aside from defense responses, SA is also important in responding to abiotic stimuli. It has been proposed to have great potential for improving the stress resistance of major agricultural crops. On the other hand, SA utilization is dependent on the dosage of the applied SA, the technique of application, and the status of the plants (e.g., developmental stage and acclimation). Here, we reviewed the impact of SA on saline stress responses and the associated molecular pathways, as well as recent studies toward understanding the hubs and crosstalk between SA-induced tolerances to biotic and saline stress. We propose that elucidating the mechanism of the SA-specific response to various stresses, as well as SA-induced rhizosphere-specific microbiome modeling, may provide more insights and support in coping with plant saline stress.
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Li W, He J, Wang X, Ashline M, Wu Z, Liu F, Fu ZQ, Chang M. PBS3: a versatile player in and beyond salicylic acid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:414-422. [PMID: 36263689 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
AVRPPHB SUSCEPTIBLE 3 (PBS3) belongs to the GH3 family of acyl acid amido synthetases, which conjugates amino acids to diverse acyl acid substrates. Recent studies demonstrate that PBS3 in Arabidopsis plays a key role in the biosynthesis of plant defense hormone salicylic acid (SA) by catalyzing the conjugation of glutamate to isochorismate to form isochorismate-9-glutamate, which is then used to produce SA through spontaneous decay or ENHANCED PSEUDOMONAS SUSCEPTIBILITY (EPS1) catalysis. Consistent with its function as an essential enzyme for SA biosynthesis, PBS3 is well known to be a positive regulator of plant immunity in Arabidopsis. Additionally, PBS3 is also involved in the trade-off between abiotic and biotic stress responses in Arabidopsis by suppressing the inhibitory effect of abscisic acid on SA-mediated plant immunity. Besides stress responses, PBS3 also plays a role in plant development. Under long-day conditions, PBS3 influences Arabidopsis flowering time by regulating the expression of flowering regulators FLOWERING LOCUS C and FLOWERING LOCUS T. Taken together, PBS3 functions in the signaling network of plant development and responses to biotic and/or abiotic stresses, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its diverse roles remain obscure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Jinyu He
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Xiuzhuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Matthew Ashline
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Zirui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210014, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Zheng Qing Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Ming Chang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
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7
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Yin X, Fu Q, Shang B, Wang Y, Liu R, Chen T, Xiang G, Dou M, Liu G, Xu Y. An RxLR effector from Plasmopara viticola suppresses plant immunity in grapevine by targeting and stabilizing VpBPA1. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:104-114. [PMID: 35929367 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola, is one of the most devastating diseases in viticulture. Plasmopara viticola secretes RxLR effectors to modulate immune responses in grapevine. Here, we report an RxLR effector RxLR50253 from P. viticola that can interfere with plant immune response and thus promote pathogen colonization. RxLR50253 was induced at an early stage of P. viticola infection and could suppress elicitor (INF1 and Bax)-triggered cell death. RxLR50253 promote pathogen colonization in both tobacco and grapevine leaves. VpBPA1 was found to be the host target of RxLR50253 by yeast two-hybrid screening, and interaction between RxLR50253 and VpBPA1 was confirmed by multiple in vivo and in vitro assays. Further analysis revealed that VpBPA1 promoted pathogen colonization and decreased H2 O2 accumulation in transgenic tobacco and grapevine, while there was enhanced resistance and H2 O2 accumulation in NbBPA1-silenced Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Moreover, transient expression of VpBPA1 in NbBPA1-silenced N. benthamiana leaves could reduce the accumulation of H2 O2 . Experiments in vivo demonstrated that RxLR50253 inhibits degradation of VpBPA1. Taken together, our findings showed that RxLR50253 targets and stabilizes VpBPA1 to attenuate plant immunity through decreasing H2 O2 accumulation during pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University) Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University) Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Boxing Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University) Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunlei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University) Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University) Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University) Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaoqing Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University) Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengru Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University) Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Guotian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University) Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas (Northwest A&F University) Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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Varshney V, Majee M. Emerging roles of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in enhancing crop yield by optimizing seed agronomic traits. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:1805-1826. [PMID: 35678849 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02884-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway has the potential to modulate crop productivity by influencing agronomic traits. Being sessile, the plant often uses the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway to maintain the stability of different regulatory proteins to survive in an ever-changing environment. The ubiquitin system influences plant reproduction, growth, development, responses to the environment, and processes that control critical agronomic traits. E3 ligases are the major players in this pathway, and they are responsible for recognizing and tagging the targets/substrates. Plants have a variety of E3 ubiquitin ligases, whose functions have been studied extensively, ranging from plant growth to defense strategies. Here we summarize three agronomic traits influenced by ubiquitination: seed size and weight, seed germination, and accessory plant agronomic traits particularly panicle architecture, tillering in rice, and tassels branch number in maize. This review article highlights some recent progress on how the ubiquitin system influences the stability/modification of proteins that determine seed agronomic properties like size, weight, germination and filling, and ultimately agricultural productivity and quality. Further research into the molecular basis of the aforementioned processes might lead to the identification of genes that could be modified or selected for crop development. Likewise, we also propose advances and future perspectives in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Varshney
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Manoj Majee
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Saini R, Nandi AK. TOPLESS in the regulation of plant immunity. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:1-12. [PMID: 35347548 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01258-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This review presents the multiple ways how topless and topless-related proteins regulate defense activation in plants and help in optimizing the defense-growth tradeoff. Eukaryotic gene expression is tightly regulated at various levels by hormones, transcription regulators, post-translational modifications, and transcriptional coregulators. TOPLESS (TPL)/TOPLESS-related (TPR) corepressors regulate gene expression by interacting with other transcription factors. TPRs regulate auxin, gibberellins, jasmonic acid, strigolactone, and brassinosteroid signaling in plants. In general, except for GA, TPLs suppress these signaling pathways to prevent unwanted activation of hormone signaling. The association of TPL/TPRs in these hormonal signaling reflects a wide role of this class of corepressors in plants' normal and stress physiology. The involvement of TPL in immune responses was first demonstrated a decade ago as a repressor of DND1 and DND2 that are negative regulators of plant immune response. Over the last decade, several research groups have established a larger role of TPL/TPRs in plant immunity during both pattern- and effector-triggered immunity. Very recent research unraveled the significant involvement of TPRs in balancing the growth and defense trade-off. TPRs, along with proteasomal degradation complex, miRNA, and phasiRNA, suppress the activation of autoimmunity in plants under normal conditions and promote defense under pathogen attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Saini
- 415, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ashis Kumar Nandi
- 415, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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10
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Zhao M, Ge Y, Xu Z, Ouyang X, Jia Y, Liu J, Zhang M, An Y. A BTB/POZ domain-containing protein negatively regulates plant immunity in Nicotiana benthamiana. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 600:54-59. [PMID: 35189497 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved immune systems to fight against pathogens. However, it is still largely unknown how the plant immunity is finely regulated. Here we identified a BTB/POZ domain-containing protein, namely NbBTB, which is predicted to be a member of the ubiquitin E3 ligase complex. The NbBTB expression is downregulated upon the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora parasitica infection. Overexpression of NbBTB in Nicotiana benthamiana promoted plant susceptibility to P. parasitica infection, and silencing NbBTB increased plant resistance to P. parasitica, indicating that NbBTB negatively modulates plant basal defense. Interestingly, overexpressing or silencing NbBTB did not affect plant resistance to two bacterial pathogens Ralstonia solanacearum and Pseudomonas syringae, suggesting that NbBTB is specifically involved in basal defense against oomycete pathogen. Expression of NbBTB suppressed hypersensitive response (HR) triggered by avirulence proteins from both R. sonanacearum and P. infestans, and silencing NbBTB showed the opposite effect, indicating that NbBTB negatively regulates effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Protein accumulation of avirulence effectors in NbBTB-silenced plants was significantly enhanced, suggesting that NbBTB is likely to negatively modulate ETI by affecting effector protein accumulation. Together, our results demonstrated that NbBTB is a negative regulator in both plant basal defense and ETI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwei Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yu Ge
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhangyan Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xue Ouyang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuling Jia
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiangtao Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Meixiang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Yuyan An
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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11
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Gao Y, Li Z, Yang C, Li G, Zeng H, Li Z, Zhang Y, Yang X. Pseudomonas syringae activates ZAT18 to inhibit salicylic acid accumulation by repressing EDS1 transcription for bacterial infection. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1274-1288. [PMID: 34797591 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phytopathogens can manipulate plant hormone signaling to counteract immune responses; however, the underlying mechanism is mostly unclear. Here, we report that Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Pst) DC3000 induces expression of C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor ZAT18 in a jasmonic acid (JA)-signaling-dependent manner. Biochemical assays further confirmed that ZAT18 is a direct target of MYC2, which is a very important regulator in JA signaling. CRISPR/Cas9-generated zat18-cr mutants exhibited enhanced resistance to Pst DC3000, while overexpression of ZAT18 resulted in impaired disease resistance. Genetic characterization of ZAT18 mutants demonstrated that ZAT18 represses defense responses by inhibiting the accumulation of the key plant immune signaling molecule salicylic acid (SA), which is dependent on its EAR motif. ZAT18 exerted this inhibitory effect by directly repressing the transcription of Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 (EDS1), which is the key signaling component of pathogen-induced SA accumulation. Overexpression of ZAT18 resulted in decreased SA content, while loss of function of ZAT18 showed enhanced SA accumulation upon pathogen infection. Furthermore, enhanced resistance and SA content in zat18-cr mutants was abolished by the mutation in EDS1. Our data indicate that pathogens induce ZAT18 expression to repress the transcription of EDS1, further antagonising SA accumulation for bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ze Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chenyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guangyue Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hongmei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhonghai Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiufen Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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12
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Qi G, Chen H, Wang D, Zheng H, Tang X, Guo Z, Cheng J, Chen J, Wang Y, Bai MY, Liu F, Wang D, Fu ZQ. The BZR1-EDS1 module regulates plant growth-defense coordination. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:2072-2087. [PMID: 34416351 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants have developed sophisticated strategies to coordinate growth and immunity, but our understanding of the underlying mechanism remains limited. In this study, we identified a novel molecular module that regulates plant growth and defense in both compatible and incompatible infections. This module consisted of BZR1, a key transcription factor in brassinosteroid (BR) signaling, and EDS1, an essential positive regulator of plant innate immunity. We found that EDS1 interacts with BZR1 and suppresses its transcriptional activities. Consistently, upregulation of EDS1 function by a virulent Pseudomonas syringae strain or salicylic acid treatment inhibited BZR1-regulated expression of BR-responsive genes and BR-promoted growth. Furthermore, we showed that the cytoplasmic fraction of BZR1 positively regulates effector-triggered immunity (ETI) controlled by the TIR-NB-LRR protein RPS4, which is attenuated by BZR1's nuclear translocation. Mechanistically, cytoplasmic BZR1 facilitated AvrRps4-triggered dissociation of EDS1 and RPS4 by binding to EDS1, thus leading to efficient activation of RPS4-controlled ETI. Notably, transgenic expression of a mutant BZR1 that accumulates exclusively in the cytoplasm improved pathogen resistance without compromising plant growth. Collectively, these results shed new light on plant growth-defense coordination and reveal a previously unknown function for the cytoplasmic fraction of BZR1. The BZR1-EDS1 module may be harnessed for the simultaneous improvement of crop productivity and pathogen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Dian Wang
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Hongyuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xianfeng Tang
- Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Zhengzheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jiayu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yiping Wang
- Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Ming-Yi Bai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environment Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, China
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Daowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Zheng Qing Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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13
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Chen H, Li M, Qi G, Zhao M, Liu L, Zhang J, Chen G, Wang D, Liu F, Fu ZQ. Two interacting transcriptional coactivators cooperatively control plant immune responses. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabl7173. [PMID: 34739308 PMCID: PMC8570602 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl7173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) plays a pivotal role in plant defense against biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens. NPR1 and EDS1 function as two central hubs in plant local and systemic immunity. However, it is unclear how NPR1 orchestrates gene regulation and whether EDS1 directly participates in transcriptional reprogramming. Here, we show that NPR1 and EDS1 synergistically activate pathogenesis-related (PR) genes and plant defenses by forming a protein complex and recruiting Mediator. We discover that EDS1 functions as an autonomous transcriptional coactivator with intrinsic transactivation domains and physically interacts with the CDK8 subunit of Mediator. Upon SA induction, EDS1 is directly recruited by NPR1 onto the PR1 promoter via physical NPR1-EDS1 interactions, thereby potentiating PR1 activation. We further demonstrate that EDS1 stabilizes NPR1 protein and NPR1 transcriptionally up-regulates EDS1. Our results reveal an elegant interplay of key coactivators with Mediator and elucidate important molecular mechanisms for activating transcription during immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety–State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Min Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Guang Qi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Longyu Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- School of Agriculture and Biology/State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety–State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Gongyou Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology/State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Daowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety–State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
- Corresponding author. (F.L.); (Z.Q.F.)
| | - Zheng Qing Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- Corresponding author. (F.L.); (Z.Q.F.)
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14
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Saleem M, Fariduddin Q, Castroverde CDM. Salicylic acid: A key regulator of redox signalling and plant immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 168:381-397. [PMID: 34715564 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed during normal conditions are essential in regulating several processes, like stomatal physiology, pathogen immunity and developmental signaling. However, biotic and abiotic stresses can cause ROS over-accumulation leading to oxidative stress. Therefore, a suitable equilibrium is vital for redox homeostasis in plants, and there have been major advances in this research arena. Salicylic acid (SA) is known as a chief regulator of ROS; however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unexplored. SA plays an important role in establishing the hypersensitive response (HR) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). This is underpinned by a robust and complex network of SA with Non-Expressor of Pathogenesis Related protein-1 (NPR1), ROS, calcium ions (Ca2+), nitric oxide (NO) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the regulation of ROS and antioxidant defense system signalling by SA at the physiological and molecular levels. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of how SA controls redox homeostasis would provide a fundamental framework to develop approaches that will improve plant growth and fitness, in order to meet the increasing global demand for food and bioenergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Saleem
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Section, Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Qazi Fariduddin
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Section, Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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15
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Dongus JA, Parker JE. EDS1 signalling: At the nexus of intracellular and surface receptor immunity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 62:102039. [PMID: 33930849 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The conserved lipase-like protein EDS1 transduces signals from pathogen-activated intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors to transcriptional defences and host cell death. In this pivotal NLR signalling role, EDS1 works as a heterodimer with each of its partners, SAG101 and PAD4. Different properties of EDS1-SAG101 and EDS1-PAD4 complexes and functional relationships to sensor and helper NLRs have emerged. EDS1-SAG101 dimers confer effector-triggered immunity mediated by intracellular TNL receptors. In contrast, EDS1-PAD4 dimers have a broader role promoting basal immune responses that can be initiated inside cells by TNL- or CNL-type NLRs, and at the cell surface by LRR-receptor proteins. Characterizing the essential elements of these two EDS1 modules will help to connect intracellular and surface receptor signalling networks in the plant immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joram A Dongus
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Jane E Parker
- Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany.
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16
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Zeier J. Metabolic regulation of systemic acquired resistance. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 62:102050. [PMID: 34058598 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants achieve an optimal balance between growth and defense by a fine-tuned biosynthesis and metabolic inactivation of immune-stimulating small molecules. Recent research illustrates that three common hubs are involved in the cooperative regulation of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) by the defense hormones N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) and salicylic acid (SA). First, a common set of regulatory proteins is involved in their biosynthesis. Second, NHP and SA are glucosylated by the same glycosyltransferase, UGT76B1, and thereby inactivated in concert. And third, NHP confers immunity via the SA receptor NPR1 to reprogram plants at the level of transcription and primes plants for an enhanced defense capacity. An overview of SA and NHP metabolism is provided, and their contribution to long-distance signaling in SAR is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Zeier
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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17
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Ban Z, Estelle M. CUL3 E3 ligases in plant development and environmental response. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:6-16. [PMID: 33452490 PMCID: PMC8932378 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-00833-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Thirty years of research have revealed the fundamental role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in diverse aspects of cellular regulation in eukaryotes. The ubiquitin-protein ligases or E3s are central to the ubiquitin-proteasome system since they determine the specificity of ubiquitylation. The cullin-RING ligases (CRLs) constitute one large class of E3s that can be subdivided based on the cullin isoform and the substrate adapter. SCF complexes, composed of CUL1 and the SKP1/F-box protein substrate adapter, are perhaps the best characterized in plants. More recently, accumulating evidence has demonstrated the essential roles of CRL3 E3s, consisting of a CUL3 protein and a BTB/POZ substrate adaptor. In this Review, we describe the variety of CRL3s functioning in plants and the wide range of processes that they regulate. Furthermore, we illustrate how different classes of E3s may cooperate to regulate specific pathways or processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaonan Ban
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark Estelle
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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18
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Pitzalis N, Amari K, Graindorge S, Pflieger D, Donaire L, Wassenegger M, Llave C, Heinlein M. Turnip mosaic virus in oilseed rape activates networks of sRNA-mediated interactions between viral and host genomes. Commun Biol 2020; 3:702. [PMID: 33230160 PMCID: PMC7683744 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01425-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-induced plant diseases in cultivated plants cause important damages in yield. Although the mechanisms of virus infection are intensely studied at the cell biology level, only little is known about the molecular dialog between the invading virus and the host genome. Here we describe a combinatorial genome-wide approach to identify networks of sRNAs-guided post-transcriptional regulation within local Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) infection sites in Brassica napus leaves. We show that the induction of host-encoded, virus-activated small interfering RNAs (vasiRNAs) observed in virus-infected tissues is accompanied by site-specific cleavage events on both viral and host RNAs that recalls the activity of small RNA-induced silencing complexes (RISC). Cleavage events also involve virus-derived siRNA (vsiRNA)–directed cleavage of target host transcripts as well as cleavage of viral RNA by both host vasiRNAs and vsiRNAs. Furthermore, certain coding genes act as virus-activated regulatory hubs to produce vasiRNAs for the targeting of other host genes. The observations draw an advanced model of plant-virus interactions and provide insights into the complex regulatory networking at the plant-virus interface within cells undergoing early stages of infection. Pitzalis et al. use replicative RNAseq, small RNA (sRNA)seq, and parallel analysis of RNA ends (PARE)seq analysis to identify networks of sRNAs-guided post-transcriptional regulation within local Turnip mosaic virus infection sites. This study provides insights into the complex regulatory networking at the plantvirus interface within cells undergoing early stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Pitzalis
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (IBMP-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Khalid Amari
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (IBMP-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, F-67000, Strasbourg, France.,Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Erwin-Baur-Strasse 27, 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Stéfanie Graindorge
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (IBMP-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - David Pflieger
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (IBMP-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Livia Donaire
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIB-CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biology of Stress and Plant Pathology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)-CSIC, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Michael Wassenegger
- RLP Agroscience, AlPlanta-Institute for Plant Research, 67435, Neustadt, Germany.,Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - César Llave
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIB-CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Manfred Heinlein
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (IBMP-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, F-67000, Strasbourg, France.
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19
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Lapin D, Bhandari DD, Parker JE. Origins and Immunity Networking Functions of EDS1 Family Proteins. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 58:253-276. [PMID: 32396762 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The EDS1 family of structurally unique lipase-like proteins EDS1, SAG101, and PAD4 evolved in seed plants, on top of existing phytohormone and nucleotide-binding-leucine-rich-repeat (NLR) networks, to regulate immunity pathways against host-adapted biotrophic pathogens. Exclusive heterodimers between EDS1 and SAG101 or PAD4 create essential surfaces for resistance signaling. Phylogenomic information, together with functional studies in Arabidopsis and tobacco, identify a coevolved module between the EDS1-SAG101 heterodimer and coiled-coil (CC) HET-S and LOP-B (CCHELO) domain helper NLRs that is recruited by intracellular Toll-interleukin1-receptor (TIR) domain NLR receptors to confer host cell death and pathogen immunity. EDS1-PAD4 heterodimers have a different and broader activity in basal immunity that transcriptionally reinforces local and systemic defenses triggered by various NLRs. Here, we consider EDS1 family protein functions across seed plant lineages in the context of networking with receptor and helper NLRs and downstream resistance machineries. The different modes of action and pathway connectivities of EDS1 family members go some way to explaining their central role in biotic stress resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Lapin
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany;
- Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Deepak D Bhandari
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany;
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany;
- Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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20
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Chen J, Clinton M, Qi G, Wang D, Liu F, Fu ZQ. Reprogramming and remodeling: transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of salicylic acid-mediated plant defense. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:5256-5268. [PMID: 32060527 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
As a plant hormone, salicylic acid (SA) plays essential roles in plant defense against biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens. Significant progress has been made in understanding the SA biosynthesis pathways and SA-mediated defense signaling networks in the past two decades. Plant defense responses involve rapid and massive transcriptional reprogramming upon the recognition of pathogens. Plant transcription factors and their co-regulators are critical players in establishing a transcription regulatory network and boosting plant immunity. A multitude of transcription factors and epigenetic regulators have been discovered, and their roles in SA-mediated defense responses have been reported. However, our understanding of plant transcriptional networks is still limited. As such, novel genomic tools and bioinformatic techniques will be necessary if we are to fully understand the mechanisms behind plant immunity. Here, we discuss current knowledge, provide an update on the SA biosynthesis pathway, and describe the transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of SA-mediated plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Michael Clinton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Guang Qi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Daowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Qing Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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21
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Zavaliev R, Mohan R, Chen T, Dong X. Formation of NPR1 Condensates Promotes Cell Survival during the Plant Immune Response. Cell 2020; 182:1093-1108.e18. [PMID: 32810437 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In plants, pathogen effector-triggered immunity (ETI) often leads to programmed cell death, which is restricted by NPR1, an activator of systemic acquired resistance. However, the biochemical activities of NPR1 enabling it to promote defense and restrict cell death remain unclear. Here we show that NPR1 promotes cell survival by targeting substrates for ubiquitination and degradation through formation of salicylic acid-induced NPR1 condensates (SINCs). SINCs are enriched with stress response proteins, including nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat immune receptors, oxidative and DNA damage response proteins, and protein quality control machineries. Transition of NPR1 into condensates is required for formation of the NPR1-Cullin 3 E3 ligase complex to ubiquitinate SINC-localized substrates, such as EDS1 and specific WRKY transcription factors, and promote cell survival during ETI. Our analysis of SINCs suggests that NPR1 is centrally integrated into the cell death or survival decisions in plant immunity by modulating multiple stress-responsive processes in this quasi-organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Zavaliev
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | - Tianyuan Chen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Xinnian Dong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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22
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Harvey S, Kumari P, Lapin D, Griebel T, Hickman R, Guo W, Zhang R, Parker JE, Beynon J, Denby K, Steinbrenner J. Downy Mildew effector HaRxL21 interacts with the transcriptional repressor TOPLESS to promote pathogen susceptibility. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008835. [PMID: 32785253 PMCID: PMC7446885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa) is an oomycete pathogen causing Arabidopsis downy mildew. Effector proteins secreted from the pathogen into the plant play key roles in promoting infection by suppressing plant immunity and manipulating the host to the pathogen's advantage. One class of oomycete effectors share a conserved 'RxLR' motif critical for their translocation into the host cell. Here we characterize the interaction between an RxLR effector, HaRxL21 (RxL21), and the Arabidopsis transcriptional co-repressor Topless (TPL). We establish that RxL21 and TPL interact via an EAR motif at the C-terminus of the effector, mimicking the host plant mechanism for recruiting TPL to sites of transcriptional repression. We show that this motif, and hence interaction with TPL, is necessary for the virulence function of the effector. Furthermore, we provide evidence that RxL21 uses the interaction with TPL, and its close relative TPL-related 1, to repress plant immunity and enhance host susceptibility to both biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Harvey
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Priyanka Kumari
- Institut für Phytopathologie, Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Dmitry Lapin
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg, Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Griebel
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg, Cologne, Germany
- Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Plant Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard Hickman
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Wenbin Guo
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland United Kingdom
| | - Runxuan Zhang
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland United Kingdom
| | - Jane E. Parker
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg, Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
| | - Jim Beynon
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Denby
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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23
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Zhao XY, Qi CH, Jiang H, Zhong MS, Zhao Q, You CX, Li YY, Hao YJ. MdWRKY46-Enhanced Apple Resistance to Botryosphaeria dothidea by Activating the Expression of MdPBS3.1 in the Salicylic Acid Signaling Pathway. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:1391-1401. [PMID: 31408392 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-19-0089-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is closely related to disease resistance of plants. WRKY transcription factors have been linked to the growth and development of plants, especially under stress conditions. However, the regulatory mechanism of WRKY proteins involved in SA production and disease resistance in apple is not clear. In this study, MdPBS3.1 responded to Botryosphaeria dothidea and enhanced resistance to B. dothidea. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays, yeast one-hybrid assays, and chromatin immunoprecipitation and quantitative PCR demonstrated that MdWRKY46 can directly bind to a W-box motif in the promoter of MdPBS3.1. Glucuronidase transactivation and luciferase analysis further showed that MdWRKY46 can activate the expression of MdPBS3.1. Finally, B. dothidea inoculation in transgenic apple calli and fruits revealed that MdWRKY46 improved resistance to B. dothidea by the transcriptional activation of MdPBS3.1. Viral vector-based transformation assays indicated that MdWRKY46 elevates SA content and transcription of SA-related genes, including MdPR1, MdPR5, and MdNPR1 in an MdPBS3.1-dependent way. These findings provide new insights into how MdWRKY46 regulates plant resistance to B. dothidea through the SA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chen-Hui Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Han Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ming-Shuang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Chun-Xiang You
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yu-Jin Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An 271018, Shandong, China
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24
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Pokotylo I, Kravets V, Ruelland E. Salicylic Acid Binding Proteins (SABPs): The Hidden Forefront of Salicylic Acid Signalling. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4377. [PMID: 31489905 PMCID: PMC6769663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a phytohormone that plays important roles in many aspects of plant life, notably in plant defenses against pathogens. Key mechanisms of SA signal transduction pathways have now been uncovered. Even though details are still missing, we understand how SA production is regulated and which molecular machinery is implicated in the control of downstream transcriptional responses. The NPR1 pathway has been described to play the main role in SA transduction. However, the mode of SA perception is unclear. NPR1 protein has been shown to bind SA. Nevertheless, NPR1 action requires upstream regulatory events (such as a change in cell redox status). Besides, a number of SA-induced responses are independent from NPR1. This shows that there is more than one way for plants to perceive SA. Indeed, multiple SA-binding proteins of contrasting structures and functions have now been identified. Yet, all of these proteins can be considered as candidate SA receptors and might have a role in multinodal (decentralized) SA input. This phenomenon is unprecedented for other plant hormones and is a point of discussion of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Pokotylo
- V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Université Paris-Est, UPEC, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Volodymyr Kravets
- V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Eric Ruelland
- Université Paris-Est, UPEC, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, 94010 Créteil, France.
- CNRS, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, UMR 7618, 94010 Créteil, France.
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