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Bozkır Ç, Tuğgüm S, Kağan N, Nizam B, Alpsoy Ş. Caffeine intake in adults with cardiovascular diseases; A cross-sectional study. Nutr Health 2024; 30:139-148. [PMID: 35763489 DOI: 10.1177/02601060221105030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Caffeine in the safe dose range has been associated with a reduction in the risk of chronic diseases. There is evidence that caffeine intake has both protective and negative effects on cardiovascular diseases. Aim: This study aimed to investigate caffeine intake in cardiovascular patients. Methods: The study sample was selected from individuals who applied to the Cardiology policlinic of Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University Hospital. A questionnaire was applied using face-to-face interview method to determine their demographic information, nutritional status and anthropometric measurements. Moreover, the nutritional status of the participants was determined by the Food Frequency Questionnaire and the type of cardiovascular disease was determined by a physician. The blood parameters of the sample for the last three months were questioned. The sample has been ninety people of whom fifty cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) were diagnosed and forty were non-diagnosed (ND). Results: The mean age of individuals (n = 90) was 43.2 ± 14.4. The BMI and waist circumference of the CVDs group were statistically significantly higher than the ND group (p < 0.001). While the total caffeine consumption of the ND group was 209.34 ± 143.85 mg/day, consumption of the CVDs group was 209.99 ± 196.76 mg/day. LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol did not show statistically significant difference between the two groups. However, HDL cholesterol was significantly higher in the ND group (p ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: Present results show that daily caffeine consumption may partially affect blood parameters associated with cardiovascular diseases, especially in the presence of coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çiğdem Bozkır
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetic, Inonu University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Sergen Tuğgüm
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetic, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Health School, Tekirdag, Turkey
| | - Nursena Kağan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetic, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Health School, Tekirdag, Turkey
| | - Beydanur Nizam
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetic, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Health School, Tekirdag, Turkey
| | - Şeref Alpsoy
- Department of Cardiology, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Medicine School, Tekirdag, Turkey
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Analysis of Conformational Preferences in Caffeine. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061937. [PMID: 35335301 PMCID: PMC8949453 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
High level DLPNO−CCSD(T) electronic structure calculations with extended basis sets over B3LYP−D3 optimized geometries indicate that the three methyl groups in caffeine overcome steric hindrance to adopt uncommon conformations, each one placing a C−H bond on the same plane of the aromatic system, leading to the C−H bonds eclipsing one carbonyl group, one heavily delocalized C−N bond constituent of the fused double ring aromatic system, and one C−H bond from the imidazole ring. Deletion of indiscriminate and selective non-Lewis orbitals unequivocally show that hyperconjugation in the form of a bidirectional −CH3 ⇆ aromatic system charge transfer is responsible for these puzzling conformations. The structural preferences in caffeine are exclusively determined by orbital interactions, ruling out electrostatics, induction, bond critical points, and density redistribution because the steric effect, the allylic effect, the Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM), and the non-covalent interactions (NCI), all predict wrong energetic orderings. Tiny rotational barriers, not exceeding 1.3 kcal/mol suggest that at room conditions, each methyl group either acts as a free rotor or adopts fluxional behavior, thus preventing accurate determination of their conformations. In this context, our results supersede current experimental ambiguity in the assignation of methyl conformation in caffeine and, more generally, in methylated xanthines and their derivatives.
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Raczyńska ED, Kurpiewski J, Igielska M, Kamińska B. Quantitative description of bond lengths alternation for caffeine−effects of ionization, proton-transfer, and noncovalent interaction. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2020.112811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Vogt N, Marochkin II, Rykov AN. From the Determination of the Accurate Equilibrium Structure of 1-Methylthymine by Gas Electron Diffraction and Coupled Cluster Computations to the Observation of Methylation and Flexibility Effects in Pyrimidine Nucleobases. J Phys Chem A 2014; 119:152-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp508500z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalja Vogt
- Chemieinformationssysteme, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya I. Marochkin
- Chemieinformationssysteme, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatolii N. Rykov
- Department
of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
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Stanchev S, Mitkov J, Georgieva M, Zlatkov A. GIAO NMR Calculations of Some Novel 8-Thio-Substituted 1,3,7-Trimethylxanthines: Comparison of Theoretical and Experimental1H Chemical Shifts. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014. [DOI: 10.5504/bbeq.2012.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Srivastava SK, Singh VB. Ab initio and DFT studies of the structure and vibrational spectra of anhydrous caffeine. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 115:45-50. [PMID: 23831977 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Vibrational spectra and molecular structure of anhydrous caffeine have been systematically investigated by second order Moller-Plesset (MP2) perturbation theory and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Vibrational assignments have been made and many previous ambiguous assignments in IR and Raman spectra are amended. The calculated DFT frequencies and intensities at B3LYP/6-311++G(2d,2p) level, were found to be in better agreement with the experimental values. It was found that DFT with B3LYP functional predicts harmonic vibrational wave numbers more close to experimentally observed value when it was performed on MP2 optimized geometry rather than DFT geometry. The calculated TD-DFT vertical excitation electronic energies of the valence excited states of anhydrous caffeine are found to be in consonance to the experimental absorption peaks.
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Vogt N, Marochkin II, Rykov AN, Dorofeeva OV. Interplay of experiment and theory: determination of an accurate equilibrium structure of 1-methyluracil by the gas electron diffraction method and coupled-cluster computations. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:11374-81. [PMID: 24168752 DOI: 10.1021/jp408297f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As far as fundamental knowledge is concerned, the methyl derivatives of uracil can be considered as the simplest objects for studying the structural effects due to the substitution in the pyrimidyne nucleobases. From this point of view, 1-methyluracil is of special importance in biochemistry because uracil attaches ribose in ribonucleic acid (RNA) just precisely at the N1 atom. The semi-experimental equilibrium structure (r(e)(se)) of 1-methyluracil has been determined for the first time by the gas electron diffraction (GED) method taking into account rovibrational corrections to the thermal-average internuclear distances calculated with harmonic and anharmonic (cubic) MP2/cc-pVTZ force constants with consideration of the methyl torsion as a large-amplitude motion. For the first time, the structure of the molecule has been optimized by the very time-consuming coupled-cluster method with single and double excitations and perturbative treatment of connected triples using the correlation-consistent polarized weighted core-valence triple-ζ basis set with all electrons being correlated (CCSD(T)(all)/cc-pwCVTZ) and extrapolated to the complete basis set (CBS) with the help of the MP2 calculations. Small differences between similar bond lengths of equilibrium configurations were assumed in the GED analysis at the CCSD(T)(all)/CBS values. A remarkable agreement between the semi-experimental and computed equilibrium structures points out the high accuracy of both the GED determination and the coupled-cluster computations. The effect of methylation on the structure of uracil has been analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalja Vogt
- Chemieinformationssysteme, University of Ulm , 89069 Ulm, Germany
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Plekan O, Feyer V, Richter R, Moise A, Coreno M, Prince KC, Zaytseva IL, Moskovskaya TE, Soshnikov DY, Trofimov AB. X-ray spectroscopy of heterocyclic biochemicals: xanthine, hypoxanthine, and caffeine. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:5653-64. [PMID: 22620864 DOI: 10.1021/jp300459p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The electronic structures of the purine derivatives xanthine, hypoxanthine and caffeine have been investigated in the gas phase using C, N, and O 1s X-ray photoemission (XPS) and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. The results have been interpreted by means of ab initio calculations using the third-order algebraic-diagrammatic construction (ADC(3)) method for the one-particle Green's function and the second-order ADC method (ADC(2)) for the polarization propagator. The carbon, nitrogen and oxygen K-edge NEXAFS spectra of xanthine and caffeine are very similar, since the molecules differ only by substitution of three hydrogen atoms by methyl groups. For hypoxanthine, the electronic structure and spectra differ considerably from xanthine as the purine ring is more highly conjugated, and there is one less oxo group. Effects due to oxo-hydroxy tautomerism were not observed. However, the two oxo tautomeric forms of hypoxanthine oxo-N(9)-H and oxo-N(7)-H are populated in the gas phase, and the C 1s spectra can be simulated only by taking account of these two tautomers, with appropriate Boltzmann population ratios which we have also calculated. For xanthine and caffeine, single tautomeric forms were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Plekan
- Sincrotrone Trieste, Area Science Park, I-34149 Basovizza (Trieste), Italy
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Karthika M, Senthilkumar L, Kanakaraju R. Theoretical studies on hydrogen bonding in caffeine–theophylline complexes. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Farrokhpour H, Fathi F. Theoretical study of valance photoelectron spectra of hypoxanthine, xanthine, and caffeine using direct symmetry-adapted cluster/configuration interaction methodology. J Comput Chem 2011; 32:2479-91. [PMID: 21598281 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
UV photoelectron spectra of hypoxanthine, xanthine, and caffeine, up to 20 eV, were calculated and compared with the experimental spectra reported in literature. The calculations were performed using a novel version of the quantum mechanical symmetry-adapted cluster/configuration interaction (SAC-CI) method termed, direct SAC-CI. The Duning/Huzinaga valance double-zeta D95+(d,p) Gaussian basis set was also employed with this method. The ionization energies and intensities were calculated, and the corresponding spectral bands were assigned. Natural bonding orbital (NBO) calculations were employed for better spectral band assignment. The calculated ionization energies and intensities reasonably produced the experimental photoelectron spectra.
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Feyer V, Plekan O, Richter R, Coreno M, Prince KC. Photoion mass spectroscopy and valence photoionization of hypoxanthine, xanthine and caffeine. Chem Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2008.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Egawa T, Matsumoto R, Yamamoto D, Takeuchi H. Molecular structure of trans-cinnamaldehyde as determined by gas electron diffraction aided by DFT calculations. J Mol Struct 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2008.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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