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Wu Q, Zheng J, Yu Y, Li Z, Li Y, Hu C, Zhou Y, Chen R. Analysis of Antioxidant Compounds in Vitex negundo Leaves Using Offline 2D-LC-ECD and LC-MS/MS. Molecules 2024; 29:3133. [PMID: 38999085 PMCID: PMC11242995 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitex negundo has strong antioxidant activity, but its primary antioxidant components are not clear. In this study, the antioxidant components were screened by offline two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detection (2D-LC-ECD) and subsequently assessed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identification, radical scavenging capacity, and molecular docking. Various fractions were isolated from Vitex negundo leaves, and 39 antioxidant components were screened and identified. All of the fractions containing the antioxidant components exhibited certain antioxidant activity. Correlation analysis revealed a strong correlation between the response of LC-ECD and the in vitro antioxidant activity of the fractions. Molecular docking demonstrated that components with high response to LC-ECD exhibited robust interaction with antioxidant-related target proteins. The main antioxidant components of Vitex negundo leaves were isoorientin, chlorogenic acid, agnuside, cynaroside, and scutellarin. The 2D-LC-ECD combined with LC-MS/MS was rapid and effective in screening the antioxidant components in Vitex negundo leaves and could also provide technical support for the discovery of antioxidant components with different polarities and contents in other medicinal and edible plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qimei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Jinfen Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Yan Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Zhirong Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Chengfeng Hu
- School of Basic Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Yaping Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Rongxiang Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
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Ramírez-Velásquez IM, Bedoya-Calle ÁH, Vélez E, Caro-Lopera FJ. Dissociation Mode of the O-H Bond in Betanidin, pK a-Clusterization Prediction, and Molecular Interactions via Shape Theory and DFT Methods. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032923. [PMID: 36769241 PMCID: PMC9917436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Betanidin (Bd) is a nitrogenous metabolite with significant bioactive potential influenced by pH. Its free radical scavenging activity and deprotonation pathway are crucial to studying its physicochemical properties. Motivated by the published discrepancies about the best deprotonation routes in Bd, this work explores all possible pathways for proton extractions on that molecule, by using the direct approach method based on pKa. The complete space of exploration is supported by a linear relation with constant slope, where the pKa is written in terms of the associated deprotonated molecule energy. The deprotonation rounds 1, …, 6 define groups of parallel linear models with constant slope. The intercepts of the models just depend on the protonated energy for each round, and then the pKa can be trivially ordered and explained by the energy. We use the direct approximation method to obtain the value of pKa. We predict all possible outcomes based on a linear model of the energy and some related verified assumptions. We also include a new measure of similarity or dissimilarity between the protonated and deprotonated molecules, via a geometric-chemical descriptor called the Riemann-Mulliken distance (RMD). The RMD considers the cartesian coordinates of the atoms, the atomic mass, and the Mulliken charges. After exploring the complete set of permutations, we show that the successive deprotonation process does not inherit the local energy minimum and that the commutativity of the paths does not hold either. The resulting clusterization of pKa can be explained by the local acid and basic groups of the BD, and the successive deprotonation can be predicted by using the chemical explained linear models, which can avoid unnecessary optimizations. Another part of the research uses our own algorithm based on shape theory to determine the protein's active site automatically, and molecular dynamics confirmed the results of the molecular docking of Bd in protonated and anionic form with the enzyme aldose reductase (AR). Also, we calculate the descriptors associated with the SET and SPLET mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliana María Ramírez-Velásquez
- Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano, Medellín 050034, Colombia
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Medellin, Medellín 050026, Colombia
- Correspondence: (I.M.R.-V.); (F.J.C.-L.)
| | | | - Ederley Vélez
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Medellin, Medellín 050026, Colombia
| | - Francisco J. Caro-Lopera
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Medellin, Medellín 050026, Colombia
- Correspondence: (I.M.R.-V.); (F.J.C.-L.)
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An in-silico study to gain a comprehensive understanding of the effects of glucosylation on quercetin properties. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2022.113981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Mechanism of Antioxidant Activity of Betanin, Betanidin and Respective C15-Epimers via Shape Theory, Molecular Dynamics, Density Functional Theory and Infrared Spectroscopy. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27062003. [PMID: 35335368 PMCID: PMC8954076 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27062003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Betanin and betanidin are compounds with extensive interest; they are effectively free radical scavengers. The present work aims to elucidate the differences between the mechanism of the antioxidant activity of betanin, betanidin, and their respective C15-epimers. Shape Theory establishes comparisons between the molecules’ geometries and determines parallelisms with the descriptors BDE, PA, ETE IP, PDE, and infrared spectra (IR) obtained from the molecule simulations. Furthermore, the molecules were optimized using the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) protocol. Finally, the molecular docking technique analyzes the antioxidant activity of the compounds in the complex with the therapeutic target xanthine oxidase (XO), based on a new proposal for the geometrical arrangement of the ligand atoms in the framework of Shape Theory. The results obtained indicate that the SPLET mechanism is the most favorable in all the molecules studied and that the first group that loses the hydrogen atom in the four molecules is the C17COOH, presenting less PA the isobetanidin. Furthermore, regarding the molecular docking, the interactions of these compounds with the target were favorable, standing out to a greater extent the interactions of isobetanidin with XO, which were analyzed after applying molecular dynamics.
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Bellifa K, Mekelleche SM. Computational Investigation of the Antioxidant Activity of Dihydroxybenzoic Acids in Aqueous and Lipid Media. JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL BIOPHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1142/s2737416522500089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Reactive free radicals have both beneficial and destructive effects. Indeed, at physiological levels, free radicals help to preserve homeostasis by acting as signal transducers. However, excessive generation of free radicals can harm and damage membranes, proteins, and DNA, among other cell structures. Dihydroxybenzoic acids (DHBAs) have proven their antioxidant capacity against a large variety of free radicals, as well as their ability to inhibit or restrict reactive species overproduction. In this paper, a computational analysis of the antioxidant activity of a series of DHBAs in polar and nonpolar media was carried out at the DFT/M06-2X/6-[Formula: see text] level of theory. The implicit SMD solvation model was used in order to rationalize the experimental findings and to investigate the solvent effect on the mechanism and the radical scavenging ability. The obtained results put in evidence that HAT is the predominant mechanism in nonpolar media, whereas SPLET is more favored in polar environment. The BDE[Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] descriptors are used to predict the most reactive hydroxyl groups and the antioxidant activity order of the studied DHBAs. Our results are in total agreement with experimental findings (inhibition of lipid peroxidation and scavenging of hydrogen peroxide). Moreover, this study shows that the substitution of the hydrogen atom by strong electron-donating groups, namely NMe2, in the ortho positions of the best experimental DHBAs leads to a significant enhancement of their antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadidja Bellifa
- Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics and Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tlemcen, PB 119, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
| | - Sidi Mohamed Mekelleche
- Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics and Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tlemcen, PB 119, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
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How the functional group substitution and solvent effects affect the antioxidant activity of (+)-catechin? J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Van Trang N, Thuy PT, Mai Thanh DT, Son NT. Benzofuran–stilbene hybrid compounds: an antioxidant assessment – a DFT study. RSC Adv 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01076j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetic reaction of the benzofuran–stilbene hybrid compound 5-(2-(2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)benzofuran-5-yl)vinyl)benzene-1,3-diol captures the HOO˙ free radical.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phan Thi Thuy
- School of Natural Sciences Education
- Vinh University
- Vietnam
| | - Dinh Thi Mai Thanh
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST)
- Hanoi
- Vietnam
| | - Ninh The Son
- Institute of Chemistry
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST)
- Hanoi
- Vietnam
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8
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Combined experimental and theoretical studies of the structure-antiradical activity relationship of heterocyclic hydrazone compounds. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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Mansouri H, Mekelleche SM. Radical scavenging activity of hydroxycinnamic acids in polar and nonpolar solvents: A computational investigation. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633620500327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to perform a computational study of the radical scavenging activity of a series of common hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) in polar and nonpolar solvents in order to rationalize the experimental order obtained in ethanol and to analyze the solvent effect on mechanism and radical scavenging capacity. The thermodynamics of the main mechanisms, namely, hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), sequential proton loss followed by electron transfer (SPLET), and single electron transfer followed by proton transfer (SET-PT) were investigated at the M05-2X/6-31[Formula: see text]G([Formula: see text]) level of theory using the SMD solvation model. This study shows that the SET-PT mechanism is disfavored in all media, whereas HAT is the most thermodynamically favored mechanism in gas phase and SPLET is the preferred reaction pathway in pentyl ethanoate, ethanol and water. The thermodynamically preferred site of antioxidant action and the radical scavenging order are predicted using the BDE[Formula: see text] and (PA[Formula: see text]ETE)[Formula: see text] descriptors corresponding to the HAT and SPLET mechanisms, respectively. The obtained results point out that the mechanism and the radical scavenging potency are influenced by solvent polarity and our predictions are in agreement with the experimental measurements performed in ethanol giving the following descending order: caffeic [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]-coumaric acid. Our results also show that the ortho substitution of caffeic acid by strong electron donating groups leads to a notable increase of their radical scavenging activity and new potent HCA derivatives are designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadjer Mansouri
- Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics and Molecular Modelling, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tlemcen, BP 119, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
| | - Sidi Mohamed Mekelleche
- Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics and Molecular Modelling, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tlemcen, BP 119, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
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Farrokhnia M. Density Functional Theory Studies on the Antioxidant Mechanism and Electronic Properties of Some Bioactive Marine Meroterpenoids: Sargahydroquionic Acid and Sargachromanol. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:20382-20390. [PMID: 32832791 PMCID: PMC7439385 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Certain meroterpenoids isolated from brown alga of the genus Sargassum are known to be antioxidant agents. Herein, density functional theory has been performed to analyze the preferred antioxidant mechanism of the two reactive antioxidant compounds derived from the Sargassum genus, that is, Sargahydroquinoic acid and Sargachromanol and some of their derivatives. Their global reactivity descriptors have been calculated to reveal their reactivity as an antioxidant. Molecule 1 is the most reactive antioxidant according to calculated descriptors. The results of molecule 1 are comparable to that of Trolox, suggesting their similar activity. The calculated descriptors are closely matched with experimental pieces of evidence. It has been found that hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) is more favored in gas media. Also, the effect of solvent polarity on the antioxidant activity has been explored for molecule 1. The results disclose that the polarity of the solvent increases the contribution of two other mechanisms, that is, single-electron transfer, followed by proton transfer and sequential proton loss electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Farrokhnia
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology
Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 0098, Iran
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Anbazhakan K, Sadasivam K, Praveena R, Salgado G, Cardona W, Mitnik DG, Gerli L. Theoretical assessment of antioxidant property of polyproponoid and its derivatives. Struct Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-019-01475-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Monteiro WF, Vieira MO, Laschuk EF, Livotto PR, Einloft SM, de Souza MO, Ligabue RA. Experimental-theoretical study of the epoxide structures effect on the CO2 conversion to cyclic carbonates catalyzed by hybrid titanate nanostructures. J CO2 UTIL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2019.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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13
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Yu H, Song R, Kong Y, Cao T, Chen Y. Synthesis, crystal structure and spectral properties of a copper(II) complex with flavonoxylacetate ligand. J COORD CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2020.1755035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Rong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yangyang Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ting Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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15
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Target prediction and antioxidant analysis on isoflavones of demethyltexasin: a DFT study. J Mol Model 2019; 25:169. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-4045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Borgohain R, Handique JG, Guha AK, Pratihar S. A theoretical study on antioxidant activity of ferulic acid and its ester derivatives. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633616500280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds play a very crucial role as antioxidant that can prevent various diseases caused by free radicals in human body. Although, lots of natural phenolic compounds having antioxidant activity are available nowadays, the modeling of compounds with naturally available phenolics as building blocks is very important in order to get enhanced antioxidant activity. In this study, Ferulic acid (FA), one natural phenolic acid present in coffee, apples, orange, etc., is taken as building block and its ester derivatives with different alkyl groups are subjected to measure the antioxidant activity by using density functional theory (DFT). Various parameters like bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE), vertical ionization potential (IP[Formula: see text]), reactivity descriptors, metal chelation ability, etc. are used to measure the antioxidant activity. All the parameters suggest that the ester derivatives are superior antioxidants to the parent FA. Since FA has been reported to be present as esters in many herbs and plants, hence our study provides a route to study the structure activity relationship of this class of natural phenolics with antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romesh Borgohain
- Department of Chemistry, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh-786004, Assam, India
| | | | - Ankur Kanti Guha
- Department of Chemistry, Cotton College State University, Guwahati-781001, Assam, India
| | - Sanjay Pratihar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam-784028, India
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