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Jovaišaitė J, Baronas P, Jonusauskas G, Gudeika D, Gruodis A, Gražulevičius JV, Juršėnas S. TICT compounds by design: comparison of two naphthalimide-π-dimethylaniline conjugates of different lengths and ground state geometries. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:2411-2419. [PMID: 36598166 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04250a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two new twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) donor-π-acceptor compounds were designed by combining a well-known electron acceptor naphthalimide unit with a classic electron donor dimethylaniline through two types of different rigid linkers. The combined steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy of molecules in solvents of different polarities in comparison to solid-state solvation experiments of doped polymer matrixes of different polarities allowed distinguishing between solvation and conformation determined processes. The photophysical measurements revealed that non-polar solutions possess high fluorescence quantum yields of up to 70% which is a property of pre-twisted/planar molecules in the excited charge transfer (CT) states. The increase of polarity allows tuning the Stokes shift through all the visible wavelength range up to 8601 cm-1 which is accompanied by a three orders of magnitude drop of fluorescence quantum yields. This is a result of the emerged TICT states as dimethylaniline twists to a perpendicular position against the naphthalimide core. The TICT reaction of molecules enables an additional non-radiative excitation decay channel, which is not present if the twisting is forbidden in a rigid polymer matrix. Transient absorption spectroscopy was employed to visualize the excited state dynamics and to obtain the excited state reaction constants, revealing that TICT may occur from both the Franck-Condon region and the solvated pre-twisted/planar CT states. Both molecules undergo the same photophysical processes, however, a longer linker and thus a higher excited state dipole moment determines the faster excited state reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justina Jovaišaitė
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Paulius Baronas
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Gediminas Jonusauskas
- Laboratoire Ondes et Matiére d'Aquitaine, Bordeaux University, UMR CNRS 5798, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Dalius Gudeika
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų rd. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Alytis Gruodis
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Juozas V Gražulevičius
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų rd. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Saulius Juršėnas
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Irfan A, Kalam A, Al-Sehemi AG, Dubey M. Investigation of the Effect of Substituents on Electronic and Charge Transport Properties of Benzothiazole Derivatives. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248672. [PMID: 36557807 PMCID: PMC9781107 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A series of new benzothiazole-derived donor-acceptor-based compounds (Comp1-4) were synthesized and characterized with the objective of tuning their multifunctional properties, i.e., charge transport, electronic, and optical. All the proposed structural formulations (Comp1-4) were commensurate using FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, ESI-mass, UV-vis, and elemental analysis techniques. The effects of the electron-donating group (-CH3) and electron-withdrawing group (-NO2) on the optoelectronic and charge transfer properties were studied. The substituent effect on absorption was calculated at the TD-B3LYP/6-31+G** level in the gas and solvent phases. The effect of solvent polarity on the absorption spectra using various polar and nonpolar solvents, i.e., ethanol, acetone, DMF, and DMSO was investigated. Light was shed on the charge transport in benzothiazole compounds by calculating electron affinity, ionization potential, and reorganization energies. Furthermore, the synthesized compounds were used to prepare thin films on the FTO substrate to evaluate the charge carrier mobility and other related device parameters with the help of I-V characteristic measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +00-9661-7241-9481; Fax: +00-9661-7241-8426
| | - Abul Kalam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah G. Al-Sehemi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mrigendra Dubey
- Soft Materials Research Laboratory, Discipline of Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, India
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Irfan A, Al-Sehemi AG, Kalam A. Tuning the Electronic and Charge Transport Properties of Schiff Base Compounds by Electron Donor and/or Acceptor Groups. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8590. [PMID: 36500086 PMCID: PMC9736113 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors have gained substantial interest as active materials in electronic devices due to their advantages over conventional semiconductors. We first designed four Schiff base compounds, then the effect of electron donor/acceptor groups (methyl/nitro) was studied on the compounds' electronic and transport nature. The absorption spectra (λabs) were computed by time-dependent DFT at TD-B3LYP/6-31+G** level. The effect of different solvents (ethanol, DMF, DMSO, and acetone) was investigated on the λabs. The substitution of the -NO2 group to the furan moiety at the 5th position in Compound 3 leads to a red-shift in the absorption spectrum. A smaller hole reorganization energy value in Compound 3 would be beneficial to get the hole's intrinsic mobility. In contrast, a reduced-electron reorganization energy value of Compound 4 than hole may result in enhanced electron charge transfer capabilities. The reorganization energies of compounds 1 and 2 exposed balanced hole/electron transport probability. The optical, electronic, and charge transport properties at the molecular level indicate that Compound 3 is suitable for organic electronic device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah G. Al-Sehemi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abul Kalam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
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Kotowicz S, Korzec M, Pająk AK, Golba S, Małecki JG, Siwy M, Grzelak J, Maćkowski S, Schab-Balcerzak E. New Acceptor-Donor-Acceptor Systems Based on Bis-(Imino-1,8-Naphthalimide). MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14112714. [PMID: 34064056 PMCID: PMC8196752 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, six novel symmetrical bis-(imino-1,8-naphthalimides) differing in core and N-substituent structure were synthesized, and their thermal (TGA, DSC), optical (UV-Vis, PL), electrochemical (DPV, CV) properties were evaluated. The compounds were stable to 280 °C and could be transferred into amorphous materials. Electrochemical investigations showed their ability to occur reductions and oxidations processes. They exhibited deep LUMO levels of about -3.22 eV and HOMO levels above -5.80 eV. The optical investigations were carried out in the solutions (polar and non-polar) and in films and blends with PVK:PBD. Bis-(imino-1,8-naphthalimides) absorbed electromagnetic radiation in the range of 243-415 nm and emitted light from blue to yellow. Their capacity for light emission under voltage was preliminarily tested in devices with an active layer consisting of a neat compound and a blend with PVK:PBD. The diodes emitted green or red light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Kotowicz
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna Str., 40-006 Katowice, Poland; (A.K.P.); (J.G.M.); (E.S.-B.)
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Mateusz Korzec
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna Str., 40-006 Katowice, Poland; (A.K.P.); (J.G.M.); (E.S.-B.)
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Agnieszka Katarzyna Pająk
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna Str., 40-006 Katowice, Poland; (A.K.P.); (J.G.M.); (E.S.-B.)
| | - Sylwia Golba
- Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty Str., 41-500 Chorzow, Poland;
| | - Jan Grzegorz Małecki
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna Str., 40-006 Katowice, Poland; (A.K.P.); (J.G.M.); (E.S.-B.)
| | - Mariola Siwy
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Curie-Sklodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Justyna Grzelak
- Faculty of Physics, Institute of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 5 Grudziadzka Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland; (J.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Sebastian Maćkowski
- Faculty of Physics, Institute of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 5 Grudziadzka Str., 87-100 Torun, Poland; (J.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Ewa Schab-Balcerzak
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna Str., 40-006 Katowice, Poland; (A.K.P.); (J.G.M.); (E.S.-B.)
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Curie-Sklodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland;
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Kara Zaitri L, Mekelleche SM. DFT and TD-DFT study on quadratic NLO response and optoelectronic activity in novel Y-shaped imidazole-based push-pull chromophores. J Mol Model 2021; 27:136. [PMID: 33904015 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-021-04764-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A theoretical analysis of a series of imidazole-based Y-shaped chromophores, D1-D8, is performed in order to investigate their non(linear) optical, fluorescence, and charge-transport properties. The calculations have been carried out employing DFT and TD-DFT methods at CAM-B3LYP and M06-2X levels of theory. FMO analysis reveals that in ground state, the highest occupied molecular orbital is localized on the 4,5-dimethylanilino donor moiety and imidazole core while the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital spreads on π-linker and nitro acceptor moieties. Vertical absorption and fluorescence transitions are characterized as intramolecular charge transfer and maximum absorption and fluorescence wavelengths show that by changing the π-bridge to the imidazole C2, we can tune fluorescence color from cyan to orange. Calculated (hyper)polarizabilities show that elongation of π-linker by polarizable subunits, such as double bonds or heteroaromatic rings, increases significantly the nonlinear response and shifts the charge-transfer band bathochromically. Calculated reorganization energies indicate that the studied compounds are hole-transporting materials rather than electron-transporters. Interestingly, D7 and D8, with higher hyperpolarizabilities, are predicted to be potent candidates for NLO-devices while D5 and D8 molecules are expected to be promising candidates for luminescent materials and good hole-transport materials for organic light-emitting diodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamia Kara Zaitri
- Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics and Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tlemcen, PB 119, 13000, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Sidi Mohamed Mekelleche
- Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics and Molecular Modeling, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tlemcen, PB 119, 13000, Tlemcen, Algeria.
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Cagardová D, Michalík M, Poliak P, Lukeš V. Electronic structure and charge-transport properties of symmetric linear condensed bis-benzothiadiazole derivatives. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.07.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Mahesh K, Priyanka V, Vijai Anand A, Karpagam S. Photophysical and electrochemical investigation of highly conjugated pyridine based diphenylamine materials. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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