Synthesis, spectroscopic, crystal structure, thermal and optical studies of a novel proton transfer complex: 2-Methyl-8-hydroxyquinoliniumpicrate

Exploring the charge transfer dynamics of hydrogen bonded crystals of 2-methyl-8-quinolinol and chloranilic acid: synthesis, spectrophotometric, single-crystal, DFT/PCM analysis, antimicrobial, and DNA binding studies

The new chemistry of the hydrogen-bonded charge and proton transfer complex (HB CT) between electron-donor 2-methyl-8-quinolinol (2 MQ) and electron-acceptor chloranilic acid (CHLA) has been studied using electronic absorption spectroscopy in acetonitrile (ACN), methanol (MeOH), and ethanol (EtOH) polar media at room temperature. The stoichiometric proportion of the HB CT complex was observed to be 1 : 1 from the Job data and photometric titration process. The association constant (K _CT) and molar absorptivity (ε _CT) of the HB CT complex were determined by using the modified Benesi-Hildebrand equation in three polarities. Other spectroscopic physical parameters like the energy of interaction (E _CT), ionization potential (I _D), resonance energy (R _N), standard free energy change (ΔG°), oscillator strength (f), and transition dipole moment (μ) were also evaluated. The HB CT complex structure was confirmed by different characterization techniques, such as FT-IR, NMR, TGA-DTA, and SEM-EDX analysis. Powder XRD and single-crystal XRD were used to determine the nature and structure of the synthesized HB CT complex. DNA binding studies for the HB CT complex produced a good binding constant value of 2.25 × 10⁴ L mol^-1 in UV-visible and 1.17 × 10⁴ L mol^-1 in fluorescence spectroscopy. The biological activity of the HB CT complex was also tested in vitro against the growth of bacteria and fungi, and the results indicated remarkable activity for the HB CT complex compared to the standard drugs, ampicillin and clindamycin. Hence, the abovementioned biological results of the synthesized HB CT complex show it could be used as a pharmaceutical drug in the future. Computational analysis was carried out by DFT studies using the B3LYP function with a basis set of 6-31G(d,p) in the gas phase and PCM analysis. The computational studies further supported the experimental results by confirming the charge and proton transfer complex.

Charge-transfer complexation of TCNE with azithromycin, the antibiotic used worldwide to treat the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Part IV: A comparison between solid and liquid interactions

Finding a cure or vaccine for the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is the most pressing issue facing the world in 2020 and 2021. One of the more promising current treatment protocols is based on the antibiotic azithromycin (AZM) alone or in combination with other drugs (e.g., chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine). We believe gaining new insight into the charge-transfer (CT) chemistry of this antibiotic will help researchers and physicians alike to improve these treatment protocols. Therefore, in this work, we examine the CT interaction between AZM (donor) and tetracyanoethylene (TCNE, acceptor) in either solid or liquid forms. We found that, for both phases of starting materials, AZM reacted strongly with TCNE to produce a colored, stable complex with 1:2 AZM to TCNE stoichiometry via a n → π* transition (AZM → TCNE). Even though both methodologies yielded the same product, we recommend the solid-solid interaction since it is more straightforward, environmentally friendly, and cost- and time-effective.

Charge-transfer chemistry of azithromycin, the antibiotic used worldwide to treat the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Part III: A green protocol for facile synthesis of complexes with TCNQ, DDQ, and TFQ acceptors

Investigating the chemical properties of molecules used to combat the COVID-19 pandemic is of vital and pressing importance. In continuation of works aimed to explore the charge-transfer chemistry of azithromycin, the antibiotic used worldwide to treat COVID-19, the disease resulting from infection with the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus, in this work, a highly efficient, simple, clean, and eco-friendly protocol was used for the facile synthesis of charge-transfer complexes (CTCs) containing azithromycin and three π-acceptors: 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ), and tetrafluoro-1,4-benzoquinone (TFQ). This protocol involves grinding bulk azithromycin as the donor (D) with the investigated acceptors at a 1:1 M ratio at room temperature without any solvent. We found that this protocol is environmentally benign, avoids hazardous organic solvents, and generates the desired CTCs with excellent yield (92–95%) in a straightforward means.

Charge-transfer chemistry of azithromycin, the antibiotic used worldwide to treat the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Part II: Complexation with several π-acceptors (PA, CLA, CHL)

Finding a vaccine or cure for the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) responsible for the worldwide pandemic and its economic, medical, and psychological burdens is one of the most pressing issues presently facing the global community. One of the current treatment protocols involves the antibiotic azithromycin (AZM) alone or in combination with other compounds. Obtaining additional insight into the charge-transfer (CT) chemistry of this antibiotic could help researchers and clinicians to improve such treatment protocols. Toward this aim, we investigated the CT interactions between AZM and three π-acceptors: picric acid (PA), chloranilic acid (CLA), and chloranil (CHL) in MeOH solvent. AZM formed colored products at a 1:1 stoichiometry with the acceptors through intermolecular hydrogen bonding. An n → π* interaction was also proposed for the AZM-CHL CT product. The synthesized CT products had markedly different morphologies from the free reactants, exhibiting a semi-crystalline structure composed of spherical particles with diameters ranging from 50 to 90 nm.

Charge-transfer chemistry of azithromycin, the antibiotic used worldwide to treat the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Part I: Complexation with iodine in different solvents

Around the world, the antibiotic azithromycin (AZM) is currently being used to treat the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in conjunction with hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine. Investigating the chemical and physical properties of compounds used alone or in combination to combat the COVID-19 pandemic is of vital and pressing importance. The purpose of this study was to characterize the charge transfer (CT) complexation of AZM with iodine in four different solvents: CH2Cl2, CHCl3, CCl4, and C6H5Cl. AZM reacted with iodine at a 1:1 M ratio (AZM to I2) in the CHCl3 solvent and a 1:2 M ratio in the other three solvents, as evidenced by data obtained from an elemental analysis of the solid CT products and spectrophotometric titration and Job's continuous variation method for the soluble CT products. Data obtained from UV-visible and Raman spectroscopies indicated that AZM strongly interacted with iodine in the CH2Cl2, CCl4, and C6H5Cl solvents by a physically potent n→σ* interaction to produce a tri-iodide complex formulated as [AZM·I+]I3 -. XRD and TEM analyses revealed that, in all solvents, the AZM-I2 complex possessed an amorphous structure composed of spherical particles ranging from 80 to 110 nm that tended to aggregate into clusters. The findings described in the present study will hopefully contribute to optimizing the treatment protocols for COVID-19.