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Farghaly TA, Alfaifi GH, Gomha SM. Recent Literature on the Synthesis of Thiazole Derivatives and their Biological Activities. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:196-251. [PMID: 37496137 DOI: 10.2174/1389557523666230726142459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The thiazole ring is naturally occurring and is primarily found in marine and microbial sources. It has been identified in various compounds such as peptides, vitamins (thiamine), alkaloids, epothilone, and chlorophyll. Thiazole-containing compounds are widely recognized for their antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antitubercular, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, anticancer, and cardiovascular activities. The objective of this review is to present recent advancements in the discovery of biologically active thiazole derivatives, including their synthetic methods and biological effects. This review comprehensively discusses the synthesis methods of thiazole and its corresponding biological activities within a specific timeframe, from 2017 until the conclusion of 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thoraya A Farghaly
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah Almukaramah, 21514, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghaidaa H Alfaifi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah Almukaramah, 21514, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sobhi M Gomha
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah, 42351, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Cairo, Giza, Egypt
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2
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Singh Y, Bhatia N, Biharee A, Kulkarni S, Thareja S, Monga V. Developing our knowledge of the quinolone scaffold and its value to anticancer drug design. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:1151-1167. [PMID: 37592843 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2246366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The quinolone scaffold is a bicyclic benzene-pyridinic ring scaffold with nitrogen at the first position and a carbonyl group at the second or fourth position. It is endowed with a diverse spectrum of pharmacological activities, including antitumor activity, and has progressed into various development phases of clinical trials for their target-specific anticancer activity. AREAS COVERED The present review covers both classes of quinolones, i.e. quinolin-2(H)-one and quinolin-4(H)-one as anticancer agents, along with their possible mode of binding. Furthermore, their structure-activity relationships, molecular mechanisms, and pharmacokinetic properties are also covered to provide insight into their structural requirements for their rational design as anticancer agents. EXPERT OPINION Synthetic feasibility and ease of derivatization at multiple positions, has allowed medicinal chemists to explore quinolones and their chemical diversity to discover newer anticancer agents. The presence of both hydrogen bond donor (-NH) and acceptor (-C=O) functionality in the basic scaffold at two different positions, has broadened the research scope. In particular, substitution at the -NH functionality of the quinolone motif has provided ample space for suitable functionalization and appropriate substitution at the quinolone's third, sixth, and seventh carbons, resulting in selective anticancer agents binding specifically with various drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Neha Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Avadh Biharee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Swanand Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Suresh Thareja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Vikramdeep Monga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
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3
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Mohamed AH, Mostafa SM, Aly AA, Hassan AA, Osman EM, Nayl AA, Brown AB, Abdelhafez EMN. Novel quinoline/thiazinan-4-one hybrids; design, synthesis, and molecular docking studies as potential anti-bacterial candidates against MRSA. RSC Adv 2023; 13:14631-14640. [PMID: 37188251 PMCID: PMC10178015 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01721d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In an attempt to develop effective and safe antibacterial agents, we synthesized novel thiazinanones by combining the quinolone scaffold and the 1,3-thiazinan-4-one group by reaction between ((4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)methylene)hydrazinecarbothioamides and 2,3-diphenylcycloprop-2-enone in refluxing ethanol in the presence of triethyl amine as a catalyst. The structure of the synthesized compounds was characterized by spectral data and elemental analysis, IR, MS, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy which showed two doublet signals for CH-5 and CH-6 and four sharp singlets for the protons of thiazinane NH, CH[double bond, length as m-dash]N, quinolone NH and OH, respectively. Also, the 13C NMR spectrum clearly showed the presence of two quaternary carbon atoms which were assigned to thiazinanone-C-5 and C-6. All the 1,3-thiazinan-4-one/quinolone hybrids were screened for antibacterial activity. Compounds 7a, 7e and 7g showed broad spectrum antibacterial activity against most of the tested strains either G +ve or G -ve. Compound 7e is the most potent antibacterial agent against MRSA with the minimum inhibitory concentration against MRSA found to be 48 μg mL-1 compared to the drug ciprofloxacin (96 μg mL-1). Additionally, a molecular docking study was performed to understand the molecular interaction and binding mode of the compounds on the active site of S. aureus Murb protein. In silico docking assisted data strongly correlated with the experimental approach of antibacterial activity against MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa H Mohamed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University El-Minia 61519 Egypt
| | - Sara M Mostafa
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University El-Minia 61519 Egypt
| | - Ashraf A Aly
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University El-Minia 61519 Egypt
| | - Alaa A Hassan
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University El-Minia 61519 Egypt
| | - Esraa M Osman
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University El-Minia 61519 Egypt
| | - AbdElAziz A Nayl
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Jouf University Sakaka 72341 Aljouf Saudi Arabia
| | - Alan B Brown
- Chemistry Department, Florida Institute of Technology Melbourne FL USA
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4
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Evren AE, Karaduman AB, Sağlik BN, Özkay Y, Yurttaş L. Investigation of Novel Quinoline-Thiazole Derivatives as Antimicrobial Agents: In Vitro and In Silico Approaches. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:1410-1429. [PMID: 36643421 PMCID: PMC9835529 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a major concern around the world. Today, it is an urgent need for new chemotherapeutics for infectious diseases. Because of that, our group designed, synthesized, and analyzed 14 new quinoline derivatives endowed with the pharmacophore moiety of fluoroquinolones primarily for their antimicrobial effects. Their cytotoxicity effects were tested against six bacterial and four fungal strains and NIH/3T3 cell line. Additionally, their action mechanisms were evaluated against DNA gyrase and lanosterol 14α-demethylase (LMD). Furthermore, to eliminate the potential side effects, the active compounds were evaluated against the aromatase enzyme. The experimental enzymatic results were evaluated for active compounds' binding modes using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies. The results were utilized to clarify the structure-activity relationship (SAR). Finally, compound 4m was the most potent compound for its antifungal activity with low cytotoxicity against healthy cells and fewer possible side effects, while compounds 4j and 4l can be used alone for special patients who are suffering from fungal infections in addition to the primer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaf Evrim Evren
- Department
of Pharmacy Services, Vocational School of Health Services, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik 11000, Turkey
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Burak Karaduman
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey
| | - Begüm Nurpelin Sağlik
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey
- Central
Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Özkay
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey
- Central
Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey
| | - Leyla Yurttaş
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey
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5
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Aly AA, Alshammari MB, Ahmad A, A. M. Gomaa H, G. M. Youssif B, Bräse S, A. A. Ibrahim M, Mohamed AH. Design, synthesis, docking, and mechanistic studies of new thiazolyl/thiazolidinylpyrimidine-2,4-dione antiproliferative agents. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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6
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Hafez SMNA, Saber EA, Aziz NM, Kamel MY, Aly AA, Abdelhafez ESMN, Ibrahim MFG. Potential protective effect of 3,3'-methylenebis(1-ethyl-4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one) against bleomycin-induced lung injury in male albino rat via modulation of Nrf2 pathway: biochemical, histological, and immunohistochemical study. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 396:771-788. [PMID: 36480028 PMCID: PMC9734634 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02324-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury is a serious condition accounting for the majority of acute respiratory failure. Bleomycin (BLM) is an antibiotic that was first described as a chemotherapeutic agent. 3,3'-methylenebis(1-ethyl-4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one) was reported to have anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-oxidative properties. The current work aimed to assess the possible protective effects and the mechanism of protection of 3,3'-methylenebis-(1-ethyl-4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one) on BLM-induced lung injury in addition to the effect and underlying mechanisms of nuclear factor-erythroid-related factor 2 pathway against this injury. Rats were equally divided into four groups: control group, BLM group, 1-ethyl-4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one-treated group, and BLM with 1-ethyl-4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one-treated group. At the end of the work, the blood samples were proceeded for biochemical study. Lung specimens were obtained for biochemical, histological, and immunohistochemical study. The results exhibited a significant increase in both malondialdehyde and tumor necrotic factor-α with a significant decrease in glutathione, superoxide dismutase, IL 10, surfactant protein A, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 in BLM group. The lung histological results showed various morphological changes in the form of disturbed architecture, inflammatory cell infiltration, and intraluminal debris. This group also displayed a significant increase in the mean surface area fraction of anti-cleaved caspase 3, while group IV exhibited amelioration in the previously mentioned parameters and histological alternations that were induced by BLM. It could be concluded that 3,3'-methylenebis(1-ethyl-4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one) has anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic protective effects against BLM-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mohamed Naguib Abdel Hafez
- grid.411806.a0000 0000 8999 4945Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, 61111 Egypt
| | - Entesar Ali Saber
- grid.411806.a0000 0000 8999 4945Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, 61111 Egypt ,Delegated to Deraya University, New Minia City, Minia Egypt
| | - Neven Makram Aziz
- Delegated to Deraya University, New Minia City, Minia Egypt ,grid.411806.a0000 0000 8999 4945Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Maha Yehia Kamel
- grid.411806.a0000 0000 8999 4945Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Ashraf A. Aly
- grid.411806.a0000 0000 8999 4945Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - El-Shimaa M. N. Abdelhafez
- grid.411806.a0000 0000 8999 4945Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Manar Fouli Gaber Ibrahim
- grid.411806.a0000 0000 8999 4945Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, 61111 Egypt
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7
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Aly AA, Abdallah EM, Ahmed SA, Rabee MM, Abdelhafez ESMN. Metal complexes of thiosemicarbazones derived by 2-quinolones with Cu(I), Cu(II) and Ni(II); Identification by NMR, IR, ESI mass spectra and in silico approach as potential tools against SARS-CoV-2. J Mol Struct 2022; 1265:133480. [PMID: 35698532 PMCID: PMC9179108 DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Substituted thiosemicarbazones derived by 2-quinolone were synthesized to investigate their complexation capability towards Cu(I), Cu(II) and Ni(II) salts. The structure of the complexes was established by ESI, IR and NMR spectra in addition to elemental analyses. Monodetate Cu(I) quinoloyl-substituted ligands were observed, whereas Ni(II) and Cu(II) formed bidentate-thiosemicarbazone derived by 2-quinolones. Subsequently, molecular docking was used to evaluate each analog's binding affinity as well as the inhibition constant (ki) to RdRp complex of SARS-CoV-2. Docking results supported the ability of the tested complexes that potentially inhibit the RdRp of SARSCov-2 show binding energy higher than their corresponding ligands. Additionally, ADMET prediction revealed that some compounds stratify to Lipinski's rule, indicating a good oral absorption, high bioavailability good permeability, and transport via biological membranes. Therefore, these metals-based complexes are suggested to be potentially good candidates as anti-covid agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf A Aly
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Elham M Abdallah
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Salwa A Ahmed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Mai M Rabee
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia 61519, Egypt
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8
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Hassan MM, Alhalafi MH. Synthesis, Structural Determination, and Antioxidant Activities of Acyclic and Substituted Heterocyclic Phosphonates Linearly Linked 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolinone. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185960. [PMID: 36144697 PMCID: PMC9506251 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical reactivity of 3-[(E)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-propenoyl]-4-hydroxy-1-methy-2(1H)-quinolinone (1) towards some phosphorus reagents was studied. The enaminone 1 was cyclized into pyranoquinolinylphosphonate 2 via treatment with diethyl phosphite in basic medium. However, its reaction with triethoxy phosphonoacetate gave the substituted oxopyranylphosphonate 3. Using the same reaction conditions, both thioxopyridinylphosphonate 4 and oxopyranylphosphonate 5 were produced via a reaction of enaminone 1 with both diethyl 2-amino-2-thioxoethylphosphonate and diethyl vinylphosphonate, respectively, in low yields. In addition, the two novel oxopyridinylphosphonates 6 and 7 were obtained by treatment of enaminone 1 with a diethyl cyanomethylphosphonate reagent. Two oaxathiaphosphininyl derivatives, 8 and 9, were obtained by treatment of the enaminone 1 with O, O-diethyl dithiophosphoric acid under different reaction conditions. Diazaphosphininyl 11 and oxazaphosphininyl 12 derivatives were obtained in excellent yields using a P-phenylphosphonic diamide reagent under different reaction conditions. The treatment of the enaminone 1 with phosphorus pentasulfide produced the non-phosphorylated product thioxothiopyranoquinolinone 13. Finally, the enaminone was turned into oxathiaphosphininyl 14 using Lawesson’s reagent. The possible reaction mechanisms of the formation of these products were discussed. The structures of newly isolated products were established by elemental analysis and spectral tools. The compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M. Hassan
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Roxy, Cairo 11711, Egypt
- Correspondence:
| | - Mona H. Alhalafi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, P.O. Box 66, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia;
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9
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Eghtedari M, Azimzadeh Arani M, Sarrafi Y, Shafiei M, Alimohammadi K, Safari F, Foroumadi A. Synthesis and Antitumor Activity Evaluation of Novel Pyrimidoquinoline Derivatives. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1892778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Eghtedari
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Marjan Azimzadeh Arani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaghoub Sarrafi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shafiei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamal Alimohammadi
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Shariati Branch, University of Farhangian, Sari, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Safari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Alireza Foroumadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Drug Design and Development Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Arshad MF, Alam A, Alshammari AA, Alhazza MB, Alzimam IM, Alam MA, Mustafa G, Ansari MS, Alotaibi AM, Alotaibi AA, Kumar S, Asdaq SMB, Imran M, Deb PK, Venugopala KN, Jomah S. Thiazole: A Versatile Standalone Moiety Contributing to the Development of Various Drugs and Biologically Active Agents. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27133994. [PMID: 35807236 PMCID: PMC9268695 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27133994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
For many decades, the thiazole moiety has been an important heterocycle in the world of chemistry. The thiazole ring consists of sulfur and nitrogen in such a fashion that the pi (π) electrons are free to move from one bond to other bonds rendering aromatic ring properties. On account of its aromaticity, the ring has many reactive positions where donor–acceptor, nucleophilic, oxidation reactions, etc., may take place. Molecules containing a thiazole ring, when entering physiological systems, behave unpredictably and reset the system differently. These molecules may activate/stop the biochemical pathways and enzymes or stimulate/block the receptors in the biological systems. Therefore, medicinal chemists have been focusing their efforts on thiazole-bearing compounds in order to develop novel therapeutic agents for a variety of pathological conditions. This review attempts to inform the readers on three major classes of thiazole-bearing molecules: Thiazoles as treatment drugs, thiazoles in clinical trials, and thiazoles in preclinical and developmental stages. A compilation of preclinical and developmental thiazole-bearing molecules is presented, focusing on their brief synthetic description and preclinical studies relating to structure-based activity analysis. The authors expect that the current review may succeed in drawing the attention of medicinal chemists to finding new leads, which may later be translated into new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed F. Arshad
- Department of Research and Scientific Communications, Isthmus Research and Publishing House, U-13, Near Badi Masjid, Pulpehlad Pur, New Delhi 110044, India;
- Correspondence: (M.F.A.); or (S.M.B.A.); (M.I.)
| | - Aftab Alam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdullah Ayed Alshammari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.); (M.B.A.); (I.M.A.)
| | - Mohammed Bader Alhazza
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.); (M.B.A.); (I.M.A.)
| | - Ibrahim Mohammed Alzimam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.); (M.B.A.); (I.M.A.)
| | - Md Anish Alam
- Department of Research and Scientific Communications, Isthmus Research and Publishing House, U-13, Near Badi Masjid, Pulpehlad Pur, New Delhi 110044, India;
| | - Gulam Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (Al-Dawadmi Campus), Shaqra University, Riyadh 11961, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Md Salahuddin Ansari
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy (Al-Dawadmi Campus), Shaqra University, Riyadh 11961, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdulelah M. Alotaibi
- Internee, College of Pharmacy (Al-Dawadmi Campus), Shaqra University, Riyadh 11961, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Abdullah A. Alotaibi
- Internee, College of Pharmacy (Al-Dawadmi Campus), Shaqra University, Riyadh 11961, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Drug Regulatory Affair, Department, Pharma Beistand, New Delhi 110017, India;
| | - Syed Mohammed Basheeruddin Asdaq
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Dariyah 13713, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.F.A.); or (S.M.B.A.); (M.I.)
| | - Mohd. Imran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.F.A.); or (S.M.B.A.); (M.I.)
| | - Pran Kishore Deb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman 19392, Jordan;
| | - Katharigatta N. Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Shahamah Jomah
- Pharmacy Department, Dr. Sulaiman Al-Habib Medical Group, Riyadh 11372, Saudi Arabia;
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11
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Nasir NM, Alsalim TA, El-Arabey AA, Abdalla M. Anticancer, antioxidant activities and molecular docking study of thiazolidine-4-one and thiadiazol derivatives. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 41:3976-3992. [PMID: 35467480 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2060306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer accounts for a major portion of the global cancer burden. In many nations, the prevalence of this condition has risen in recent decades. New series of thiazolidinones and thiadiazolidine have been designed, synthesized, and evaluated for potential antioxidant and antihepatocarcinogenic activity. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using a DPPH assay. Furthermore, we examined the compounds against Hepg-2 cells using MTT assay, flow cytometry analysis through the cell cycle, reactive oxygen species, and apoptosis. The result showed that compound 6b has the highest antioxidant activity with IC50 = 60.614 ± 0.739 µM. The anticancer activity showed that compounds 5 and 6b have significant toxicity against liver cancer cells Hepg2, IC50 values (9.082 and 4.712) µM, respectively. Flow cytometry experiments revealed that compound 5 arrested Hepg-2 cells in the S process, while compound 6b arrested Hepg-2 cells in the G1. Compound 6b had a greater reduction in reactive oxygen species and late apoptosis than compound 5. Substantially, compound 5 had affinity energies of -7.6 and -8.5 for Akt and CDK4 proteins, respectively, but compound 6b had affinity energies of -7.8 and -10.1 for Akt1 and CDK4 proteins, respectively. Consequently, compound 6b had lower binding energies than compound 5. In this work, we used multiple bioinformatics methods to shed light on the prospective therapeutic use of these series as novel candidates to target immune cells in the tumor microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinomas such as CD8+ T cells, endothelial cells, and hematopoietic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor M Nasir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Tahseen A Alsalim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Amr Ahmed El-Arabey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohnad Abdalla
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
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12
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Murugan S, Zhong HJ, Wu CY, Pan HW, Chen C, Lee GH. Camphorsulfonic Acid-Mediated One-Pot Tandem Consecutive via the Ugi Four-Component Reaction for the Synthesis of Functionalized Indole and 2-Quinolone Derivatives by Switching Solvents. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:5713-5729. [PMID: 35224332 PMCID: PMC8867550 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A camphorsulfonic acid-mediated one-pot tandem consecutive approach was developed to synthesize functionalized indole and 2-quinolone derivatives from the Ugi four-component reaction by switching solvents. A reaction of the Ugi adduct in an aprotic solvent undergoes 5-exo-trig cyclization to form an indole ring. In a protic solvent, however, the Ugi adduct undergoes an alkyne-carbonyl metathesis reaction to form a 2-quinolone ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivan
Perumal Murugan
- Department
of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 974301, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Jie Zhong
- Department
of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 974301, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Wu
- Department
of Nursing, Tzu Chi University of Science
and Technology, Hualien 970302, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Wei Pan
- Department
of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 974301, Taiwan
| | - Chinpiao Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 974301, Taiwan
- Department
of Nursing, Tzu Chi University of Science
and Technology, Hualien 970302, Taiwan
| | - Gene-Hsian Lee
- Instrumentation
Center, College of Science, National Taiwan
University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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13
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Nafie MS, Kishk SM, Mahgoub S, Amer AM. Quinoline-based thiazolidinone derivatives as potent cytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing agents through EGFR inhibition. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 99:547-560. [PMID: 34873844 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Quinoline-based thiazolidinone heterocycles exhibited potent activity in the field of cancer therapy. Hence, ten quinoline-based thiazolidinone derivatives were evaluated for their anticancer activity through cytotoxic activity, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibition pathway, apoptosis investigation through flow cytometric analyses, RT-PCR gene expression, in vivo solid-Ehrlich carcinoma model, and finally in silico approach for highlighting the interaction pose. Results revealed that compound 7 exhibited cytotoxic activity against HCT-116 cells with an IC50 value of 7.43 µM compared to 5-FU (IC50 = 11.36 µM) with moderate cytotoxic activity against the FHC (IC50 = 35.27 µM), and it exhibited remarkable inhibition activity of EGFR with IC50 value of 96.43 nM compared to Erlotinib (IC50 = 78.65 nM). Moreover, it significantly stimulated apoptotic colon cancer cell death with 171.58-fold arresting cell cycle at G2 and S-phases. Additionally, it ameliorated both biochemical and histochemical structures near normal with tumor inhibition ratio of 52.92% compared to 5-FU of 57.16%, with immunohistochemical examinations of EGFR inhibition in the treated group compared to control. Finally, molecular docking study highlighted its good binding affinity through good interactive binding pose inside the EGFR protein. In conclusion, the potent EGFR inhibitory activity of compound 7 was investigated using three integrated approaches in vitro, in vivo, and in silico, so it worth be validated and developed as a chemotherapeutic anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Nafie
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Safaa M Kishk
- Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Sebaey Mahgoub
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, Department of Basic Research, Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Atef M Amer
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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14
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Bhagat DS, Chawla PA, Gurnule WB, Shejul SK, Bumbrah GS. An Insight into Synthesis and Anticancer Potential of Thiazole and 4-thiazolidinone Containing Motifs. CURR ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272825999210101234704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, the branch of oncology has reached a mature stage, and substantial
development and advancement have been achieved in this dimension of medical science. The
synthesis and isolation of numerous novel anticancer agents of natural and synthetic origins
have been reported. Thiazole and 4-thiazolidinone containing heterocyclic compounds, having
a broad spectrum of pharmaceutical activities, represent a significant class of medicinal
chemistry. Thiazole and 4-thiazolidinone are five-membered unique heterocyclic motifs containing
S and N atoms as an essential core scaffold and have commendable medicinal significance.
Thiazoles and 4-thiazolidinones containing heterocyclic compounds are used as building
blocks for the next generation of pharmaceuticals. Thiazole precursors have been frequently
used due to their capabilities to bind to numerous cancer-specific protein targets.
Suitably, thiazole motifs have a biological suit via inhibition of different signaling pathways involved in cancer
causes. The scientific community has always tried to synthesize novel thiazole-based heterocycles by carrying out
different replacements of functional groups or skeleton around thiazole moiety. Herein, we report the current trend of
research and development in anticancer activities of thiazoles and 4-thiazolidinones containing scaffolds. In the current
study, we have also highlighted some other significant biological properties of thiazole, novel protocols of synthesis
for the synthesis of the new candidates, along with a significant broad spectrum of the anticancer activities of
thiazole containing scaffolds. This study facilitates the development of novel thiazole and 4-thiazolidinone containing
candidates with potent, efficient anticancer activity and less cytotoxic property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devidas S. Bhagat
- Department of Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Aurangabad 431 004, (MS), India
| | - Pooja A. Chawla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Wasudeo B. Gurnule
- Department of Chemistry, Kamla Nehru Mahavidyalaya, Nagpur-440024, (MS), India
| | - Sampada K. Shejul
- Department of Life Science, Vivekanand Arts, Sardar Dalipsingh Commerce and Science College, Aurangabad 431 001, (MS), India
| | - Gurvinder S. Bumbrah
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Forensic Science, Amity School of Applied Sciences, Amity University, 122413, Haryana, India
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15
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One-pot approach: Tandem consecutive Ugi-4CR/ACM-type reaction towards the synthesis of functionalised quinoline-2(1H)-one scaffolds. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.152889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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16
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Desai NC, Harsora JP, Monapara JD, Khedkar VM. Synthesis, Antimicrobial Capability and Molecular Docking of Heterocyclic Scaffolds Clubbed by 2-Azetidinone, Thiazole and Quinoline Derivatives. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1877747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nisheeth C. Desai
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry (DST-FIST Sponsored & UGC NON-SAP), Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Jalpa P. Harsora
- Chemistry Department, Shri M. P. Shah Arts and Science College, Surendranagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Jahnvi D. Monapara
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry (DST-FIST Sponsored & UGC NON-SAP), Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Vijay M. Khedkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Vishwakarma University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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17
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Yadav P, Shah K. Quinolines, a perpetual, multipurpose scaffold in medicinal chemistry. Bioorg Chem 2021; 109:104639. [PMID: 33618829 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Quinoline is a versatile pharmacophore, a privileged scaffold and an outstanding fused heterocyclic compound with a wide range of pharmacological prospective such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral drug and superlative moiety in drug discovery. The quinoline hybrids have already been shown excellent results with new targets with a different mode of actions as an inhibitor of cell proliferation by cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, angiogenesis, disruption of cell migration and modulation. This review emphasized the mode of action, structure activity relationship and molecular docking to reveal the various active pharmacophores of quinoline hybrids accountable for novel anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and miscellaneous activities. Therefore, several quinoline candidates are under clinical trials for the treatment of certain diseases, for example ferroquine (antimalarial), dactolisib (antitumor) and pelitinib (EGFR TK inhibitors) etc. Plenty of research has been summarized the recent advances of quinoline derivatives and explore the various therapeutic prospects of this moiety. This review would help the researchers to strategically design diverse novel quinoline derivatives for the development of clinically viable drug candidates for the treatment of incurable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Yadav
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, UP 281406, India
| | - Kamal Shah
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, UP 281406, India.
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18
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Mohamed AH, Alshammari MB, El-Sheref EM, Aly AA. Novel series of dihydroquinolindihydro-spiro[indoline-3,6’-[1,3]thiazine]-5′-carbonitrile derivatives. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Celik I, Erol M, Puskullu MO, Uzunhisarcikli E, Ince U, Kuyucuklu G, Suzen S. In Vitro and In Silico Studies of Quinoline-2-Carbaldehyde Hydrazone Derivatives as Potent Antimicrobial Agents. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2020.1821230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Celik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Meryem Erol
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Orhan Puskullu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ebru Uzunhisarcikli
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Ince
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gulcan Kuyucuklu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Sibel Suzen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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20
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Synthesis of 3,3'-methylenebis(4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-ones) of prospective anti-COVID-19 drugs. Mol Divers 2020; 25:461-471. [PMID: 32926254 PMCID: PMC7487287 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10140-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
During formylation of 2-quinolones by DMF/Et3N mixture, the unexpected 3,3'-methylenebis(4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-ones) were formed. The discussed mechanism was proved as due to the formation of 4-formyl-2-quinolone as intermediate. Reaction of the latter compound with the parent quinolone under the same reaction condition gave also the same product. The structure of the obtained products was elucidated via NMR, IR and mass spectra. X-ray structure analysis proved the anti-form of the obtained compounds, which were stabilized by the formation hydrogen bond. Molecular docking calculations showed that most of the synthesized compounds possessed good binding affinity to the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) in comparable to Darunavir.
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21
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New Paracyclophanylthiazoles with Anti-Leukemia Activity: Design, Synthesis, Molecular Docking, and Mechanistic Studies. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25133089. [PMID: 32645912 PMCID: PMC7411887 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25133089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A new series of methyl 2-(2-(4′-[2.2]paracyclophanyl)-hydrazinylidene)-3-substituted-4-oxothiazolidin-5-ylidene)acetates 3a–f were synthesized from the reaction of paracyclophanyl-acylthiosemicarbazides 2a–f with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate. Based upon nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared (IR), and mass spectra (HRMS), the structure of the obtained products was elucidated. X-ray structure analysis was also used as unambiguous tool to elucidate the structure of the products. The target compounds 3a–f were screened against 60 cancer cell lines. They displayed anticancer activity against a leukemia subpanel, namely, RPMI-8226 and SR cell lines. The activity of compound 3a was found as the most cytotoxic potency against 60 cancer cell lines. Consequently, it was selected for further five doses analysis according to National Cancer Institute (NCI) protocol. The cytotoxic effect showed selectivity ratios ranging between 0.63 and 1.28 and between 0.58 and 5.89 at the GI50 and total growth inhibition (TGI) levels, respectively. Accordingly, compound 3a underwent further mechanistic study against the most sensitive leukemia RPMI-8226 and SR cell lines. It showed antiproliferation with IC50 = 1.61 ± 0.04 and 1.11 ± 0.03 µM against RPMI-8226 and SR cell lines, respectively. It also revealed a remarkable tubulin inhibitory activity, compared to colchicine with IC50 = 4.97 µM/mL. Caspase-3, BAX, and Bcl-2 assays for 3a using annexin V-FITC staining revealed significant pro-apoptotic activity. Furthermore, multidrug-resistant leukemia SR cells were used to show better resistance indices (1.285 ng/mL, 1.15-fold) than the reference. Docking studies with β-tubulin indicate that most of the tested compounds illustrated good binding at the colchicine binding site of the enzyme, especially for compound 3a, which made several interactions better than that of the reference colchicine.
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22
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Puskullu MO, Celik I, Erol M, Fatullayev H, Uzunhisarcikli E, Kuyucuklu G. Antimicrobial and antiproliferative activity studies of some new quinoline-3-carbaldehyde hydrazone derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2020; 101:104014. [PMID: 32599364 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a total of 22 piece quinoline-3-carbaldehyde hydrazone derivative compounds were designed and synthesized, 2 of which were not original, their antimicrobial activities were determined with microdilution method and their in vitro cytotoxic effect was investigated in MCF-7 and A549 cells by MTT assay. When the activity results are examined, although the antimicrobial effects of quinoline derivatives, in general, are weaker than standard drugs; 3q5 and 3q6 against MRSA showed promising activity with MIC:16 µg/ml compared to reference drugs. Compounds generally showed weaker cytotoxic activity on the A549 and MCF-7 cell line. 3q12, 3q17 and 3q22 at 100 µM reduced cell viability to 59.28%, 76.24% and 72.92% on A549 cells, respectively. Compound 3q6, one of the most effective compounds against MRSA, formed a 2.10 Å long hydrogen bond between the quinoline nitrogen and ARG132 in the DNA topoisomerase IV active site (PDB: 3FV5). Theoretical ADME profiles of all compounds comply with Lipinski and other limiting rules. In addition, MEP analysis of 3q6, geometric optimization and molecular reactivity analysis were calculated with the 6-311G (d,p) base set DFT/B3LYP theory, and ΔE = ELUMO-EHOMO, which is a measure of the stable structure of the molecule, was calculated as 0.13377 for 3q6 and had the most stable electronic structure among all compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Orhan Puskullu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ismail Celik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Meryem Erol
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Hanifa Fatullayev
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ebru Uzunhisarcikli
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gulcan Kuyucuklu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
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