Synthesis, characterization, biological evaluation and molecular docking studies of N-functionalized derivatives of 2-aminobenzohydrazide

Novel hydrazones derived from anthranilic acid as potent cholinesterases and α-glycosidase inhibitors: Synthesis, characterization, and biological effects

N-substitued anthranilic acid derivatives are commonly found in the structure of many biologically active molecules. In this study, new members of hydrazones derived from anthranilic acid (1-15) were synthesized and investigated their effect on some metabolic enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and α-glycosidase (α-Gly). Results indicated that all the molecules exhibited potent inhibitory effects against all targets as compared to the standard inhibitors, revealed by IC50 values. Ki values of compounds for AChE, BChE, and α-Gly enzymes were obtained in the ranges 66.36 ± 8.30-153.82 ± 13.41, 52.68 ± 6.38-113.86, and 2.13 ± 0.25-2.84 nM, respectively. The molecular docking study was performed for the most active compounds to the determination of ligand-enzyme interactions. Binding affinities of the most active compound were found at the range of -9.70 to -9.00 kcal/mol for AChE, -11.60 to -10.60 kcal/mol for BChE, and -10.30 to -9.30 kcal/mol for α-Gly. Molecular docking simulations showed that the novel compounds had preferential interaction with AChE, BChE, and α-Gly. Drug-likeness properties and ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) analyzes of all synthesized compounds (1-15) were estimated and their toxic properties were evaluated as well as their therapeutic properties. Moreover, molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to understand the accuracy of the most potent derivatives of docking studies.

New Anthranilic Acid Hydrazones as Fenamate Isosteres: Synthesis, Characterization, Molecular Docking, Dynamics & in Silico ADME, in Vitro Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Activity Studies

In this study, twenty new anthranilic acid hydrazones 6-9 (a-e) were synthesized and their structures were characterized by Fourier-transform Infrared (FT-IR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1 H-NMR - 13 C-NMR), and High-resolution Mass Spectroscopy (HR-MS). The inhibitory effects of the compounds against COX-II were evaluated. IC50 values of the compounds were found in the range of >200-0.32 μM and compounds 6e, 8d, 8e, 9b, 9c, and 9e were determined to be the most effective inhibitors. Cytotoxic effects of the most potent compounds were investigated against human hepatoblastoma (Hep-G2) and human healthy embryonic kidney (Hek-293) cell lines. Doxorubicin (IC50 : 8.68±0.16 μM for Hep-G2, 55.29±0.56 μM for Hek-293) was used as standard. 8e is the most active compound, with low IC50 against Hep-G2 (4.80±0.04 μM), high against Hek-293 (159.30±3.12), and high selectivity (33.15). Finally, molecular docking and dynamics studies were performed to understand ligand-protein interactions between the most potent compounds and COX II, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), and Transforming Growth Factor beta II (TGF-βII). The docking scores were calculated in the range of -10.609--6.705 kcal/mol for COX-II, -8.652--7.743 kcal/mol for EGFR, and -10.708--8.596 kcal/mol for TGF-βII.

Computational design of new tacrine analogs: an in silico prediction of their cholinesterase inhibitory, antioxidant, and hepatotoxic activities

Tacrine, the first drug approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), is a non-competitive cholinesterase inhibitor withdrawn due to its acute hepatotoxicity. However, new non-hepatotoxic forms of tacrine have been actively researched. Moreover, several recent reports have shown that oxidative stress is the cause of damage and plays a role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases including AD. The aim of the present study is the design of new easily synthesized tacrine analogs with less hepatotoxicity and potent antioxidant activity. In this context, a library of 34 novel tacrine analogs bearing an antioxidant fragment was designed and evaluated for its hepatotoxicity as well as anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities using computational methods. As a result, six new tacrine analogs have been proposed as potential inhibitors of cholinesterase with antioxidant activity and low or no hepatotoxicity. Furthermore, ADME calculations suggest that these compounds are promising oral drug candidates. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Design, synthesis, crystal structure, in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation, density functional theory calculations and docking studies of 2-(benzamido) benzohydrazide derivatives as potent AChE and BChE inhibitors

A series of hydrazone derivatives of 2-(benzamido) benzohydrazide was designed, synthesized, and characterized utilizing FTIR, NMR and UV spectroscopic techniques along with mass spectrometry. Compound 10 was also characterized through X-ray crystallography. These synthesized compounds were assessed for their potential as anti-Alzheimer's agents by checking their AChE and BChE inhibition properties by in vitro analysis. The synthesized derivatives were also evaluated for their antioxidant potential along with cytotoxicity studies. The results clearly indicated that dual inhibition of both the enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) was achieved by most of the compounds (03–13), showing varying IC₅₀values. Remarkably, compound 06 (IC₅₀ = 0.09 ± 0.05 for AChE and 0.14 ± 0.05 for BChE) and compound 13 (IC₅₀ = 0.11 ± 0.03 for AChE and 0.10 ± 0.06 for BChE) from the series showed IC₅₀ values comparable to the standard donepezil (IC₅₀ = 0.10 ± 0.02 for AChE and 0.14 ± 0.03 for BChE). Moreover, the derivative 11 also exhibited selective inhibition against BChE with IC₅₀ = 0.12 ± 0.09. Meanwhile, compounds 04 and 10 exhibited good anti-oxidant activities, showing % scavenging of 95.06% and 82.55%, respectively. Cytotoxicity studies showed that the synthesized compounds showed cell viability greater than 80%; thus, these compounds can be safely used as drugs. DFT and molecular docking studies also supported the experimental findings.

2-(Benzamido) benzohydrazide derivatives: synthesis from methyl anthranilate and application as potent anti-Alzheimer's agents.