Synthesis, structural characterization and optical nonlinear properties of two azo-β-diketones

Synthesis of a New Schiff Base: Nonlinear Optical Properties Investigations

A Schiff base is prepared by the reaction of 7-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde with 4-aminoben-zenesulfonamide. The prepared Schiff base L4 compound was characterized by 1H NMR, Mass and FTIR spectroscopies. The optimization of the prepared L4 compound is carried out via DFT-B3LYP and 6-311G (d,p). The nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of the prepared L4 compound are investigated theoretically by the calculation of some quantum chemical descriptors (QCDs). TD-DFT via B3LYP and 6-311G calculations are used to study L4 compound UV-vis. spectrum at the same theoretical method and level. The L4 compound NLO properties are examined via irradiation with a CW laser beam, where the nonlinear index of refraction (NLIR) is calculated via diffraction patterns (DPs) and the Z-scan and as high as 4.579 × 10-11 m2/W of NLRI is obtained. Static (S) and dynamic (D) all optical switching (AOS) are examined using two CW and pulsed laser beams of wavelengths (473 and 532) nm.

Thermal and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Sudan III

We report the experimental and theoretical study of the diffraction patterns (DPs) and thermal properties of Sudan III. DPs are used in the calculation of the Sudan III nonlinear refractive index (NLRI), n 2 . As high as n 2 = 7.69 ×10-6 cm2/W is obtained. The study of the Sudan III thermal conductivity, TC, shows the reduction of the TC against the increase of the Sudan III temperature. The property, all-optical switching (AOS), is studied in details, both static and dynamic ones, using two, cw, visible, single mode laser beams of wavelengths 473 and 635 nm.

Experimental and Theoretical Insight into the Ionic Liquid-Mediated Complexation of Trivalent Lanthanides with β-Diketone and Its Fluorinated Analogue

A multitechnique approach with theoretical insights has been employed to understand the complexation of trivalent lanthanides with two β-diketones, viz. 1-phenyl-1,3-butanedione (L1) and 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-phenyl-1,3-butanedione (L2), in an ionic liquid (C6mim·NTf2). UV-vis spectral analysis of complexation using Nd3+ revealed the predominance of ML2+ and ML4- species. The stability constants for the PB complexes were higher (β2 ∼ 10.45 ± 0.05, β4 ∼ 15.51 ± 0.05) than those for the TPB (β2 ∼ 7.56 ± 0.05, β4 ∼ 13.19 ± 0.06). The photoluminescence titration using Eu3+ corroborated the same observations with slightly higher stability constants, probably due to the higher ionic potential of Eu3+. The more asymmetric (AL2ML4 ∼ 5.2) Eu-L2 complex was found to contain one water molecule in the primary coordination sphere of Eu3+ with more covalency of the Eu3+-O bond (Ω2L1 = 8.5 × 10-20, Ω4L1 = 1.3 × 10-20) compared to the less asymmetric Eu-L1 complex (AL1ML4 ∼ 3.5) with two water molecules having less Eu-O covalency (Judd-Offelt parameters: Ω2L1 = 7.3 × 10-20, Ω4L1 = 1.0 × 10-20). Liquid-liquid extraction studies involving Nd3+ and Eu3+ revealed the formation of the ML4- complex following an 'anion exchange' mechanism. The shift of the enol peak from 1176 to 1138 cm-1 on the complexation of the β-diketones with Eu3+ was confirmed from the FTIR spectra. 1H NMR titration of the β-diketones with La(NTf2)3 evidenced the participation of α-H of the β-diketones and protons at C2, C4, and C5 positions of the methylimidazolium ring. For the ML2 complex, 4 donor O atoms are suggested to coordinate to the trivalent lanthanides with bond distances of 2.3297-2.411 Å for La-O, 2.206-2.236 Å for Eu-O, and 2.217-2.268 Å for Nd-O, respectively, while for the ML4 complex, 8 donor O atoms were coordinated with bond lengths of 2.506-2.559 Å for La-O, 2.367-2.447 Å for Eu-O, and 2.408-2.476 Å for Nd-O. The Nd3+ ion was higher by 9.7 kcal·mol-1 than that of the La3+ ion for the 1:4 complex. The complexation energy with L1 was quite higher than that with L2 for both 1:2 and 1:4 complexes. Using cyclic voltammetry, the redox behavior of trivalent lanthanides Eu and Gd with β-diketonate in ionic liquid medium was probed and their redox energetic and kinetic parameters were determined.

Nonlinear Optical Properties and All Optical Switching of Curcumin Derivatives

In this work OR1(E1,6E) -1,7-bis (4-propyloxy phenyl) hepta-1,6-diene-3,5 dione compound is synthesized. The compound has been characterized via computational technique by studying the molecule's electronic structures through calculating its HOMO and LUMO energies, and its band gap energy (EHOMO-ELUMO). The nonlinear refractive index (NLRI) of the solution of OR1 compound in DMF solvent is determined using diffraction patterns (DPs) which resulted when a continuous wave laser beam of wavelength 473 nm traversed the compound solution in a glass cell of 1 mm thickness. By counting the number of rings under maximum beam input power, the NLRI of value 10- 6 cm2/W resulted. The NLRI is calculated once more via the Z-scan technique and a value of 0.25 × 10- 7 cm2/W is obtained. The vertical convection current in the OR1 compound solution appears to be responsible for the asymmetries noticed in the DPs. The temporal variation of each DP is noticed together with the evolution of DPs against beam input power. DPs are numerically simulated based on the Fresnel-Kirchhoff integral with good accord compared to the experimental findings. Dynamic and static all-optical switching in the OR1 compound using two laser beams (473 and 532 nm) is tested successfully.

Ionic Liquid Assisted Exothermic Complexation of Trivalent Lanthanides with Fluorinated β Diketone: Multitechnique Approach with Theoretical Insight

The complexation of the betadiketone,1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoro-7,7-dimethyl-4,6-octanedione (HFOD) was studied with trivalent lanthanide ions, viz. Nd3+, La3+, and Eu3+ in several methylimidazolium-based ionic liquids (Cnmim•NTf2, where, n = 4,6,8). In C6mim•NTf2, predominant formation of ML2+ and ML4- species was evidenced from the UV-vis absorption (Nd3+) as well as luminescence (Eu3+) spectral studies with log β2 ≈ 5.88 ± 0.04, log β4 ≈ 10.95 ± 0.06. The formation constants followed the trend C4mim•NTf2 > C6mim•NTf2 > C8mim•NTf2. The asymmetry factors for the ML2+ and ML4- species were found to be 1.2 and 1.59, respectively. The ML4- complex was found to have one primary coordination sphere water molecule with enhanced covalency between Eu3+ and O from HFOD (Judd Offelt constants Ω2 and Ω4 ≈ 17.2 and 2.35) compared to Eu3+aq, yet comparable to other β diketones. Complexation-induced temperature increase was confirmed by calorimetric measurements, indicating the exothermic complexation reaction (ΔHcomplexation ≈ -13.7 kJ mol-1), which is also spontaneous in nature (ΔG ≈ -68.1 kJ mol-1), with an enhancement in the entropy values. Due to complexation, the shifts in the peak positions (1686.66 cm-1, 1633.53 cm-1) associated with β diketone/ketone functional groups were evidenced. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation was performed to optimize the structural parameters including bond distance, bond angles, and energetics associated with the complexation.

Determination of Linear, Nonlinear, and the Optical Limiting Properties of Sudan Brown RR in a Solid Film and Solution

The casting technique is employed to prepare the film from a mixture of sudan brown RR (SBRR) dye and poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA). The surface profile of this film is identified using a scanning probe microscope and image J software. The linear optical (LO) properties of the solid film were studied. The nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of SBRR/PMMA film and sudan brown (RR) solution in dimethylformamide (DMF) as a solvent are evaluated using two methods including diffraction ring patterns and Z-scan. The optical limiting (OLg) property for the SBRR/PMMA film and SBRR solution was extensively investigated. The values of nonlinear refractive index (NRI) and threshold limiting (TH) of the solid film and dye solution were compared.

Curcumin Analogue Spectral, Nonlinear Optical Properties and All-optical Switching Using Visible, Low Power Cw Laser Beams

In this study, we conducted the synthesis and diagnosis of compound denoted as 1A3, specifically, (2E,4E,9E,11E)-7-chloro-2,12-diphenyltrideca-2,4,9,11-tetraene-6,8-dione. The photoluminescent and UV-vis spectral properties of this compound are investigated. The compound is dissolved in both chloroform and DMF for analysis purposes. Compound 1A3's nonlinear optical (NLO) characteristics when dissolved in DMF, are extensively studied through a series of experiments including diffraction patterns (DPs) and Z-scan. The optical limiting (OL) property of the 1A3 compound is tested and a threshold value of 12.4 mW at the wavelength 473 nm is obtained. Additionally, we explored its potential for all-optical switching utilizing two low-power visible laser beams. Notably, we achieved a significant nonlinear refractive index (NLRI) reaching up to 5.921 x 10-11 m2/W. To analyze the obtained diffraction patterns, we employed the Fresnel-Kirchhoff integral equation and conducted meticulous simulations. The numerical outcomes showed satisfactory agreement with the experimental observations.

The Preparation and Nonlinear Properties Study of a Mixture of Polyurethane and Neutral Red Dye Solution

A mixture of polyurethane (PU) and neutral red (NR) dye solution is prepared. The nonlinear optical properties of the mixture of PU with NR dye solution are studied using a 473 nm laser beam of continuous fashion. The nonlinear refraction index of prepared material is determined via diffraction patterns and Z-scan. The diffraction patterns are calculated based on the Fresnel-Kirchhoff integral. Optical limiting of the prepared material is tested. All-optical switching occur in the sample using two low power visible laser beams.