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Elsebaie HA, Abdulla MH, Elsayed ZM, Shaldam MA, Tawfik HO, Morsy SN, Vaali Mohammed MA, Bin Traiki T, Elkaeed EB, Abdel-Aziz HA, Eldehna WM. Unveiling the potential of isatin-grafted phenyl-1,2,3-triazole derivatives as dual VEGFR-2/STAT-3 inhibitors: Design, synthesis and biological assessments. Bioorg Chem 2024; 151:107626. [PMID: 39013242 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
The use of VEGFR-2 inhibitors as a stand-alone treatment has proven to be ineffective in clinical trials due to the robustness of cellular response loops that lead to treatment resistance when only targeting VEGFR-2. The over-activation of the signal transducer/activator of transcription 3 (STAT-3) is expected to significantly impact treatment failure and resistance to VEGFR-2 inhibitors. In this study, we propose the concept of combined inhibition of VEGFR-2 and STAT-3 to combat induced STAT-3-mediated resistance to VEGFR-2 inhibition therapy. To explore this, we synthesized new isatin-grafted phenyl-1,2,3-triazole derivatives "6a-n" and "9a-f". Screening on PANC1 and PC3 cancer cell lines revealed that compounds 6b, 6 k, 9c, and 9f exhibited sub-micromolar ranges. The most promising molecules, 6b, 6 k, 9c, and 9f, demonstrated the highest inhibition when tested as dual inhibitors on VEGFR-2 (with IC50 range 53-82 nM, respectively) and STAT-3 (with IC50 range 5.63-10.25 nM). In particular, triazole 9f showed the best results towards both targets. Inspired by these findings, we investigated whether 9f has the ability to trigger apoptosis in prostate cancer PC3 cells via the assessment of the expression levels of the apoptotic markers Caspase-8, Bcl-2, Bax, and Caspase-9. Treatment of the PC3 cells with compound 9f significantly inhibited the protein expression levels of VEGFR-2 and STAT-3 kinases compared to the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A Elsebaie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Maha-Hamadien Abdulla
- Colorectal Research Chair, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Zainab M Elsayed
- Scientific Research and Innovation Support Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Moataz A Shaldam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Haytham O Tawfik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt.
| | - Samar N Morsy
- Scientific Research and Innovation Support Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Mansoor-Ali Vaali Mohammed
- Colorectal Research Chair, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamer Bin Traiki
- Colorectal Research Chair, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eslam B Elkaeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, P.O. Box 71666, Riyadh 11597, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Hatem A Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Applied Organic Chemistry, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Wagdy M Eldehna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Canal El Mahmoudia St., Alexandria 21648, Egypt.
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Abdullah NA, Md Hashim NF, Muhamad Zakuan N, Chua JX. Thioredoxin system in colorectal cancer: Its role in carcinogenesis, disease progression, and response to treatment. Life Sci 2024; 348:122711. [PMID: 38734065 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The thioredoxin system is essential for many physiological processes, including the maintenance of redox signalling pathways. Alterations in the activity, expression and interactions with other signalling pathways can lead to protective or pathophysiological responses. Thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase, the two main components of this system, are often overexpressed in cancer, including colorectal cancer. This overexpression is often linked with tumour progression and poor outcomes. This review discusses the role of the Trx system in driving colorectal carcinogenesis and disease progression, as well as the challenges of targeting this system. Additionally, the recent advancements in the development of novel and effective thioredoxin inhibitors for colorectal cancer are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Akmaryanti Abdullah
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Nur Fariesha Md Hashim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Noraina Muhamad Zakuan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Jia Xin Chua
- Department of Pre-clinical Sciences, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Wang Y, Wei T, Zhao M, Huang A, Sun F, Chen L, Lin R, Xie Y, Zhang M, Xu S, Sun Z, Hong L, Wang R, Tian R, Li G. Alkenyl oxindole is a novel PROTAC moiety that recruits the CRL4DCAF11 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex for targeted protein degradation. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002550. [PMID: 38768083 PMCID: PMC11104598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Alkenyl oxindoles have been characterized as autophagosome-tethering compounds (ATTECs), which can target mutant huntingtin protein (mHTT) for lysosomal degradation. In order to expand the application of alkenyl oxindoles for targeted protein degradation, we designed and synthesized a series of heterobifunctional compounds by conjugating different alkenyl oxindoles with bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) inhibitor JQ1. Through structure-activity relationship study, we successfully developed JQ1-alkenyl oxindole conjugates that potently degrade BRD4. Unexpectedly, we found that these molecules degrade BRD4 through the ubiquitin-proteasome system, rather than the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. Using pooled CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) screening, we revealed that JQ1-alkenyl oxindole conjugates recruit the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex CRL4DCAF11 for substrate degradation. Furthermore, we validated the most potent heterobifunctional molecule HL435 as a promising drug-like lead compound to exert antitumor activity both in vitro and in a mouse xenograft tumor model. Our research provides new employable proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) moieties for targeted protein degradation, providing new possibilities for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tianzi Wei
- Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, Department of Medical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Man Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Aima Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Sun
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Risheng Lin
- Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, Department of Medical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yubao Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shiyu Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihui Sun
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Hong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Institute of Materia Medica and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ruilin Tian
- Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, Department of Medical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guofeng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Elsawi AE, Shahin MI, Elbendary HA, Al-Warhi T, Hassan FE, Eldehna WM. 1,2,4-Triazole-Tethered Indolinones as New Cancer-Fighting Small Molecules Targeting VEGFR-2: Synthesis, Biological Evaluations and Molecular Docking. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:81. [PMID: 38256914 PMCID: PMC10820444 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Targeting the VEGFR-2 signaling pathway is an inveterate approach toward combating pancreatic and hepatocellular cancers. Based on Sunitinib, the FDA-approved VEGFR-2 inhibitor, novel indolin-2-one-triazole hybrids were designed and synthesized as anti-hepatocellular and anti-pancreatic cancer agents with VEGFR-2 inhibitory activity. All the targeted compounds were assessed for their anti-cancer activity, revealing IC50 values extending from 0.17 to 4.29 µM for PANC1 and 0.58 to 4.49 µM for HepG2 cell lines. An extensive SAR study was conducted to explore the effect of different substituents along with N-alkylation. The potent anti-cancer analogs 11d, 11e, 11g, 11k and 14c were evaluated for their VEGFR-2 inhibitory actions, where their IC50 values ranged from 16.3 to 119.6 nM compared to Sorafenib, which revealed an IC50 of 29.7 nM, having compound 11d as the most active analog. An in silico ADME study was performed to confirm the drug-likeness of the synthesized compounds. Finally, molecular docking simulation was conducted for the most potent VEGFR-2 inhibitor (11d), demonstrating the strong binding with the vital amino acid residues of the VEGFR-2 ATP binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed E. Elsawi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Mai I. Shahin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
| | - Hager A. Elbendary
- Scientific Research and Innovation Support Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Tarfah Al-Warhi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatma E. Hassan
- Department of Physiology, General Medicine Practice Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia;
- Medical Physiology Department, Kasr Alainy, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 11562, Egypt
| | - Wagdy M. Eldehna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt;
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Pan T, He M, Deng L, Li J, Fan Y, Hao X, Mu S. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of the COX-2 Inhibitory Activities of New 1,3-Dihydro- 2H-indolin-2-one Derivatives. Molecules 2023; 28:4668. [PMID: 37375225 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Thirty-three 1,3-dihydro-2H-indolin-2-one derivatives bearing α, β-unsaturated ketones were designed and synthesized via the Knoevenagel condensation reaction. The cytotoxicity, in vitro anti-inflammatory ability, and in vitro COX-2 inhibitory activity of all the compounds were evaluated. Compounds 4a, 4e, 4i-4j, and 9d exhibited weak cytotoxicity and different degrees of inhibition against NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The IC50 values of compounds 4a, 4i, and 4j were 17.81 ± 1.86 μM, 20.41 ± 1.61 μM, and 16.31 ± 0.35 μM, respectively. Compounds 4e and 9d showed better anti-inflammatory activity with IC50 values of 13.51 ± 0.48 μM and 10.03 ± 0.27 μM, respectively, which were lower than those of the positive control ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC). Compounds 4e, 9h, and 9i showed good COX-2 inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 2.35 ± 0.04 µM, 2.422 ± 0.10 µM and 3.34 ± 0.05 µM, respectively. Moreover, the possible mechanism by which COX-2 recognized 4e, 9h, and 9i was predicted by molecular docking. The results of this research suggested that compounds 4e, 9h, and 9i might be new anti-inflammatory lead compounds for further optimization and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taohua Pan
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Maofei He
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Lulu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Jiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Yanhua Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Xiaojiang Hao
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming 650201, China
| | - Shuzhen Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China
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6
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Qayed WS, Hassan MA, Abouwarda AM, Ibrahim YM, Aboul-Fadl T. Computational Design of Azine-Linked Hybrids of 2-Indolinone-Thiazolodine Scaffold as Novel and Promising Quorum Sensing Inhibitors. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2023.2165511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wesam S. Qayed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Mostafa A. Hassan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Megahed Abouwarda
- Department of Microbiology, General Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA), Formerly National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza, Egypt
| | - Yasser Musa Ibrahim
- Department of Microbiology, General Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA), Formerly National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza, Egypt
| | - Tarek Aboul-Fadl
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt
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A New Anticancer Semisynthetic Theobromine Derivative Targeting EGFR Protein: CADDD Study. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:life13010191. [PMID: 36676140 PMCID: PMC9867533 DOI: 10.3390/life13010191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A new lead compound has been designed as an antiangiogenic EGFR inhibitor that has the pharmacophoric characteristics to bind with the catalytic pocket of EGFR protein. The designed lead compound is a (para-chloro)acetamide derivative of the alkaloid, theobromine, (T-1-PCPA). At first, we started with deep density functional theory (DFT) calculations for T-1-PCPA to confirm and optimize its 3D structure. Additionally, the DFT studies identified the electrostatic potential, global reactive indices and total density of states expecting a high level of reactivity for T-1-PCPA. Secondly, the affinity of T-1-PCPA to bind and inhibit the EGFR protein was studied and confirmed through detailed structure-based computational studies including the molecular docking against EGFRWT and EGFRT790M, Molecular dynamics (MD) over 100 ns, MM-GPSA and PLIP experiments. Before the preparation, the computational ADME and toxicity profiles of T-1-PCPA have been investigated and its safety and the general drug-likeness predicted. Accordingly, T-1-PCPA was semi-synthesized to scrutinize the proposed design and the obtained in silico results. Interestingly, T-1-PCPA inhibited in vitro EGFRWT with an IC50 value of 25.35 nM, comparing that of erlotinib (5.90 nM). Additionally, T-1-PCPA inhibited the growth of A549 and HCT-116 malignant cell lines with IC50 values of 31.74 and 20.40 µM, respectively, comparing erlotinib that expressed IC50 values of 6.73 and 16.35 µM, respectively.
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Sanap D, Avhad L, Ghotekar S, Gaikwad ND. An expedient synthesis of C3-arylidene-oxindole derivatives using calcite nanoflowers as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.110387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Taghour MS, Elkady H, Eldehna WM, El-Deeb NM, Kenawy AM, Elkaeed EB, Alsfouk AA, Alesawy MS, Metwaly AM, Eissa IH. Design and synthesis of thiazolidine-2,4-diones hybrids with 1,2-dihydroquinolones and 2-oxindoles as potential VEGFR-2 inhibitors: in-vitro anticancer evaluation and in-silico studies. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:1903-1917. [PMID: 35801403 PMCID: PMC9272924 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2085693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A thiazolidine-2,4-dione nucleus was molecularly hybridised with the effective antitumor moieties; 2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline and 2-oxoindoline to obtain new hybrids with potential activity against VEGFR-2. The cytotoxic effects of the synthesised derivatives against Caco-2, HepG-2, and MDA-MB-231 cell lines were investigated. Compound 12a was found to be the most potent candidate against the investigated cell lines with IC50 values of 2, 10, and 40 µM, respectively. Furthermore, the synthesised derivatives were tested in vitro for their VEGFR-2 inhibitory activity showing strong inhibition. Moreover, an in vitro viability study against Vero non-cancerous cell line was investigated and the results reflected a high safety profile of all tested compounds. Compound 12a was further investigated for its apoptotic behaviour by assessing the gene expression of four genes (Bcl2, Bcl-xl, TGF, and Survivin). Molecular dynamic simulations authenticated the high affinity, accurate binding, and perfect dynamics of compound 12a against VEGFR-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Taghour
- Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Design Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hazem Elkady
- Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Design Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wagdy M Eldehna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt.,School of Biotechnology, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nehal M El-Deeb
- Biopharmaceutical Products Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Kenawy
- Nucleic Acids Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Eslam B Elkaeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aisha A Alsfouk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S Alesawy
- Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Design Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Metwaly
- Biopharmaceutical Products Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria, Egypt.,Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim H Eissa
- Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Design Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Abdelgawad MA, Hayallah AM, Bukhari SNA, Musa A, Elmowafy M, Abdel-Rahman HM, Abd El-Gaber MK. Design, Synthesis, Molecular Modeling, and Anticancer Evaluation of New VEGFR-2 Inhibitors Based on the Indolin-2-One Scaffold. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1416. [PMID: 36422546 PMCID: PMC9698773 DOI: 10.3390/ph15111416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A new series of indoline-2-one derivatives was designed and synthesized based on the essential pharmacophoric features of VEGFR-2 inhibitors. Anti-proliferative activities were assessed for all derivatives against breast (MCF-7) and liver (HepG2) cancer cell lines, using sunitinib as a reference agent. The most potent anti-proliferative derivatives were evaluated for their VEGFR-2 inhibition activity. The effects of the most potent inhibitor, 17a, on cell cycle, apoptosis, and expression of apoptotic markers (caspase-3&-9, BAX, and Bcl-2) were studied. Molecular modeling studies, such as docking simulations, physicochemical properties prediction, and pharmacokinetic profiling were performed. The results revealed that derivatives 5b, 10e, 10g, 15a, and 17a exhibited potent anticancer activities with IC50 values from 0.74-4.62 µM against MCF-7 cell line (sunitinib IC50 = 4.77 µM) and from 1.13-8.81 µM against HepG2 cell line (sunitinib IC50 = 2.23 µM). Furthermore, these compounds displayed potent VEGFR-2 inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 0.160, 0.358, 0.087, 0.180, and 0.078 µM, respectively (sunitinib IC50 = 0.139 µM). Cell cycle analysis demonstrated the ability of 17a to induce a cell cycle arrest of the HepG2 cells at the S phase and increase the total apoptosis by 3.5-fold. Moreover, 17a upregulated the expression levels of apoptotic markers caspase-3 and -9 by 6.9-fold and 3.7-fold, respectively. In addition, 17a increased the expression level of BAX by 2.7-fold while decreasing the expression level of Bcl-2 by 1.9-fold. The molecular docking simulations displayed enhanced binding interactions and similar placement as sunitinib inside the active pocket of VEGFR-2. The molecular modeling calculations showed that all the test compounds were in accordance with Lipinski and Veber rules for oral bioavailability and had promising drug-likeness behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Aljouf 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa M. Hayallah
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sphinx University, New Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Aljouf 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arafa Musa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Aljouf 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Elmowafy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Aljouf 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamdy M. Abdel-Rahman
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University, Assiut 2014101, Egypt
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11
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A New Theobromine-Based EGFRWT and EGFRT790M Inhibitor and Apoptosis Inducer: Design, Semi-Synthesis, Docking, DFT, MD Simulations, and In Vitro Studies. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10112290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential pharmacophoric structural properties were applied to design a new derivative of theobromine as an antiangiogenic EGFR inhibitor. The designed candidate is a (para-nitrophenyl)acetamide derivative of the natural alkaloid, theobromine (T-2-PNPA). The potentialities of T-2-PNPA to inhibit the EGFR protein were studied computationally in an extensive way. Firstly, the molecular docking against EGFRWT and EGFRT790M demonstrated T-2-PNPA’s capabilities of binding with the targeted receptors. Then, the MD experiments (for 100 ns) illustrated through six different studies the changes that occurred in the energy as well as in the structure of EGFR–T-2-PNPA complex. Additionally, an MM-GBSA analysis determined the exact energy of binding and the essential residues. Furthermore, DFT calculations investigated the stability, reactivity, and electrostatic potential of T-2-PNPA. Finally, ADMET and toxicity studies confirmed both the safety as well as the general likeness of T-2-PNPA. Consequently, T-2-PNPA was prepared for the in vitro biological studies. T-2-PNPA inhibited EGFRWT and EGFRT790M with IC50 values of 7.05 and 126.20 nM, respectively, which is comparable with erlotinib activities (5.91 and 202.40, respectively). Interestingly, T-2-PNPA expressed cytotoxic potentialities against A549 and HCT-116 cells with IC50 values of 11.09 and 21.01 µM, respectively, which is again comparable with erlotinib activities (6.73 and 16.35, respectively). T-2-PNPA was much safer against WI-38 (IC50 = 48.06 µM) than erlotinib (IC50 = 31.17 µM). The calculated selectivity indices of T-2-PNPA against A549 and HCT-116 cells were 4.3 and 2.3, respectively. This manuscript presents a new lead anticancer compound (T-2-PNPA) that has been synthesized for the first time and exhibited promising in silico and in vitro anticancer potentialities.
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12
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Elkaeed EB, Yousef RG, Elkady H, Alsfouk AA, Husein DZ, Ibrahim IM, Metwaly AM, Eissa IH. New Anticancer Theobromine Derivative Targeting EGFR WT and EGFR T790M: Design, Semi-Synthesis, In Silico, and In Vitro Anticancer Studies. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185859. [PMID: 36144596 PMCID: PMC9500845 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the pharmacophoric features of EGFR inhibitors, a new semisynthetic theobromine-derived compound was designed to interact with the catalytic pocket of EGFR. Molecular docking against wild (EGFRWT; PDB: 4HJO) and mutant (EGFRT790M; PDB: 3W2O) types of EGFR-TK indicated that the designed theobromine derivative had the potential to bind to that pocket as an antiangiogenic inhibitor. The MD and MM-GBSA experiments identified the exact binding with optimum energy and dynamics. Additionally, the DFT calculations studied electrostatic potential, stability, and total electron density of the designed theobromine derivative. Both in silico ADMET and toxicity analyses demonstrated its general likeness and safety. We synthesized the designed theobromine derivative (compound XI) which showed an IC50 value of 17.23 nM for EGFR inhibition besides IC50 values of 21.99 and 22.02 µM for its cytotoxicity against A549 and HCT-116 cell lines, respectively. Interestingly, compound XI expressed a weak cytotoxic potential against the healthy W138 cell line (IC50 = 49.44 µM, 1.6 times safer than erlotinib), exhibiting the high selectivity index of 2.2. Compound XI arrested the growth of A549 at the G2/M stage and increased the incidence of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eslam B. Elkaeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reda G. Yousef
- Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Design Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Hazem Elkady
- Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Design Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Aisha A. Alsfouk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalal Z. Husein
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, New Valley University, El-Kharja 72511, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M. Ibrahim
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Metwaly
- Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
- Biopharmaceutical Products Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria 21934, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.M.M.); (I.H.E.)
| | - Ibrahim H. Eissa
- Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Design Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.M.M.); (I.H.E.)
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13
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Rajaraman D, Anthony LA, Sundararajan G, Shanmugam M, Arunkumar A. Synthesis, NMR, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer activity, Molecular docking, DFT Calculations and in silico ADME analysis of 3′-benzoyl-4′-phenyl-5′-(piperazin-1-ylmethyl)spiro[indoline-3,2′-pyrrolidin]-2-one derivatives. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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14
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Chaudhari PJ, Bari SB, Surana SJ, Shirkhedkar AA, Bonde CG, Khadse SC, Ugale VG, Nagar AA, Cheke RS. Discovery and Anticancer Activity of Novel 1,3,4-Thiadiazole- and Aziridine-Based Indolin-2-ones via In Silico Design Followed by Supramolecular Green Synthesis. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:17270-17294. [PMID: 35647471 PMCID: PMC9134430 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Three crucial anticancer scaffolds, namely indolin-2-one, 1,3,4-thiadiazole, and aziridine, are explored to synthesize virtually screened target molecules based on the c-KIT kinase protein. The stem cell factor receptor c-KIT was selected as target because most U.S. FDA-approved receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors bearing the indolin-2-one scaffold profoundly inhibit c-KIT. Molecular hybrids of indolin-2-one with 1,3,4-thiadiazole (IIIa-m) and aziridine (VIa and VIc) were afforded through a modified Schiff base green synthesis using β-cyclodextrin-SO3H in water as a recyclable proton-donor catalyst. A computational study found that indolin-2,3-dione forms a supramolecular inclusion complex with β-cyclodextrin-SO3H through noncovalent interactions. A molecular docking study of all the synthesized compounds was executed on the c-KIT kinase domain, and most compounds displayed binding affinities similar to that of Sunitinib. On the basis of the pharmacokinetic significance of the aryl thioether linkage in small molecules, 1,3,4-thiadiazole hybrids (IIIa-m) were extended to a new series of 3-((5-(phenylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)imino)indolin-2-ones (IVa-m) via thioetherification using bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II)dichloride as the catalyst for C-S bond formation. Target compounds were tested against NCI-60 human cancer cell lines for a single-dose concentration. Among all three series of indolin-2-ones, the majority of compounds demonstrated broad-spectrum activity toward various cancer cell lines. Compounds IVc and VIc were further evaluated for a five-dose anticancer study. Compound IVc showed a potent activity of IC50 = 1.47 μM against a panel of breast cancer cell lines, whereas compound VIc exhibited the highest inhibition for a panel of colon cancer cell lines at IC50 = 1.40 μM. In silico ADME property descriptors of all the target molecules are in an acceptable range. Machine learning algorithms were used to examine the metabolites and phase I and II regioselectivities of compounds IVc and VIc, and the results suggested that these two compounds could be potential leads for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant J. Chaudhari
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dist-Dhule, Maharashtra 425405, India
- . Tel: +91 954 578 09 64. Fax: +912563255189
| | - Sanjaykumar B. Bari
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, H. R. Patel
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dist-Dhule, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Sanjay J. Surana
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dist-Dhule, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Atul A. Shirkhedkar
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dist-Dhule, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Chandrakant G. Bonde
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM’s NMIMS, Dhule, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Saurabh C. Khadse
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dist-Dhule, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Vinod G. Ugale
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dist-Dhule, Maharashtra 425405, India
- Bioprospecting
group, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411004, India
| | - Akhil A. Nagar
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dist-Dhule, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Rameshwar S. Cheke
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of
Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
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15
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Novel Azine Linked Hybrids of 2-indolinone and Thiazolodinone Scaffolds as CDK2 inhibitors with potential anticancer activity: In Silico Design, Synthesis, Biological, Molecular Dynamics and Binding Free Energy Studies. Bioorg Chem 2022; 126:105884. [PMID: 35623140 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Suliman RS, Alghamdi SS, Ali R, Rahman I, Alqahtani T, Frah IK, Aljatli DA, Huwaizi S, Algheribe S, Alehaideb Z, Islam I. Distinct Mechanisms of Cytotoxicity in Novel Nitrogenous Heterocycles: Future Directions for a New Anti-Cancer Agent. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082409. [PMID: 35458609 PMCID: PMC9029529 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Electron-rich, nitrogenous heteroaromatic compounds interact more with biological/cellular components than their non-nitrogenous counterparts. The strong intermolecular interactions with proteins, enzymes, and receptors confer significant biological and therapeutic properties to the imidazole derivatives, giving rise to a well-known and extensively used range of therapeutic drugs used for infections, inflammation, and cancer, to name a few. The current study investigates the anti-cancer properties of fourteen previously synthesized nitrogenous heterocycles, derivatives of imidazole and oxazolone, on a panel of cancer cell lines and, in addition, predicts the molecular interactions, pharmacokinetic and safety profiles of these compounds. Method: The MTT and CellTiter-Glo® assays were used to screen the imidazole and oxazolone derivatives on six cancer cell lines: HL60, MDA-MB-321, KAIMRC1, KMIRC2, MCF-10A, and HCT8. Subsequently, in vitro tubulin staining and imaging were performed, and the level of apoptosis was measured using the Promega ApoTox-Glo® triplex assay. Furthermore, several computational tools were utilized to investigate the pharmacokinetics and safety profile, including PASS Online, SEA Search, the QikProp tool, SwissADME, ProTox-II, and an in silico molecular docking study on tubulin to identify the critical molecular interactions. Results: In vitro analysis identified compounds 8 and 9 to possess the most significant potent cytotoxic activity on the HL60 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, supported by PASS Online anti-cancer predictions with pa scores of 0.413 and 0.434, respectively. In addition, compound 9 induced caspase 3/7 dependent-apoptosis and interfered with tubulin polymerization in the MDA-MB-231 cell line, consistent with in silico docking results, identifying binding similarity to the native ligand colchicine. All the derivatives, including compounds 8 and 9, had acceptable pharmacokinetics; however, the safety profile was suboptimal for all the tested derivates except compound 4. Conclusion: The imidazole derivative compound 9 is a promising anti-cancer agent that switches on caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death and modulates microtubule function. Therefore, it could be a lead compound for further drug optimization and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Saad Suliman
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.); (T.A.); (I.K.F.); (D.A.A.)
- Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 14811, Saudi Arabia; (S.H.); (S.A.); (Z.A.); (I.I.)
- Correspondence: (R.S.S.); (S.S.A.); Tel.: +966-(11)-429-9570 (R.S.S.); +966-(11)-429-9516 (S.S.A.)
| | - Sahar Saleh Alghamdi
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.); (T.A.); (I.K.F.); (D.A.A.)
- Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 14811, Saudi Arabia; (S.H.); (S.A.); (Z.A.); (I.I.)
- Correspondence: (R.S.S.); (S.S.A.); Tel.: +966-(11)-429-9570 (R.S.S.); +966-(11)-429-9516 (S.S.A.)
| | - Rizwan Ali
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.); (T.A.); (I.K.F.); (D.A.A.)
- Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 14811, Saudi Arabia; (S.H.); (S.A.); (Z.A.); (I.I.)
| | - Ishrat Rahman
- Department of Basic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Tariq Alqahtani
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.); (T.A.); (I.K.F.); (D.A.A.)
- Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 14811, Saudi Arabia; (S.H.); (S.A.); (Z.A.); (I.I.)
| | - Ibrahim K. Frah
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.); (T.A.); (I.K.F.); (D.A.A.)
| | - Dimah A. Aljatli
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.); (T.A.); (I.K.F.); (D.A.A.)
| | - Sarah Huwaizi
- Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 14811, Saudi Arabia; (S.H.); (S.A.); (Z.A.); (I.I.)
| | - Shatha Algheribe
- Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 14811, Saudi Arabia; (S.H.); (S.A.); (Z.A.); (I.I.)
| | - Zeyad Alehaideb
- Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 14811, Saudi Arabia; (S.H.); (S.A.); (Z.A.); (I.I.)
| | - Imadul Islam
- Medical Research Core Facility and Platforms, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 14811, Saudi Arabia; (S.H.); (S.A.); (Z.A.); (I.I.)
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Hassan EA, Ebrahium MM, Ebrahium AM. Metal complexes of hydrazone‐oxime derivative as promising in‐vitro antimicrobial agents against some fungal and bacterial strains. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Essam A. Hassan
- Department of Biology, college of Science and Arts at Khulais University of Jeddah Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamad M. Ebrahium
- Department of Chemistry, college of Science and Arts at Khulais University of Jeddah Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel M. Ebrahium
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Menoufia University Shebin El‐Kom Egypt
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18
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Izmest'ev AN, Anikina L, Zanin IE, Kolotyrkina NG, Ekaterina IS, Kravchenko AN, Gazieva GA. Design, synthesis and in vitro evaluation of the hybrids of oxindolylidene and imidazothiazolotriazine as efficient antiproliferative agents. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01454h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
1,3-Diethyl-6-oxindolylidenetetrahydroimidazo[4,5-e]thiazolo[3,2-b]-1,2,4-triazine-2,7-dione with 2-propyl substituent at the nitrogen atom of oxindole fragment (1d) was identified previously as a lead compound in an antiproliferative agent discovery effort based on oxindolylidene derivatives of...
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