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Zolotareva D, Zazybin A, Dauletbakov A, Belyankova Y, Giner Parache B, Tursynbek S, Seilkhanov T, Kairullinova A. Morpholine, Piperazine, and Piperidine Derivatives as Antidiabetic Agents. Molecules 2024; 29:3043. [PMID: 38998996 PMCID: PMC11243478 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a severe endocrine disease that affects more and more people every year. Modern medical chemistry sets itself the task of finding effective and safe drugs against diabetes. This review provides an overview of potential antidiabetic drugs based on three heterocyclic compounds, namely morpholine, piperazine, and piperidine. Studies have shown that compounds containing their moieties can be quite effective in vitro and in vivo for the treatment of diabetes and its consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Zolotareva
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kazakh-British Technical University, 59 Tole bi Str., Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan; (D.Z.); (A.D.); (Y.B.); (S.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Alexey Zazybin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kazakh-British Technical University, 59 Tole bi Str., Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan; (D.Z.); (A.D.); (Y.B.); (S.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Anuar Dauletbakov
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kazakh-British Technical University, 59 Tole bi Str., Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan; (D.Z.); (A.D.); (Y.B.); (S.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Yelizaveta Belyankova
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kazakh-British Technical University, 59 Tole bi Str., Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan; (D.Z.); (A.D.); (Y.B.); (S.T.); (A.K.)
| | | | - Saniya Tursynbek
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kazakh-British Technical University, 59 Tole bi Str., Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan; (D.Z.); (A.D.); (Y.B.); (S.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Tulegen Seilkhanov
- Laboratory of Engineering Profile NMR Spectroscopy, Sh. Ualikhanov Kokshetau University, 76 Abay Str., Kokshetau 020000, Kazakhstan;
| | - Anel Kairullinova
- School of Chemical Engineering, Kazakh-British Technical University, 59 Tole bi Str., Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan; (D.Z.); (A.D.); (Y.B.); (S.T.); (A.K.)
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El-Sayed Ebead E, Aboelnaga A, Nassar E, Naguib MM, Ismail MF. Ultrasonic-induced synthesis of novel diverse arylidenes via Knoevenagel condensation reaction. Antitumor, QSAR, docking and DFT assessment. RSC Adv 2023; 13:29749-29767. [PMID: 37822658 PMCID: PMC10563797 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05799b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of arylidenes derivatives was synthesized under ultrasonic methodology via Knoevenagel condensation reaction of cyanoacetohydrazide derivative with the appropriate aldehydes and/or ketone. The anticancer properties of the newly synthesized compounds were tested against four different human cancer cell lines (HEPG-2, MCF-7, HCT-116, and PC-3); compounds 5d and 6 demonstrated the greatest anticancer activity against all cancer cell lines. The MLR technique was used to create the QSAR model using five molecular descriptors (AATS6p, AATS7p, AATS8p, AATS0i, and SpMax4_Bhv). The examination of the constructed QSAR model equations revealed that the selected descriptors influence the tested compound's anti-proliferative activity. The descriptors identified in this work by QSAR models can be utilized to predict the anticancer activity levels of novel arylidenes derivatives. This will allow for significant cost savings in the drug development process and synthesis at pharmaceutical chemistry laboratories. According to the physicochemical properties, the results revealed that all of these compounds comply with Lipinski's Rule of Five, indicating that they may have high permeability across biological membranes and reveal drug-relevant properties. The Swiss Target Prediction webtool was used to assess the probable cellular mechanism for the promising candidate compounds (5d and 6), and the results revealed that adenosine A1 receptor (ADORA1) was a common target for both compounds. ADORA1 is involved in the regulation of cell metabolism and gene transcription. ADORA1 overexpression has been linked to a variety of cancers, including colon cancer, breast cancer, leukemia, and melanoma. The docking study of tested compounds 5d and 6 revealed that their binding scores to ADORA1 are more favorable than those of its co-crystalized ligand (DU172, selective ADORA1 antagonist) and adenosine (ADORA1 endogenous agonist), implying that they may hold great promise as an anti-cancer therapy. Density functional theory (DFT) with a (B3LYP)/6-31G (d,p) basis set was used to calculate the physicochemical parameters of these compounds. The theoretical data from the DFT computation was found to be in good agreement with the experimental values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman El-Sayed Ebead
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University Heliopolis Egypt
| | - Asmaa Aboelnaga
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University Heliopolis Egypt
| | - Ekhlass Nassar
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University Heliopolis Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Naguib
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University 11566 Abbassia Cairo Egypt
| | - Mahmoud F Ismail
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University 11566 Abbassia Cairo Egypt
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Rezk GN, El-Gammal OA, Alrefaee SH, Althagafi I, El-Bindary AA, El-Bindary MA. Synthesis, structural characterization, antioxidant, cytotoxic activities and docking studies of schiff base Cu(II) complexes. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21015. [PMID: 37867880 PMCID: PMC10587539 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
By combining hydrazide with 2-Acetylpyridine, a hydrazone ligand (HL) was successfully created. Several copper (II) salts have been used to create three copper (II) hydrazone complexes (acetate, sulphate, and chloride). The hydrazide ligand and its copper (II) complexes (1-3) were studied via variety of analytical techniques, including elemental analysis, electronic, infrared, UV-vis Spectrum, XRD study, thermal analysis, also molar conductivity amounts. The spectrum results indicate that in all complexes, the ligand exhibits monobasic tridentate behavior. Octahedral geometries were present in all metal complexes. The Coats-Redfern equations were used to compute and describe the dynamics properties of several steps of TGA (Ea, A, ΔH*, ΔS*, and ΔG*). Calculations using the density functional theory (DFT) were done at the molecular studio software toward examine ligands agent's and its complexes' best structures. The MCF-7 in addition to HepG-2 cell lines was resistant to tumor-inducing effects of the copper (II) chelates. The in vitro antioxidant capacities of all complexes have been estimated via DPPH free radical scavenger assays. Furthermore, zones of inhibition length accustomed to test antimicrobial effect of particular complexes in vitro towards Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive bacteria) E. coli (Gram negative bacteria). Both absorption spectra and viscosity measurements in calf thymus DNA binding have been used to study the complexes. In order to explore docking research of copper (II) chelates, the crystallographic construction of the SARS-active CoV-2's site protein (PDB ID:6XBH) was used (COVID-19) and breast cancer distorted (PDB ID: 3hb5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada N. Rezk
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, Damietta 34517, Egypt
| | - Ola A. El-Gammal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35566, Egypt
| | - Salhah H. Alrefaee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Yanbu 30799, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ismail Althagafi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf A. El-Bindary
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, Damietta 34517, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. El-Bindary
- Basic Science Department, Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology, Damietta 34517, Egypt
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Amatya R, Lee D, Sultana M, Min KA, Shin MC. Albumin-coated copper nanoparticles for photothermal cancer therapy: Synthesis and in vitro characterization. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17732. [PMID: 37449093 PMCID: PMC10336593 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) have attracted great interest in various biomedical research fields due to their superior optical and plasmonic properties. In the present study, we synthesized bovine serum albumin (BSA)-coated CuNPs (BSA-CuNPs) by adopting the aqueous reduction method in 2-step procedures. The prepared BSA-CuNPs were characterized in vitro for their physical characteristics and photothermal activity. The successful synthesis of BSA-CuNPs was verified through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) light spectroscopy. The prepared BSA-CuNPs revealed a great light-to-heat conversion capacity and good photothermal stability. Notably, accompanied by laser irradiation, the BSA-CuNPs elicited significantly higher cytotoxicity on tumor cells than the control group. Preliminary animal studies to determine the biosafety and pharmacokinetics (PK) profiles exhibited that the BSA-CuNPs have a maximum tolerable dose (MTD) of 16 mgCu/kg and a relatively long plasma half-life of 1.98 h. Overall, our findings demonstrated that BSA-CuNPs might be a potential photothermal therapeutic agent for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeju Amatya
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju Daero, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghee Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju Daero, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Marium Sultana
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju Daero, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Ah Min
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Injero, Gimhae, Gyeongnam, 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Meong Cheol Shin
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju Daero, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
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Molecular Docking and Site-Directed Mutagenesis of GH49 Family Dextranase for the Preparation of High-Degree Polymerization Isomaltooligosaccharide. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020300. [PMID: 36830669 PMCID: PMC9953027 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The high-degree polymerization of isomaltooligosaccharide (IMO) not only effectively promotes the growth and reproduction of Bifidobacterium in the human body but also renders it resistant to rapid degradation by gastric acid and can stimulate insulin secretion. In this study, we chose the engineered strain expressed dextranase (PsDex1711) as the research model and used the AutoDock vina molecular docking technique to dock IMO4, IMO5, and IMO6 with it to obtain mutation sites, and then studied the potential effect of key amino acids in this enzyme on its hydrolysate composition and enzymatic properties by site-directed mutagenesis method. It was found that the yield of IMO4 increased significantly to 62.32% by the mutant enzyme H373A. Saturation mutation depicted that the yield of IMO4 increased to 69.81% by the mutant enzyme H373R, and its neighboring site S374R IMO4 yield was augmented to 64.31%. Analysis of the enzymatic properties of the mutant enzyme revealed that the optimum temperature of H373R decreased from 30 °C to 20 °C, and more than 70% of the enzyme activity was maintained under alkaline conditions. The double-site saturation mutation results showed that the mutant enzyme H373R/N445Y IMO4 yield increased to 68.57%. The results suggest that the 373 sites with basic non-polar amino acids, such as arginine and histidine, affect the catalytic properties of the enzyme. The findings provide an important theoretical basis for the future marketable production of IMO4 and analysis of the structure of dextranase.
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Woźniczka M, Świątek M, Sutradhar M, Gądek-Sobczyńska J, Chmiela M, Gonciarz W, Pasternak B, Pająk M. Equilibria of complexes in the aqueous cobalt(II)- N-(2-hydroxybenzyl)phenylalanine system and their biological activity compared to analogous Schiff base structures. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:1312-1323. [PMID: 36814724 PMCID: PMC9939546 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their excellent prospects in biological applications, Schiff bases and their complexes are a source of continuing interest. The present study examines the formation of four cobalt(II) complexes with the reduced Schiff base N-(2-hydroxybenzyl)phenylalanine (PhAlaSal) in alkaline aqueous solution by pH-metry. UV-Vis and ESI-MS studies confirmed the model of proposed species. Kinetic analysis indicated that the single- and bi-ligand cobalt(II) complexes transitioned from octahedral to tetrahedral structures. The Schiff base and its complexes detected under physiological pH were tested for antimicrobial abilities and compared with analogous structures of the Schiff base derivative, N-(2-hydroxybenzyl)alanine (AlaSal). The ability of these structures to influence cell growth was tested on L929 mouse fibroblasts and on cervix and gastric adenocarcinoma cancer cell lines. N-(2-hydroxybenzyl)phenylalanine demonstrates greater antimicrobial efficacy than N-(2-hydroxybenzyl)alanine but also higher cytotoxicity; however, it is nonetheless effective against cancer cells. In turn, AlaSal demonstrates low cytotoxicity for fibroblasts and high cytotoxicity for gastric adenocarcinoma epithelial cells at bacteriostatic concentration for Helicobacter pylori and Candida strains. The presence of these microorganisms in the gastric milieu supports the development of gastritis and gastric cancer; AlaSal therapy may be simultaneously effective against both. Due to their cytotoxicity, Schiff base complexes are not suitable for use against fungal and bacterial infections, but may effectively prevent cancer cell growth. Data availability Data will be made available on request.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Woźniczka
- Department of Physical and Biocoordination Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland,Corresponding author.
| | - Mirosława Świątek
- Department of Physical and Biocoordination Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Manas Sutradhar
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, Lisboa 1749-024, Portugal,Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joanna Gądek-Sobczyńska
- Department of Physical and Biocoordination Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Chmiela
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Weronika Gonciarz
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Beata Pasternak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91-403 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marek Pająk
- Department of Physical and Biocoordination Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
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Song W, Zhao M, Zhu Y, Gao J, Zhao Y. Crystal structre of 1,4-bis(bromomethyl)-2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzene, C 12H 16Br 2. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ncrs-2022-0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
C12H16Br2, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 7.9423(5) Å, b = 4.4163(3) Å, c = 16.8127(10) Å, β = 94.534(4)°, V = 587.87(6) Å3, Z = 2, Rgt
(F) = 0.0376, wRref
(F
2) = 0.1016, T = 173 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Song
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Advanced Photo-Electronics Materials and Energy Conversion Device , Xijing University , Xi’an , Shaanxi 710123 , China
- School of Electronic Information, Xijing University , Xi’an , Shaanxi 710123 , China
| | - Mingxu Zhao
- School of Electronic Information, Xijing University , Xi’an , Shaanxi 710123 , China
| | - Yanfang Zhu
- School of Electronic Information, Xijing University , Xi’an , Shaanxi 710123 , China
| | - Jianjing Gao
- School of Electronic Information, Xijing University , Xi’an , Shaanxi 710123 , China
| | - Yuzhen Zhao
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Advanced Photo-Electronics Materials and Energy Conversion Device , Xijing University , Xi’an , Shaanxi 710123 , China
- School of Electronic Information, Xijing University , Xi’an , Shaanxi 710123 , China
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Design, Synthesis, Characterization, Catalytic, Fluorometric Sensing, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Schiff Base Ligand Capped AgNPs. J Fluoresc 2022; 32:2363-2378. [PMID: 36178642 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-022-03026-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent days, the usage of biological and non-biological pollutants increased which poses a significant threat to environmental and biological systems. Therefore, the present aim is to develop effective methods to treat such pollutants by using highly stable and small-sized Schiff base ligand capped silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with a face-centered cubic (fcc) crystalline structure and the size range is 5-10 nm. The potent role of the resulting synthesized AgNPs was found to be on multiple platforms such as catalyst, sensor, antioxidant, and antimicrobial disinfectant. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized through UV-vis spectroscopy, PL, FTIR, XRD, SEM, and TEM. The FTIR spectrum of AgNPs exhibited the interacted functional groups of Schiff base and size was estimated by XRD and TEM. AgNPs were able to catalytically degrade approximately 95% of methylene blue (MB), rhodamine B (RhB), and eosin Y (EY) dyes within 80 min of reaction time using NaBH4. The fluorometric sensor studies of synthesized AgNPs showed selective sensing of the potentially hazardous Fe2+ ion in water. As an antimicrobial agent, the AgNPs are effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria; as well as fungi, with the zones of clearance as approximately compatible with standard drugs. The AgNPs displayed a greater ability to scavenge free radicals, especially DPPH when compared with AgNPs and ascorbic acid. Thus, the results of this study validate the triple role of AgNPs derived via a simple synthesis as a catalyst, sensor, antioxidant, and antimicrobial agent for effective environmental remediation.
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Šimunková M, Biela M, Štekláč M, Hlinčík A, Klein E, Malček M. Cu(II) complexes of flavonoids in solution: Impact of the Cu(II) ion on the antioxidant and DNA-intercalating properties. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Synthesis, structural analysis, in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial activity and molecular docking studies of transition metal complexes derived from Schiff base ligands of 4-(benzyloxy)-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-021-04644-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Farwa U, Raza MA. Heterocyclic compounds as a magic bullet for diabetes mellitus: a review. RSC Adv 2022; 12:22951-22973. [PMID: 36105949 PMCID: PMC9379558 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02697j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major metabolic disorder due to hyperglycemia, which is increasing all over the world. From the last two decades, the use of synthetic agents has risen due to their major involvement in curing of chronic diseases including DM. The core skeleton of drugs has been studied such as thiazolidinone, azole, chalcone, pyrrole and pyrimidine along with their derivatives. Diabetics assays have been performed in consideration of different enzymes such as α-glycosidase, α-amylase, and α-galactosidase against acarbose standard drug. The studied moieties were depicted in both models: in vivo as well as in vitro. Molecular docking of the studied compounds as antidiabetic molecules was performed with the help of Auto Dock and molecular operating environment (MOE) software. Amino acid residues Asp349, Arg312, Arg439, Asn241, Val303, Glu304, Phe158, His103, Lys422 and Thr207 that are present on the active sites of diabetic related enzymes showed interactions with ligand molecules. In this review data were organized for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds through various routes along with their antidiabetic potential, and further studies such as pharmacokinetic and toxicology studies should be executed before going for clinical trials. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major metabolic disorder due to hyperglycemia, which is increasing all over the world.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Umme Farwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan
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