Synthesis, carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activity, anticancer activity and molecular docking studies of new imidazolyl hydrazone derivatives

Chemistry of heterocycles as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: A pathway to novel research in medicinal chemistry review

Nowadays, the scientific community has focused on dealing with different kinds of diseases by exploring the chemistry of various heterocycles as novel drugs. In this connection, medicinal chemists identified carbonic anhydrases (CA) as one of the biologically active targets for curing various diseases. The widespread distribution of these enzymes and the high degree of homology shared by the different isoforms offer substantial challenges to discovering potential drugs. Medicinal and synthetic organic chemists have been continuously involved in developing CA inhibitors. This review explored the chemistry of different heterocycles as CA inhibitors using the last 11 years of published research work. It provides a pathway for young researchers to further explore the chemistry of a variety of synthetic as well as natural heterocycles as CA inhibitors.

Synthesis, biological activities, and molecular docking studies of triazolo[4,3-b]triazine derivatives as a novel class of α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitors

In diabetes mellitus, amylase and glucosidase enzymes are the primary triggers. The main function of these enzymes is to break macromolecules into simple sugar units, which directly affect blood sugar levels by increasing blood permeability. To overcome this metabolic effect, there is a need for a potent and effective inhibitor capable of suppressing the enzymatic conversion of sugar macromolecules into their smaller units. Herein, we reported the discovery of a series of substituted triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazine derivatives as α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitors. All target compounds demonstrated significant inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes compared with acarbose as the positive control. The most potent compound 10k, 2-[(6-phenyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazin-3-yl)thio]-N-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]acetamide, demonstrated IC50 values of 31.87 and 24.64 nM against α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes, respectively. To study their mechanism of action, kinetic studies were also done, which determined the mode of inhibition of both enzymes. Molecular docking was used to confirm the binding interactions of the most active compounds.

Antioxidant enzyme activities, molecular docking studies, MM-GBSA, and molecular dynamic of chlorpyrifos in freshwater fish Capoeta umbla

Chlorpyrifos (CPF), which was started to be used in 1965, is a broad spectrum organophosphate insecticide that is used more and more day by day. Commonly used to control pests in farmland and homes, CPF is more toxic to fish than organochlorine compounds. CPF poses a serious threat to the health of humans and aquatic organisms. This paper studies the relationship between CPF exposure and antioxidant enzyme activities in gill, kidney and liver tissues of Capoeta umbla. Different time intervals (12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h) and CPF doses (55 and 110 µg L-1) were used in the study. Spectrophotometrical measures were taken in all tissues for antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, as indices of the lipid peroxidation (LPO). A positive relationship between CPF and MDA levels was found in the study at a statistically significant level (p < 0.05). The study also found a negative relationship between CPF levels and catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) activity. Independent variables in the study can act as biomarkers of CPF exposure. The study recommends employing proper ecotoxicological risk evaluations in cases of CPF usage as a pesticide. The activities of the studied molecules against various proteins that are crystal structure of human peroxiredoxin 5 (PDB ID: 1HD2) has docking score value is -2.67, crystal structure of Bovine Xanthine Oxidase (PDB ID: 3NRZ) has docking score value is -3.76, and crystal structure of antibacterial FabH (PDB ID: 4Z8D) has docking score value is -3.16, were compared. Molecular dynamic (MD) calculations were made in 100 ns. MM/GBSA methods are calculated binding free energy. Afterwards, ADME/T analysis was performed to examine the some properties of the molecules.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Novel Quinazolinone Derivatives: Potential Synthetic Analogs for the Treatment of Glaucoma, Alzheimer's Disease and Diabetes Mellitus

Quinazolinones, which represent an important part of nitrogen-containing six-membered heterocyclic compounds, are frequently used in drug design due to their wide biological activity properties. Therefore, the novel quinazolinones were synthesized from the reaction of acylated derivatives of 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde with 3-amino-2-alkylquinazolin-4(3H)-ones with good yields (85-94 %) and their structures were characterized using Fourier-transform Infrared (FT-IR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR), and High-Resolution Mass Spectroscopy (HR-MS). As the application of the synthesized compounds, their inhibition properties of the synthesized compounds on α-Glucosidase (α-Glu), Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and Carbonic anhydrase I-II (hCA I-II) metabolic enzymes were investigated. All compounds showed inhibition at nanomolar level with the Ki values in the range of 12.73±1.26-93.42±9.44 nM for AChE, 8.48±0.92-25.84±2.59 nM for BChE, 66.17±5.16-818.06±44.41 for α-Glu, 2.56±0.26-88.23±9.72 nM for hCA I, and 1.68±0.14-85.43±7.41 nM for hCA II. Molecular docking study was performed to understand the interactions of the most potent compounds with corresponding enzymes. Also, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADME/T) properties of the compounds were investigated.

Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of (2E)-1-(4-bromo-phen-yl)-3-(2-methyl-phen-yl)prop-2-en-1-one

In the title com-pound, C16H13BrO, the planes of the aromatic rings are inclined at an angle of 23.49 (15)°, and the configuration about the C=C bond is E. In the crystal, the mol-ecules are linked into chains by weak C-H⋯O inter-actions along the b axis. Successive chains form a zigzag structure along the c axis, and these chains are connected to each other by face-to-face π-π stacking inter-actions along the a axis. These layers, parallel to the (001) plane, are linked by van der Waals inter-actions, thus consolidating the crystal structure. Hirshfeld surface analysis showed that the most significant contacts in the structure are H⋯H (43.1%), C⋯H/H⋯C (17.4%), Br⋯H/H⋯Br (14.9%), C⋯C (11.9%) and O⋯H/H⋯O (9.8%).

Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of (E)-1-(2,4-di-methyl-furan-3-yl)-3-phenyl-prop-2-en-1-one

The title compound, C15H14O2, adopts an E configuration about the C=C double bond. The furan ring is inclined to the phenyl ring by 12.03 (9)°. In the crystal, pairs of mol-ecules are linked by C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming dimers with R 2 2(14) ring motifs. The mol-ecules are connected via C-H⋯π inter-actions, forming a three dimensional network. No π-π inter-actions are observed.

Synthesis, biological evaluation and in silico studies of novel thiadiazole-hydrazone derivatives for carbonic anhydrase inhibitory and anticancer activities

Thiadiazole and hydrazone derivatives (5a-5i) were synthesized and their chemical structures were verified and described by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS spectra. Three cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA, and HT-29) and one healthy cell line (L929) were used to test the cytotoxicity activity of synthesized compounds as well as their inhibitory activity against carbonic anhydrase I, II and IX isoenzymes. Compound 5d (29.74 µM) had a high inhibitory effect on hCA I and compound 5b (23.18 µM) had a high inhibitory effect on hCA II. Furthermore, compound 5i was found to be the most potent against CA IX. Compounds 5a-5i, 5b and 5i showed the highest anticancer effect against MCF-7 cell line with an IC50 value of 9.19 and 23.50 µM, and compound 5d showed the highest anticancer effect against MDA cell line with an IC50 value of 10.43 µM. The presence of fluoro substituent in the o-position of the phenyl ring increases the effect on hCA II, while the methoxy group in the o-position of the phenyl ring increases the activity on hCA I as well as increase the anticancer activity. Cell death induction was evaluated by Annexin V assay and it was determined that these compounds cause cell death by apoptosis. Molecular docking was performed for compounds 5b and 5d to understand their biological interactions. The physical and ADME properties of compounds 5b and 5d were evaluated using SwissADME.

Synthesis, Biological Activity Evaluation and Molecular Docking of Imidazole Derivatives Possessing Hydrazone Moiety

In an attempt to identify potential active anticancer agents with low cytotoxic properties and CA inhibitors, a new series of hybrid compounds incorporating imidazole ring and hydrazone moiety as part of their structure were synthesized by aza-Michael addition reaction followed by intramolecular cyclization. The structure of synthesized compounds was elucidated using various spectral techniques. Synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro anticancer (prostate cell lines; PC3) and CA inhibitory (hCA I and hCA II) activity. Among them, some compound displayed remarkable anticancer activity and CA inhibitory activity with Ki values in range of 17.53±7.19-150.50±68.87 nM against cytosolic hCA I isoform associated with epilepsy, and 28.82±14.26-153.27±55.80 nM against dominant cytosolic hCA II isoforms associated with glaucoma. Furthermore, the theoretical parameters of the bioactive molecules were calculated to establish their drug-likeness qualities. The proteins used for the calculations are prostate cancer protein (PDB ID: 3RUK and 6XXP). ADME/T analysis was carried out to examine the drug properties of the studied molecules.

Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 5-oxo-7-phenyl-2-(phenyl-amino)-1H-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-6,8-dicarbo-nitrile dimethyl sulfoxide monosolvate

In the title compound, C₂₀H₁₂N₆O·C₂H₆OS, the [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine ring system is almost planar and makes dihedral angles of 16.33 (7) and 46.80 (7)°, respectively, with the phenyl-amino and phenyl rings. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by inter-molecular N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into chains along the b-axis direction through the dimethyl sulfoxide solvent mol-ecule, forming C(10)R ² ₁(6) motifs. These chains are connected via S-O⋯π inter-actions, π-π stacking inter-actions between the pyridine rings [centroid-to-centroid distance = 3.6662 (9) Å] and van der Waals inter-actions. A Hirshfeld surface analysis of the crystal structure indicates that the most important contributions to the crystal packing are from H⋯H (28.1%), C⋯H/H⋯C (27.2%), N⋯H/H⋯N (19.4%) and O⋯H/H⋯O (9.8%) inter-actions.

Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 2-amino-6-[(1-phenyl-eth-yl)amino]-4-(thio-phen-2-yl)pyridine-3,5-dicarbo-nitrile

In the title compound, C₁₉H₁₅N₅S, the thio-phene ring is disordered in a 0.6:0.4 ratio by an approximate 180° rotation of the ring around the C-C bond linking it to the pyridine ring. In the crystal, the mol-ecules are linked by N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds into dimers with an R ² ₂(12) motif, forming chains along the b-axis direction. These chains are connected to each other by further N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network. Furthermore, N-H⋯π and π-π [centroid-centroid separations = 3.899 (8) and 3.7938 (12) Å] inter-actions also contribute to the crystal cohesion. A Hirshfeld surface analysis indicated that the most important contributions to the surface contacts are from H⋯H (46.1%), N⋯H/H⋯N (20.4%) and C⋯H/H⋯C (17.4%) inter-actions.

Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 1,6-di-amino-2-oxo-4-(thio-phen-2-yl)-1,2-di-hydro-pyridine-3,5-dicarbo-nitrile

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C₁₁H₇N₅OS, contains two independent mol-ecules (1 and 2). The thio-phene ring in mol-ecule 2 is rotationally disordered (flip disorder) by ca 180° (around the single C-C bond, to which it is attached) over two sites with the site-occupation factors of 0.9 and 0.1. These two orientations of the thio-phene ring in mol-ecule 2 are not equivalent. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by inter-molecular N-H⋯O and N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds into ribbons parallel to (022) along the a axis. Within the (022) planes, these ribbons are connected by van der Waals inter-actions and between the (022) planes by N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. In mol-ecule 1, Hirshfeld surface analysis showed that the most important contributions to the crystal packing are from N⋯H/H⋯N (27.1%), H⋯H (17.6%), C⋯H/H⋯C (13.6%) and O⋯H/H⋯O (9.3%) inter-actions, while in mol-ecule 2, H⋯H (25.4%) inter-actions are the most significant contributors to the crystal packing.

Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 2,2'-[(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hy-droxy-phen-yl)methanedi-yl]bis-(3-hy-droxy-5,5-di-methyl-cyclo-hex-2-en-1-one)

In the title compound, C₃₁H₄₄O₅, mol-ecules are connected by O-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming hydrogen-bonded zigzag chains running along the b axis and parallel to the (001) plane. The mol-ecular packing is stabilized by van der Waals inter-actions between these chains along the a and c axes. The inter-molecular inter-actions in the crystal structure were qu-anti-fied and analysed using Hirshfeld surface analysis.

Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and docking study of chromone-based phenylhydrazone and benzoylhydrazone derivatives as antidiabetic agents targeting α-glucosidase

To develop novel α-glucosidase inhibitors, a series of chromone-based phenylhydrazone and benzoylhydrazone derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated their inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase. The target compounds were characterized using ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and high-resolution mass spectra. Some of the compounds showed a varying degree of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ values ranging from 6.59 ± 0.09 to 158.55 ± 0.87 μM. Among them, compound 5c (IC₅₀ = 6.59 ± 0.09 μM) was the most potent inhibitor by comparison with positive control acarbose (IC₅₀ = 685.11 ± 7.46 μM). Enzyme kinetic, fluorescence analysis, circular dichroism spectra, and molecular docking techniques were employed to explain the underlying molecular mechanisms of 5c inhibition on α-glucosidase. In vivo sucrose-loading test showed that 5c could suppress the rise of blood glucose levels after loading sucrose in normal Kunming mice. The cytotoxicity assay indicated that 5c exhibited low cytotoxicity.

Pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness, antibacterial and antioxidant activity of secondary metabolites from the roots extracts of Crinum abyssinicum and Calotropis procera and in silico molecular docking study

Crinum abyssinicum and Calotropis procera were traditionally used for the treatment of different diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, hepatitis B, skin infection, anticancer, asthma, fever, and diarrhea. The structures of the compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and DEPT-135 spectra. Compounds 1-3 were reported herein for the first time from the species of C. abyssinicum. The DCM/MeOH (1:1) and MeOH roots extracts of C. abyssinicum showed significant inhibitory activity against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa with a mean inhibition zone of 16.67 ± 1.20 and 16.33 ± 0.33 mm, respectively. Compounds 4 and 5 showed promising activity against E. coli with a mean inhibition zone of 17.7  0.8 and 17.7  1.2 mm, respectively. The results of DPPH activity showed the DCM: MeOH (1:1) and MeOH roots extracts of C. abyssinicum inhibited the DPPH radical by 52.86  0.24 % and 45.6  0.11 %, respectively, whereas compound 5 displayed 85.7 % of inhibition. The drug-likeness analysis showed that compounds 2-4 satisfy Lipinski’s rule of five with zero violations. Compounds 2, and 6 showed binding affinities of −6.0, and −6.7 kcal/mol against E. coli DNA gyrase B, respectively, while 3 and 5 showed −5.0 and −5.0 kcal/mol, respectively against human peroxiredoxin 5. Therefore, the in vitro antibacterial, radical scavenging activity along with the molecular docking analysis suggest the potential use of the extracts of C. abyssinicum and compounds 2, 5, 6, and 3, 5 can be considered as promising antibacterial agents and free radical scavengers, respectively.