1
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Lin HD, Tseng YK, Yuh CH, Chen SC. Low concentrations of 4-ABP promote liver carcinogenesis in human liver cells and a zebrafish model. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:126954. [PMID: 34474361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
4-Aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) is a human bladder cancer carcinogen found in the manufacture of azo dyes and the composition of cigarette smoke in the environment. To determine whether low concentrations of 4-ABP induced or promote liver carcinogenesis and investigate the underlying mechanism, we have established the liver cell carcinogenesis model in human liver cell lines and zebrafish to evaluate liver cancer development associated with long-term exposure to low concentrations of 4-ABP. Results show that repeated 4-ABP exposure promoted cellular proliferation and migration via the involvement of ROS in Ras/MEK/ERK pathway in vitro. Also, 4-ABP (1, 10, and 100 nM) induces hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) formation in HBx, Src (p53-/-) transgenic zebrafish at four months of age and in wild-type zebrafish at seven months of age. In addition, we observed a correlation between the Ras-ERK pathway and 4-ABP-induced HCC in vitro and in vivo. Our finding suggests low concentrations of 4-ABP repeated exposure is a potential risk factor for liver cancer. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the promotion of liver carcinogenesis in human liver cells and zebrafish following 4-ABP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Dao Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Kuan Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Statistics, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Hwa Yuh
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science & Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Ssu-Ching Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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2
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Lee PY, Lai YH, Liu PL, Liu CC, Su CC, Chiu FY, Cheng WC, Hsu SL, Cheng KC, Chiu LY, Kao TE, Lin CC, Chang YC, Wang SC, Li CY. Toxicity of amantadine hydrochloride on cultured bovine cornea endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18514. [PMID: 34531501 PMCID: PMC8445916 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Amantadine hydrochloride (HCl) is commonly prescribed for treating influenza A virus infection and Parkinson's disease. Recently, several studies have indicated that the use of amantadine HCl is associated with corneal edema; however, the cytotoxic effect of amantadine HCl has not been investigated. In the present study, the effects of amantadine HCl on cell growth, proliferation, and apoptosis in bovine cornea endothelial cells, and in vitro endothelial permeability were examined. Results showed that lower doses of amantadine HCl do not affect cell growth (≤ 20 μΜ), whereas higher doses of amantadine HCl inhibits cell growth (≥ 50 μΜ), induces apoptosis (2000 μΜ), increases sub-G1 phase growth arrest (2000 μΜ), causes DNA damage (≥ 1000 μΜ), and induces endothelial hyperpermeability (≥ 1000 μΜ) in bovine cornea endothelial cells; additionally, we also found that amantadine HCl attenuates the proliferation (≥ 200 μΜ) and arrests cell cycle at G1 phase (≥ 200 μΜ) in bovine cornea endothelial cells. In the present study, we measured the cytotoxic doses of amantadine HCl on cornea endothelial cells, which might be applied in evaluating the association of corneal edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yen Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hung Lai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Po-Len Liu
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chih Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, 71004, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Cheng Su
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, 71004, Taiwan
- Department of Senior Citizen Service Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, 71710, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yen Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chung Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, and Research Center for Tumor Medical Science, and Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Shiuh-Liang Hsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chun Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung, 81267, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yi Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80145, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-En Kao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ching Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yo-Chen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chi Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Yang Li
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
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3
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Wahyuni EA, Chen CY, Wu HN, Chien CC, Chen SC. Propolis alleviates 4-aminobiphenyl-induced oxidative DNA damage by inhibition of CYP2E1 expression in human liver cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:1504-1513. [PMID: 33847444 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
4-Aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) may cause DNA damage in human liver cells (HepG2 and L-02). Propolis exhibits antioxidant properties through reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging. We determined the effects of propolis in alleviating 4-ABP -induced DNA damage using the comet assay. Results revealed that propolis could significantly alleviated oxidative damaged DNA by 4-ABP. Furthermore, we proved that inhibition of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) expression by propolis could contribute to the decreased oxidative DNA damage in the treated cells, as the conversion of 4-ABP into its metabolite, N-hydroxy-ABP (HOABP), was blocked; after all, HOABP showed more genotoxic than its parent chemical, 4-ABP. With the homologous recombination assay, propolis failed to induce DNA repair enzymes. Furthermore, the expression of RAD51, Ku70/Ku80, and OGG1 in treated cells were determined with the western blot, revealing that the expression of these protein were unchanged in comparison with those in nontreated cells. However, propolis could protect the treated cells from DNA damage. In conclusion, propolis could antagonize 4-ABP-induced oxidative DNA damage though the removal of ROS and inhibition of CYP2E1 expression in the treated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ari Wahyuni
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Natural Science Education, University of Trunojoyo Madura, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Chien Yi Chen
- Department of Applied Physics and Chemistry, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huery Nuo Wu
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ching Chien
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ssu-Ching Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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4
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Hölzl-Armstrong L, Kucab JE, Zwart EP, Luijten M, Phillips DH, Arlt VM. Mutagenicity of N-hydroxy-4-aminobiphenyl in human TP53 knock-in (Hupki) mouse embryo fibroblasts. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2021; 62:252-264. [PMID: 33620775 DOI: 10.1002/em.22429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
TP53 harbors somatic mutations in more than half of human tumors with some showing characteristic mutation spectra that have been linked to environmental exposures. In bladder cancer, a unique distribution of mutations amongst several codons of TP53 has been hypothesized to be caused by environmental carcinogens including 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP). 4-ABP undergoes metabolic activation to N-hydroxy-4-aminobiphenyl (N-OH-4-ABP) and forms pre-mutagenic adducts in DNA, of which N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-4-ABP (dG-C8-4-ABP) is the major one. Human TP53 knock-in mouse embryo fibroblasts (HUFs) are a useful model to study the influence of environmental carcinogens on TP53-mutagenesis. By performing the HUF immortalization assay (HIMA) TP53-mutant HUFs are generated and mutations can be identified by sequencing. Here we studied the induction of mutations in human TP53 after treatment of primary HUFs with N-OH-4-ABP. In addition, mutagenicity in the bacterial lacZ reporter gene and the formation of dG-C8-4-ABP, measured by 32 P-postlabelling analysis, were determined in N-OH-4-ABP-treated primary HUFs. A total of 6% TP53-mutants were identified after treatment with 40 μM N-OH-4-ABP for 24 hr (n = 150) with G>C/C>G transversion being the main mutation type. The mutation spectrum found in the TP53 gene of immortalized N-OH-4-ABP-treated HUFs was unlike the one found in human bladder cancer. DNA adduct formation (~40 adducts/108 nucleotides) was detected after 24 hr treatment with 40 μM N-OH-4-ABP, but lacZ mutagenicity was not observed. Adduct levels decreased substantially (sixfold) after a 24 hr recovery period indicating that primary HUFs can efficiently repair the dG-C8-4-ABP adduct possibly before mutations are fixed. In conclusion, the observed difference in the N-OH-4-ABP-induced TP53 mutation spectrum to that observed in human bladder tumors do not support a role of 4-ABP in human bladder cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Hölzl-Armstrong
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jill E Kucab
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Edwin P Zwart
- Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Luijten
- Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - David H Phillips
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, UK
- Toxicology Department, GAB Consulting GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
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5
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Lin HD, Wang FZ, Lee CY, Nien CY, Tseng YK, Yao CL, Chen SC. 4-Aminobiphenyl inhibits the DNA homologous recombination repair in human liver cells: The role of miR-630 in downregulating RAD18 and MCM8. Toxicology 2020; 440:152441. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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6
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Bhagat J. Combinations of genotoxic tests for the evaluation of group 1 IARC carcinogens. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 38:81-99. [PMID: 28695982 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Many of the known human carcinogens are potent genotoxins that are efficiently detected as carcinogens in human populations but certain types of compounds such as immunosuppressants, sex hormones, etc. act via non-genotoxic mechanism. The absence of genotoxicity and the diversity of modes of action of non-genotoxic carcinogens make predicting their carcinogenic potential extremely challenging. There is evidence that combinations of different short-term tests provide a better and efficient prediction of human genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens. The purpose of this study is to summarize the in vivo and in vitro comet assay (CMT) results of group 1 carcinogens selected from the International Agency for Research on Cancer and to discuss the utility of the comet assay along with other genotoxic assays such as Ames, in vivo micronucleus (MN), and in vivo chromosomal aberration (CA) test. Of the 62 agents for which valid genotoxic data were available, 38 of 61 (62.3%) were Ames test positive, 42 of 60 (70%) were in vivo MN test positive and 36 of 45 (80%) were positive for the in vivo CA test. Higher sensitivity was seen in in vivo CMT (90%) and in vitro CMT (86.9%) assay. Combination of two tests has greater sensitivity than individual tests: in vivo MN + in vivo CA (88.6%); in vivo MN + in vivo CMT (92.5%); and in vivo MN + in vitro CMT (95.6%). Combinations of in vivo or in vitro CMT with other tests provided better sensitivity. In vivo CMT in combination with in vivo CA provided the highest sensitivity (96.7%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky Bhagat
- Department of Zoology, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa 403206, India
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7
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Chen CM, Liu JJ, Chou CW, Lai CH, Wu LT. RpA, an extracellular protease similar to the metalloprotease of serralysin family, is required for pathogenicity of Ralstonia pickettii. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 119:1101-11. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C.-M. Chen
- Division of Infectious Disease; Department of Internal Medicine; Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital; Taichung Taiwan
| | - J.-J. Liu
- The Institute of Medical Science and Department of Microbiology; China Medical University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - C.-W. Chou
- Department of Cosmeceutics; College of Pharmacy; China Medical University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - C.-H. Lai
- The Institute of Medical Science and Department of Microbiology; China Medical University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - L.-T. Wu
- The Institute of Medical Science and Department of Microbiology; China Medical University; Taichung Taiwan
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8
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Chen YL, Chueh FS, Yang JS, Hsueh SC, Lu CC, Chiang JH, Lee CS, Lu HF, Chung JG. Antitumor effects with apoptotic death in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells and suppression of leukemia xenograft tumor growth by irinotecan HCl. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:803-815. [PMID: 24474168 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Irinotecan HCl (CPT-11) is an anticancer prodrug, but there is no available information addressing CPT-11-inhibited leukemia cells in in vitro and in vivo studies. Therefore, we investigated the cytotoxic effects of CPT-11 in promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells and in vivo and tumor growth in a leukemia xenograft model. Effects of CPT-11 on HL-60 cells were determined using flow cytometry, immunofluorescence staining, comet assay, real-time PCR, and Western blotting. CPT-11 demonstrated a dose- and time-dependent inhibition of cell growth, induction of apoptosis, and cell-cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase in HL-60 cells. CPT-11 promoted the release of AIF from mitochondria and its translocation to the nucleus. Bid, Bax, Apaf-1, caspase-9, AIF, Endo G, caspase-12, ATF-6b, Grp78, CDK2, Chk2, and cyclin D were all significantly upregulated and Bcl-2 was down-regulated by CPT-11 in HL-60 cells. Induction of cell-cycle arrest by CPT-11 was associated with changes in expression of key cell-cycle regulators such as CDK2, Chk2, and cyclin D in HL-60 cells. To test whether CPT-11 could augment antitumor activity in vivo, athymic BALB/c(nu/nu) nude mice were inoculated with HL-60 cells, followed by treatment with either CPT-11. The treatments significantly inhibited tumor growth and reduced tumor weight and volume in the HL-60 xenograft mice. The present study demonstrates the schedule-dependent antileukemia effect of CPT-11 using both in vitro and in vivo models. CPT-11 could potentially be a promising agent for the treatment of promyelocytic leukemia and requires further investigation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/toxicity
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism
- Camptothecin/analogs & derivatives
- Camptothecin/therapeutic use
- Camptothecin/toxicity
- Caspase 3/metabolism
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- DNA Damage/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP
- G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints/drug effects
- HL-60 Cells
- Humans
- Irinotecan
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/pathology
- Male
- Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Liang Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Shin Chueh
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Jai-Sing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ching Hsueh
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Cheng Lu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Hua Chiang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Sung Lee
- Department of Restaurant, Hotel and Institutional Management, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei 242, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Feng Lu
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Department of Restaurant, Hotel and Institutional Management, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei 242, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
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9
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Chen LC, Chueh TC, Tuan YF, Chen CC, Chien CC, Lee HY, Chen SC. Activation of MAPK pathways and downstream transcription factors in 2-aminobiphenyl-induced apoptosis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:205-211. [PMID: 23836369 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
2-Aminobiphenyls (2-ABP) induces oxidative DNA damage and leads to apoptosis. The precise signaling pathways of inducing apoptosis in vitro are still unknown. This study provides insight into the relationship between 2-ABP-induced apoptosis and the activation of MAPK and downstream transcription factors using pharmacological inhibitors of ERK, p38, and JNK pathways. Results showed that 2-ABP induced the activation of ERK and JNK but not p38. The ERK/JNK pathways downstream transcription factors, c-Jun and ATF-2, were also activated by 2-ABP. The inhibitory effects of ERK inhibitor, U0126, on 2-ABP-induced caspase-3 activity were not detected. However, JNK inhibitor, SP600125, significantly attenuated the caspase-3 activity induced by 2-ABP. The expression of the transcription factors c-Jun and ATF-2 were decreased in 2-ABP treated cells in the presence of ERK/JNK inhibitors, suggesting that the expression of ERK/JNK pathways leads to the downstream activation of c-Jun and ATF-2. N-acetylcysteine, an ROS scavenger, inhibited 2-ABP-induced activation of ERK and JNK, the cell death and caspase-3 activity, which suggested that oxidative stress plays a crucial role in apoptosis through activation of caspase-3 in a ROS/JNK-dependent signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei-Chin Chen
- Department of Nutrition, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, 84001, Taiwan
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10
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Wang S, Sugamori KS, Tung A, McPherson JP, Grant DM. N-hydroxylation of 4-aminobiphenyl by CYP2E1 produces oxidative stress in a mouse model of chemically induced liver cancer. Toxicol Sci 2015; 144:393-405. [PMID: 25601990 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
4-Aminobiphenyl (ABP) is a trace component of cigarette smoke and hair dyes, a suspected human carcinogen and a potent rodent liver carcinogen. Postnatal exposure of mice to ABP results in a higher incidence of liver tumors in males than in females, paralleling the sex difference in human liver cancer incidence. A traditional model of ABP tumorigenesis involves initial CYP1A2-mediated N-hydroxylation, which eventually leads to production of mutagenic ABP-DNA adducts that initiate tumor growth. However, several studies have found no correlation between sex or CYP1A2 function and the DNA-damaging, mutagenic, or tumorigenic effects of ABP. Oxidative stress may be an important etiological factor for liver cancer, and it has also been linked to ABP exposure. The goals of this study were to identify novel enzyme(s) that contribute to ABP N-oxidation, and to investigate a potential role for oxidative stress in ABP liver tumorigenicity. Isozyme-selective inhibition experiments using liver microsomes from wild-type and genetically modified mice identified CYP2E1 as a major ABP N-hydroxylating enzyme. The N-hydroxylation of ABP by transiently expressed CYP2E1 produced oxidative stress in cultured mouse hepatoma cells. In vivo postnatal exposure of mice to a tumorigenic dose of ABP also produced oxidative stress in male wild-type mice, but not in male Cyp2e1(-/-) mice or in female mice. However, a stronger NRF2-associated antioxidant response was observed in females. Our results identify CYP2E1 as a novel ABP-N-oxidizing enzyme, and suggest that sex differences in CYP2E1-dependent oxidative stress and antioxidant responses to ABP may contribute to the observed sex difference in tumor incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- *Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8 and Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3M2
| | - Kim S Sugamori
- *Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8 and Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3M2
| | - Aveline Tung
- *Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8 and Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3M2
| | - J Peter McPherson
- *Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8 and Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3M2
| | - Denis M Grant
- *Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8 and Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3M2 *Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8 and Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3M2
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11
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MicroRNA regulation of DNA repair gene expression in 4-aminobiphenyl-treated HepG2 cells. Toxicology 2014; 322:69-77. [PMID: 24857880 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined the role of miRNAs in DNA damage response in HepG2 cells following exposure to 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP). The arylamine 4-ABP is a human carcinogen. Using the Comet assay, we showed that 4-ABP (18.75-300μM) induces DNA damage in HepG2 cells after 24h. DNA damage signaling pathway-based PCR arrays were used to investigate expression changes in genes involved in DNA damage response. Results showed down-regulation of 16 DNA repair-related genes in 4-ABP-treated cells. Among them, the expression of selected six genes (UNG, LIG1, EXO1, XRCC2, PCNA, and FANCG) from different DNA repair pathways was decreased with quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). In parallel, using the miRNA array, we reported that the expression of 27 miRNAs in 4-ABP-treated cells was at least 3-fold higher than that in the control group. Of these differential 27 miRNAs, the most significant expression of miRNA-513a-5p and miRNA-630 was further validated by qRT-PCR, and was predicted to be implicated in the deregulation of FANCG and RAD18 genes, respectively, via bioinformatic analysis. Both FANCG and RAD18 proteins were found to be down-regulated in 4-ABP-treated cells. In addition, overexpression and knockdown of miRNA-513a-5p and miRNA-630 reduced and increased the expression of FANCG and RAD18 proteins, respectively. Based on the above results, we indicated that miRNA-513a-5p and miRNA-630 could play a role in the suppression of DNA repair genes, and eventually lead to DNA damage.
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12
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Liu KC, Yen CY, Wu RSC, Yang JS, Lu HF, Lu KW, Lo C, Chen HY, Tang NY, Wu CC, Chung JG. The roles of endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial apoptotic signaling pathway in quercetin-mediated cell death of human prostate cancer PC-3 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:428-439. [PMID: 22431435 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer has its highest incidence and is becoming a major concern. Many studies have shown that traditional Chinese medicine exhibited antitumor responses. Quercetin, a natural polyphenolic compound, has been shown to induce apoptosis in many human cancer cell lines. Although numerous evidences show multiple possible signaling pathways of quercetin in apoptosis, there is no report to address the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in quercetin-induced apoptosis in PC-3 cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of quercetin on the induction of the apoptotic pathway in human prostate cancer PC-3 cells. Cells were treated with quercetin for 24 and 48 h and at various doses (50-200 μM), and cell morphology and viability decreased significantly in dose-dependent manners. Flow cytometric assay indicated that quercetin at 150 μM caused G0/G1 phase arrest (31.4-49.7%) and sub-G1 phase cells (19.77%) for 36 h treatment and this effect is a time-dependent manner. Western blotting analysis indicated that quercetin induces the G0/G1 phase arrest via decreasing the levels of CDK2, cyclins E, and D proteins. Quercetin also stimulated the protein expression of ATF, GRP78, and GADD153 which is a hall marker of ER stress. Furthermore, PC-3 cells after incubation with quercetin for 48 h showed an apoptotic cell death and DNA damage which are confirmed by DAPI and Comet assays, leading to decrease the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein and level of ΔΨm , and increase the proapoptotic Bax protein and the activations of caspase-3, -8, and -9. Moreover, quercetin promoted the trafficking of AIF protein released from mitochondria to nuclei. These data suggest that quercetin may induce apoptosis by direct activation of caspase cascade through mitochondrial pathway and ER stress in PC-3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Ching Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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13
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Gomez-Verjan JC, Estrella-Parra EA, González-Sánchez I, Vázquez-Martínez ER, Vergara-Castañeda E, Cerbón MA, Reyes-Chilpa R. Molecular mechanisms involved in the cytotoxicity induced by coumarins from Calophyllum brasiliense in K562 leukaemia cells. J Pharm Pharmacol 2014; 66:1189-95. [PMID: 24673519 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the cellular and molecular mechanisms of cell death induced by mammea A/BA and A/BB (3 : 1) on K562 cells. METHODS These compounds were isolated from Calophyllum brasiliense and its cytotoxicity was tested using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Cell death was evaluated by Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and immunocytofluorescence of active caspase-3. Genotoxicity was tested using comet assay. Lastly, a chemoinformatic analysis was performed with Osiris-Molinspiration software. KEY FINDINGS The mixture of mammea A/BA and A/BB (3 : 1) showed cytotoxic activity against K562 cells (IC50 = 43.5 μm). TUNEL positive cells and active caspase-3 were detected after treatment. Genotoxicity of mammea A/BA and A/BB on K562 was detected since first hour of treatment. Additionally, mammea A/BA and A/BB were found to be in compliance with Lipinski 'rule of 5' suggesting that they possess strong potential of druglikeness. CONCLUSIONS The overall results confirm and extend the knowledge about coumarins as an important resource of antitumor drugs, and indicate that these compounds could be used in further preclinical studies against leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Gomez-Verjan
- Departamento de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Distrito Federal, México; Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Distrito Federal, México
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14
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Liu KC, Ho HC, Huang AC, Ji BC, Lin HY, Chueh FS, Yang JS, Lu CC, Chiang JH, Meng M, Chung JG. Gallic acid provokes DNA damage and suppresses DNA repair gene expression in human prostate cancer PC-3 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2013; 28:579-587. [PMID: 21887735 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Our earlier studies have demonstrated that gallic acid (GA) induced cytotoxic effects including induction of apoptosis and DNA damage and inhibited the cell migration and invasion in human cancer cells. However, GA-affected DNA damage and repair gene expressions in human prostate cancer cells are still unclear. In this study, we investigated whether or not GA induces DNA damage and inhibits DNA repair gene expression in a human prostate cancer cell line (PC-3). The results from flow cytometric assay indicated that GA decreased the percentage of viable PC-3 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. PC-3 cells after exposure to different doses (50, 100, and 200 μM) of GA and various periods of time (12, 24, and 48 h) led to a longer DNA migration smear (comet tail) occurred based on the single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). These observations indicated that GA-induced DNA damage in PC-3 cells, which also confirmed by 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride staining and DNA agarose gel electrophoresis. Alternatively, results from real-time polymerase chain reaction assay also indicated that GA inhibited ataxia telangiectasia mutated, ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-related, O⁶-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase, DNA-dependent serine/threonine protein kinase, and p53 mRNA expressions in PC-3 cells. Taken together, the present study showed that GA caused DNA damage and inhibited DNA repair genes as well as both effects may be the critical factors for GA-inhibited growth of PC-3 cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Ching Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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15
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Chiang JH, Yang JS, Lu CC, Hour MJ, Liu KC, Lin JH, Lee TH, Chung JG. Effect of DNA damage response by quinazolinone analogue HMJ-38 on human umbilical vein endothelial cells: evidence for γH2A.X and DNA-PK-dependent pathway. Hum Exp Toxicol 2013; 33:590-601. [PMID: 24064905 DOI: 10.1177/0960327113504791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to explore the mechanism of quinazolinone analogue HMJ-38-induced DNA damage in endothelial cells in vitro. We attempt to evaluate the antiangiogenetic response utilizing human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Herein, the results demonstrated that HMJ-38 incubation triggered DNA damage behavior and showed a longer DNA migration in HUVECs based on the comet assay and the analysis of DNA agarose gel electrophoresis to contact DNA smears. We further gained to determine a marker of DNA double strand breaks, phosphorylated histone H2A.X (Ser139) (γH2A.X), in HMJ-38-treated HUVECs by flow cytometry and Western blotting assay. We consider that HMJ-38 has caused an increase in γH2A.X, and DNA damage seemed to mediate through DNA-dependent serine/threonine protein kinase (DNA-PK) binding to Ku70/Ku80 as well as advanced activated p-Akt (Ser473) and stimulated phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3β (p-GSK-3β) conditions in HUVECs. Importantly, the effect of above DNA damage response was prevented by N-acetyl-l-cysteine (a reactive oxygen species scavenger), and NU7026 (a DNA-PK inhibitor) could attenuate DNA-PK catalytic subunit and phosphorylation of H2A.X on Ser139 expression in comparison with HMJ-38 alone treated HUVECs. Therefore, HMJ-38-provoked DNA damage stress in HUVECs probably led to the activation of γH2A.X/DNA-PK/GSK-3β signaling. In summary, our novel finding provides more information addressing the pharmacological approach of newly synthesized HMJ-38 for further development and therapeutic application in antiangiogenetic effect of cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-H Chiang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - J-S Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - C-C Lu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - M-J Hour
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - K-C Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - J-H Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - T-H Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - J-G Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Chiu TH, Lan KY, Yang MD, Lin JJ, Hsia TC, Wu CT, Yang JS, Chueh FS, Chung JG. Diallyl Sulfide Promotes Cell-Cycle Arrest Through the p53 Expression and Triggers Induction of Apoptosis Via Caspase- and Mitochondria-Dependent Signaling Pathways in Human Cervical Cancer Ca Ski Cells. Nutr Cancer 2013; 65:505-14. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2012.725503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Wu JC, Chye SM, Shih MK, Chen CH, Yang HL, Chen SC. Genotoxicity of dicrotophos, an organophosphorous pesticide, assessed with different assays in vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2012; 27:307-15. [PMID: 22499550 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Dicrotophos is a systemic insecticide with a wide range of applications. We investigated the genotoxicity of dicrotophos using the Ames test, the chromosome aberration test in CHO-K1 cells, and the comet assay in the Hep G2 cells, while this chemicals' toxicity to both the cell lines was evaluated with the MTT assay. Results showed that dicrotophos did not show any cytotoxicity to CHO-K1 cells, whereas it was cytotoxic to HepG2 cells incubated for 24 h but not for 2 h. For genotoxicity of dicrotophos, a significant change in the numbers of bacterial reveratnts using Salmomella typhimurium TA97a, TA98, TA100, TA102, and TA1535 as the tester strains, an increase in the frequencies of chromosome aberration in CHO-K1 cells, and an induced DNA damage in HepG2 cells were observed, indicating that dicrotophos was genotoxic in these three performed assays. From this study, we provide further evidence towards of genotoxic effects of dicrotophos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-C Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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18
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Chen CC, Cheng YY, Chen SC, Tuan YF, Chen YJ, Chen CY, Chen LC. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is up-regulated by 2-aminobiphenyl in a ROS and MAPK-dependent signaling pathway in a bladder cancer cell line. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:695-705. [PMID: 22288910 DOI: 10.1021/tx2004689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Overexposure to biphenyl amine compounds, which are found in smoke and azo-dyes, is linked to the occurrence of bladder cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms of biphenyl amine compound-induced bladder cancer are still unclear. Many studies have demonstrated that overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in neoplastic lesions is associated with carcinogenesis. In this study, we have demonstrated that 2-aminobiphenyl (2-ABP) up-regulated the expression of COX-2 in a dose- and time-dependent manner in TSGH-8301 bladder cancer cells. This 2-ABP-induced COX-2 expression was attenuated by ROS scavenger NAC and NADPH oxidase inhibitors apocynin and DPI. The p22phox subunit of NADPH oxidase, but not p67, and Nox2 was up-regulated by 2-ABP. Knocking down p22phox by siRNA significantly reduced 2-ABP-induced COX-2 expression. Furthermore, 2-ABP also activated the ERK/JNK-AP1 pathways, and this effect was also abolished by NADPH oxidase inhibitors. Blocking the ERK/JNK-AP1 signaling pathways by pharmacological inhibitors attenuated 2-ABP-induced COX-2 expression. Overexpression of the upstream ERK activator MEK1 significantly and consistently increased 2-ABP-mediated COX-2 expression. Transfection of a dominant negative c-Jun mutant, TAM-67, blocked 2-ABP-mediated COX-2 expression, demonstrating that c-Jun was responsible for the transcriptional activation. Taken together, these results demonstrate that 2-ABP induces the carcinogenic factor COX-2 and that this induction is mediated through NADPH oxidase-derived ROS-dependent JNK/ERK-AP-1 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Cheng Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, No. 62, Shenjhong Road, Yanchao District, Kaohsiung City 82444, Taiwan
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19
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Ching Chen S, Hseu YC, Sung JC, Chen CH, Chen LC, Chung KT. Induction of DNA damage signaling genes in benzidine-treated HepG2 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2011; 52:664-72. [PMID: 21818781 DOI: 10.1002/em.20669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We examined genotoxicity and DNA damage response in HepG2 cells following exposure to benzidine. Using the Comet assay, we showed that benzidine (50-200 μM) induces DNA damage in HepG2 cells. DNA damage signaling pathway-based PCR arrays were used to investigate expression changes in genes involved in cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, and DNA repair and showed upregulation of 23 genes and downregulation of one gene in benzidine-treated cells. Induction of G2/M arrest and apoptosis was confirmed at the protein level. Real-time PCR and Western blots were used to demonstrate the expression of select DNA repair-associated genes from the PCR array. Upregulation of the p53 protein in benzidine-treated cells suggests the induction of the p53 DNA damage signaling pathway. Collectively, DNA damage response genes induced by benzidine indicate recruitment complex molecular machinery involved in DNA repair, cell-cycle arrest, and potentially, activation of the apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ssu Ching Chen
- Department of Life Science, National Central University, Chung-Li City, Taoyan Country, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Emodin Induces Apoptotic Death in Murine Myelomonocytic Leukemia WEHI-3 Cells In Vitro and Enhances Phagocytosis in Leukemia Mice In Vivo. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:523596. [PMID: 21660305 PMCID: PMC3108103 DOI: 10.1155/2011/523596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Emodin is one of major compounds in rhubarb (Rheum palmatum L.), a plant used as herbal medicine in Chinese population. Although many reports have shown that emodin exhibits anticancer activity in many tumor cell types, there is no available information addressing emodin-affected apoptotic responses in the murine leukemia cell line (WEHI-3) and modulation of the immune response in leukemia mice. We investigated that emodin induced cytotoxic effects in vitro and affected WEHI-3 cells in vivo. This study showed that emodin decreased viability and induced DNA fragmentation in WEHI-3 cells. Cells after exposure to emodin for 24 h have shown chromatin condensation and DNA damage. Emodin stimulated the productions of ROS and Ca2+ and reduced the level of ΔΨm by flow cytometry. Our results from Western blotting suggest that emodin triggered apoptosis of WEHI-3 cells through the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, caspase cascade-dependent and -independent mitochondrial pathways. In in vivo study, emodin enhanced the levels of B cells and monocytes, and it also reduced the weights of liver and spleen compared with leukemia mice. Emodin promoted phagocytic activity by monocytes and macrophages in comparison to the leukemia mice group. In conclusions, emodin induced apoptotic death in murine leukemia WEHI-3 cells and enhanced phagocytosis in the leukemia animal model.
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Wang SC, Wu CC, Wei YY, Hong JH, Chiang CS. Inactivation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated gene can increase intracellular reactive oxygen species levels and alter radiation-induced cell death pathways in human glioma cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2011; 87:432-42. [PMID: 21204616 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2011.538128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-regulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death pathways on the response of U87MG glioma cells to ionising radiation (IR) and oxidative stress. MATERIAL AND METHODS ATM expression was blocked in U87MG glioma cells using a small interfering RNA (siRNA) technique. Cell survival, sub-lethal damage (SLD), and potential lethal damage (PLD) repair following IR were assessed by clonogenic assay while changes in intracellular ROS, the apoptosis, and autophagy were followed by flow cytometry and Western blotting. RESULTS Blocking ATM expression in U87MG cells increased intracellular ROS levels and sensitivity to the cytotoxic effects of IR and oxygen stress; effects that could be partly counteracted by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Knock down of ATM rendered cells unable to repair sub-lethal or potentially lethal damage and DNA double strand breaks (DSB) after IR exposure; something that NAC could not counteract. ATM did control the pathways a cell used to die following IR and this did seem to be ROS-dependent. CONCLUSION ATM is involved in redox control but ROS elevations following ATM knock down seem more involved in the decision as to what cell death pathway is utilised after IR than DSB repair and radiosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chi Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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22
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Chen S, Chen C, Tioh Y, Zhong P, Lin Y, Chye S. Para-phenylenediamine induced DNA damage and apoptosis through oxidative stress and enhanced caspase-8 and -9 activities in Mardin–Darby canine kidney cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:1197-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Ji BC, Hsu WH, Yang JS, Hsia TC, Lu CC, Chiang JH, Yang JL, Lin CH, Lin JJ, Suen LJW, Gibson Wood W, Chung JG. Gallic acid induces apoptosis via caspase-3 and mitochondrion-dependent pathways in vitro and suppresses lung xenograft tumor growth in vivo. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:7596-7604. [PMID: 20349925 DOI: 10.1021/jf901308p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that gallic acid (GA) induces apoptosis in different cancer cell lines, whereas the mechanism of action of GA-induced apoptosis at the molecular level in human non-small-cell lung cancer NCI-H460 cells is not well-known. Here, GA decreasing the percentage of viable NCI-H460 cells was investigated; GA-induced apoptosis involved G2/M phase arrest and intracellular Ca(2+) production, the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)), and caspase-3 activation. The efficacious induction of apoptosis and DNA damage was observed at 50-500 microM for 24 and/or 48 h as examined by flow cytometry, DAPI staining, and Comet assay methods. Western blotting and flow cytometric analysis also demonstrated that GA increased protein levels of GADD153 and GRP78, activation of caspase-8, -9, and -3, loss of DeltaPsi(m) and cytochrome c, and AIF release from mitochondria. Moreover, apoptosome formation and activation of caspase cascade were associated with apoptotic cell death. GA increased Bax and Bad protein levels and decreased Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL levels. GA may also induce apoptosis through a caspase-independent AIF pathway. In nude mice bearing NCI-H460 xenograft tumors, GA inhibited tumor growth in vivo. The data suggest that GA induced apoptosis in NCI-H460 lung cancer cells via a caspase-3 and mitochondrion-dependent pathway and inhibited the in vivo tumor growth of NCI-H460 cells in xenograft models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Chuan Ji
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
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Yang JS, Chen GW, Hsia TC, Ho HC, Ho CC, Lin MW, Lin SS, Yeh RD, Ip SW, Lu HF, Chung JG. Diallyl disulfide induces apoptosis in human colon cancer cell line (COLO 205) through the induction of reactive oxygen species, endoplasmic reticulum stress, caspases casade and mitochondrial-dependent pathways. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 47:171-9. [PMID: 19038304 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 09/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of DADS on human colon cancer cell line COLO 205 on cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in vitro. After 24 h treatment of COLO 205 cells with DADS, the dose- and time-dependent decreases of viable cells were observed and the IC50 was 22.47 microM. The decreased percentages of viable cells are associated with the production of ROS. Treatment of COLO 205 cells with DADS resulted in G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis occurrence through the mitochondrial-pathway (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL down-regulation and Bak, Bax up-regulation). DADS increased cyclin B, cdc25c-ser-216-9 and Wee1 but did not affect CDK1 protein and gene expression within 24 h of treatment. DADS-induced apoptosis was examined and confirmed by DAPI staining and DNA fragmentation assay. DADS promoted caspase-3, -8 and -9 activity and induced apoptosis were accompanied by increasing the levels of Fas, phospho-Ask1 and -JNK, p53 and decreasing the mitochondrial membrane potential which then led to release the cytochrome c, cleavage of pro-caspase-9 and -3. The COLO 205 cells were pre-treated with JNK inhibitor before leading to decrease the percentage of apoptosis which was induced by DADS. Inhibition of caspase-3 activation blocked DADS-induced apoptosis on COLO 205 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai-Sing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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A stable and sensitive testing system for potential carcinogens based on DNA damage-induced gene expression in human HepG2 cell. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 23:158-65. [PMID: 19013231 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2007] [Revised: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In order to analyze potential carcinogenic and genotoxic responses caused by exposure to pollutants existing in environment, a screening method has been established in our laboratory that uses a stably transfected HepG2 cell lines containing gadd153 promoter regions which drive a luciferase reporter gene. Activation of the exogenous gadd153 promoter was quantified using the luciferase activity following drug exposure. Twenty four agents were used to evaluate this screening assay. We selected the agents, ranging from DNA alkylating agents, oxidative agent, radiation, DNA cross-linking agent, nongenotoxic carcinogens, precarcinogenic agents, which included cadmium chloride, chromium trichloride, mercuric chloride, lead nitrate, dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane, deltamethrin, biphenylamine, 2-aminofluorene, benzo[a]pyrene, 2,3,7,8,-tetracblorodibenzo-p-dioxin, diethyl-stilbestrol, carbon tetrachloride, mitomycin C, hydroxycamptothecin, UV, sodium fluoride, acrylamide, hydrogen peroxide. In addition, two complex genotoxic agents (water samples) existing in the environment were selected. The results showed that all 20 tested known carcinogenic and genotoxic agents were able to induce gadd153-Luc expression at a sublethal dose. In contrast, four tested non-carcinogens, included 4-acetylaminofluorene, pyrene, benzylpenicillin sodium and vitamin C, were unable to induce gadd153-Luc expression. In conclusion, this reporter system can facilitate in vitro screening for potential carcinogens. Therefore, the gadd153-Luc test system we have developed appears to be a useful and complementary system to existing genotoxic and mutagenic tests.
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