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Lynch Syndrome: From Carcinogenesis to Prevention Interventions. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174102. [PMID: 36077639 PMCID: PMC9454739 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Promoting proper preventive interventions to reduce morbidity and mortality is one of the most important challenges pertaining to inherited conditions. Lynch syndrome (LS) is an inherited disorder that predisposes to several kinds of tumor and is responsible for a relevant proportion of human colorectal and endometrial cancers. Recent knowledge has allowed for a better understanding of the genetic cause, pathogenesis, underlying immunological mechanisms, epidemiological distribution, and prevalence of this disease. This opens up unpredictable perspectives of translating such knowledge into validated programs for prevention and surveillance, in order to reduce the health impact of this disease through medical interventions before cancer development. In our review, we summarize the updated guidelines of the screening, surveillance, and risk-reducing strategies for LS patients. Moreover, we present novel opportunities in the treatment and prevention of LS patients through harnessing the immune system using immunocheckpoint inhibitors and vaccines. Abstract Lynch syndrome (LS) is the most common inherited disorder responsible for an increased risk of developing cancers at different sites, most frequently in the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts, caused by a germline pathogenic variant affecting the DNA mismatch repair system. Surveillance and risk-reducing procedures are currently available and warranted for LS patients, depending on underlying germline mutation, and are focused on relevant targets for early cancer diagnosis or primary prevention. Although pharmacological approaches for preventing LS-associated cancer development were started many years ago, to date, aspirin remains the most studied drug intervention and the only one suggested by the main surveillance guidelines, despite the conflicting findings. Furthermore, we also note that remarkable advances in anticancer drug discovery have given a significant boost to the application of novel immunological strategies such as immunocheckpoint inhibitors and vaccines, not only for cancer treatment, but also in a preventive setting. In this review, we outline the clinical, biologic, genetic, and morphological features of LS as well as the recent three-pathways carcinogenesis model. Furthermore, we provide an update on the dedicated screening, surveillance, and risk-reducing strategies for LS patients and describe emerging opportunities of harnessing the immune system.
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Dubrova Y. Mutation Induction in Humans and Mice: Where Are We Now? Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111708. [PMID: 31683966 PMCID: PMC6895811 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The analysis of mutation induction in human families exposed to mutagens provides the only source of reliable estimates of factors contributing to the genetic risk of human exposure to mutagens. In this paper, I briefly summarize the results of recent studies on the pattern of mutation induction in the human and mouse germline. The results of recent studies on the genome-wide effects of exposure to mutagens on mutation induction in the mammalian germline are presented and discussed. Lastly, this review also addresses the issue of transgenerational effects of parental exposure to mutagens on mutation rates in their non-exposed offspring, which are known as transgenerational instability. The possible contribution of transgenerational instability to the genetic risk of human exposure to mutagens is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Dubrova
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
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3
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Rozhok A, DeGregori J. Somatic maintenance impacts the evolution of mutation rate. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:172. [PMID: 31443631 PMCID: PMC6708161 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1496-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The evolution of multi-cellular animals has produced a conspicuous trend toward increased body size. This trend has introduced at least two novel problems: an expected elevated risk of somatic disorders, such as cancer, and declining evolvability due to generally reduced population size, lower reproduction rate and extended generation time. Low population size is widely recognized to explain the high mutation rates in animals by limiting the presumed universally negative selection acting on mutation rates. Results Here, we present evidence from stochastic modeling that the direction and strength of selection acting on mutation rates is highly dependent on the evolution of somatic maintenance, and thus longevity, which modulates the cost of somatic mutations. Conclusions We argue that the impact of the evolution of longevity on mutation rates may have been critical in facilitating animal evolution. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-019-1496-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii Rozhok
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - James DeGregori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. .,Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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4
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Herberg M, Siebert S, Quaas M, Thalheim T, Rother K, Hussong M, Altmüller J, Kerner C, Galle J, Schweiger MR, Aust G. Loss of Msh2 and a single-radiation hit induce common, genome-wide, and persistent epigenetic changes in the intestine. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:65. [PMID: 31029155 PMCID: PMC6486978 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0639-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mismatch repair (MMR)-deficiency increases the risk of colorectal tumorigenesis. To determine whether the tumors develop on a normal or disturbed epigenetic background and how radiation affects this, we quantified genome-wide histone H3 methylation profiles in macroscopic normal intestinal tissue of young radiated and untreated MMR-deficient VCMsh2LoxP/LoxP (Msh2−/−) mice months before tumor onset. Results Histone H3 methylation increases in Msh2−/− compared to control Msh2+/+ mice. Activating H3K4me3 and H3K36me3 histone marks frequently accumulate at genes that are H3K27me3 or H3K4me3 modified in Msh2+/+ mice, respectively. The genes recruiting H3K36me3 enrich in gene sets associated with DNA repair, RNA processing, and ribosome biogenesis that become transcriptionally upregulated in the developing tumors. A similar epigenetic effect is present in Msh2+/+ mice 4 weeks after a single-radiation hit, whereas radiation of Msh2−/− mice left their histone methylation profiles almost unchanged. Conclusions MMR deficiency results in genome-wide changes in histone H3 methylation profiles preceding tumor development. Similar changes constitute a persistent epigenetic signature of radiation-induced DNA damage. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13148-019-0639-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Herberg
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susann Siebert
- Laboratory for Translational Epigenetics and Tumor Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Graduate School for Biological Sciences (GSfBS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marianne Quaas
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 19, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Torsten Thalheim
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karen Rother
- Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 19, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Hepatology (LCEHep) Section of Hepatology, Clinic for Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michelle Hussong
- Laboratory for Translational Epigenetics and Tumor Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christiane Kerner
- Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 19, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joerg Galle
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michal R Schweiger
- Laboratory for Translational Epigenetics and Tumor Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gabriela Aust
- Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 19, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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5
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Peterson LE, Kovyrshina T. Progression inference for somatic mutations in cancer. Heliyon 2017; 3:e00277. [PMID: 28492066 PMCID: PMC5415494 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Computational methods were employed to determine progression inference of genomic alterations in commonly occurring cancers. Using cross-sectional TCGA data, we computed evolutionary trajectories involving selectivity relationships among pairs of gene-specific genomic alterations such as somatic mutations, deletions, amplifications, downregulation, and upregulation among the top 20 driver genes associated with each cancer. Results indicate that the majority of hierarchies involved TP53, PIK3CA, ERBB2, APC, KRAS, EGFR, IDH1, VHL, etc. Research into the order and accumulation of genomic alterations among cancer driver genes will ever-increase as the costs of nextgen sequencing subside, and personalized/precision medicine incorporates whole-genome scans into the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif E. Peterson
- Center for Biostatistics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Dept. of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Dept. of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Texas – Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Dept. of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Dept. of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Tatiana Kovyrshina
- Center for Biostatistics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Dept. of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Houston – Downtown, Houston, TX 77002, USA
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Siklenka K, Erkek S, Godmann M, Lambrot R, McGraw S, Lafleur C, Cohen T, Xia J, Suderman M, Hallett M, Trasler J, Peters AHFM, Kimmins S. Disruption of histone methylation in developing sperm impairs offspring health transgenerationally. Science 2015; 350:aab2006. [PMID: 26449473 DOI: 10.1126/science.aab2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A father's lifetime experiences can be transmitted to his offspring to affect health and development. However, the mechanisms underlying paternal epigenetic transmission are unclear. Unlike in somatic cells, there are few nucleosomes in sperm, and their function in epigenetic inheritance is unknown. We generated transgenic mice in which overexpression of the histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) demethylase KDM1A (also known as LSD1) during spermatogenesis reduced H3K4 dimethylation in sperm. KDM1A overexpression in one generation severely impaired development and survivability of offspring. These defects persisted transgenerationally in the absence of KDM1A germline expression and were associated with altered RNA profiles in sperm and offspring. We show that epigenetic inheritance of aberrant development can be initiated by histone demethylase activity in developing sperm, without changes to DNA methylation at CpG-rich regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Siklenka
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Serap Erkek
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland. Faculty of Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maren Godmann
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Romain Lambrot
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Serge McGraw
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christine Lafleur
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tamara Cohen
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jianguo Xia
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Matthew Suderman
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unity, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Michael Hallett
- McGill Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jacquetta Trasler
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Department of Human Genetics and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre at the Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Antoine H F M Peters
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland. Faculty of Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Sarah Kimmins
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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7
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Otozai S, Ishikawa-Fujiwara T, Oda S, Kamei Y, Ryo H, Sato A, Nomura T, Mitani H, Tsujimura T, Inohara H, Todo T. p53-Dependent suppression of genome instability in germ cells. Mutat Res 2014; 760:24-32. [PMID: 24406868 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Radiation increases mutation frequencies at tandem repeat loci. Germline mutations in γ-ray-irradiated medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) were studied, focusing on the microsatellite loci. Mismatch-repair genes suppress microsatellite mutation by directly removing altered sequences at the nucleotide level, whereas the p53 gene suppresses genetic alterations by eliminating damaged cells. The contribution of these two defense mechanisms to radiation-induced microsatellite instability was addressed. The spontaneous mutation frequency was significantly higher in msh2(-/-) males than in wild-type fish, whereas there was no difference in the frequency of radiation-induced mutations between msh2(-/-) and wild-type fish. By contrast, irradiated p53(-/-) fish exhibited markedly increased mutation frequencies, whereas their spontaneous mutation frequency was the same as that of wild-type fish. In the spermatogonia of the testis, radiation induced a high level of apoptosis both in wild-type and msh2(-/-) fish, but negligible levels in p53(-/-) fish. The results demonstrate that the msh2 and p53 genes protect genome integrity against spontaneous and radiation-induced mutation by two different pathways: direct removal of mismatches and elimination of damaged cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Otozai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka University School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ishikawa-Fujiwara
- Department of Radiation Biology and Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, B4, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shoji Oda
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamei
- Department of Radiation Biology and Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, B4, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Haruko Ryo
- Nomura Project, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka 565-0085, Japan
| | - Ayuko Sato
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Taisei Nomura
- Nomura Project, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka 565-0085, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mitani
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Tohru Tsujimura
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Hidenori Inohara
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka University School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takeshi Todo
- Department of Radiation Biology and Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, B4, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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8
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Tomé S, Manley K, Simard JP, Clark GW, Slean MM, Swami M, Shelbourne PF, Tillier ERM, Monckton DG, Messer A, Pearson CE. MSH3 polymorphisms and protein levels affect CAG repeat instability in Huntington's disease mice. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003280. [PMID: 23468640 PMCID: PMC3585117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Expansions of trinucleotide CAG/CTG repeats in somatic tissues are thought to contribute to ongoing disease progression through an affected individual's life with Huntington's disease or myotonic dystrophy. Broad ranges of repeat instability arise between individuals with expanded repeats, suggesting the existence of modifiers of repeat instability. Mice with expanded CAG/CTG repeats show variable levels of instability depending upon mouse strain. However, to date the genetic modifiers underlying these differences have not been identified. We show that in liver and striatum the R6/1 Huntington's disease (HD) (CAG)∼100 transgene, when present in a congenic C57BL/6J (B6) background, incurred expansion-biased repeat mutations, whereas the repeat was stable in a congenic BALB/cByJ (CBy) background. Reciprocal congenic mice revealed the Msh3 gene as the determinant for the differences in repeat instability. Expansion bias was observed in congenic mice homozygous for the B6 Msh3 gene on a CBy background, while the CAG tract was stabilized in congenics homozygous for the CBy Msh3 gene on a B6 background. The CAG stabilization was as dramatic as genetic deficiency of Msh2. The B6 and CBy Msh3 genes had identical promoters but differed in coding regions and showed strikingly different protein levels. B6 MSH3 variant protein is highly expressed and associated with CAG expansions, while the CBy MSH3 variant protein is expressed at barely detectable levels, associating with CAG stability. The DHFR protein, which is divergently transcribed from a promoter shared by the Msh3 gene, did not show varied levels between mouse strains. Thus, naturally occurring MSH3 protein polymorphisms are modifiers of CAG repeat instability, likely through variable MSH3 protein stability. Since evidence supports that somatic CAG instability is a modifier and predictor of disease, our data are consistent with the hypothesis that variable levels of CAG instability associated with polymorphisms of DNA repair genes may have prognostic implications for various repeat-associated diseases. The genetic instability of repetitive DNA sequences in particular genes can lead to numerous neurodegenerative, neurological, and neuromuscular diseases. These diseases show progressively increasing severity of symptoms through the life of the affected individual, a phenomenon that is linked with increasing instability of the repeated sequences as the person ages. There is variability in the levels of this instability between individuals—the source of this variability is unknown. We have shown in a mouse model of repeat instability that small differences in a certain DNA repair gene, MSH3, whose protein is known to fix broken DNA, can lead to variable levels of repeat instability. These DNA repair variants lead to different repair protein levels, where lower levels lead to reduced repeat instability. Our findings reveal that such naturally occurring variations in DNA repair genes in affected humans may serve as a predictor of disease progression. Moreover, our findings support the concept that pharmacological reduction of MSH3 protein should reduce repeat instability and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Tomé
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin Manley
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Jodie P. Simard
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg W. Clark
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meghan M. Slean
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meera Swami
- Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Peggy F. Shelbourne
- Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth R. M. Tillier
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darren G. Monckton
- Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Messer
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Christopher E. Pearson
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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9
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Beal MA, Glenn TC, Lance SL, Somers CM. Characterization of unstable microsatellites in mice: no evidence for germline mutation induction following gamma-radiation exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2012; 53:599-607. [PMID: 22930577 DOI: 10.1002/em.21726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Large tandem repeat DNA loci such as expanded simple tandem repeats and minisatellites are efficient markers for detecting germline mutations; however, mutation detection using these loci can be imprecise and difficult to standardize across labs. Short-tandem repeats, such as microsatellites, offer more precise and high-throughput mutation detection, but germline mutation induction at these loci has not yet been studied in model organisms such as mice. In this study, we used microsatellite enrichment and large-scale DNA sequencing of several closely related inbred mouse lines to identify a panel of 19 polymorphic microsatellites with potentially high spontaneous mutation frequencies. We used this panel and four additional loci from other sources to quantify spontaneous mutation frequency in pedigrees of outbred Swiss-Webster mice. In addition, we also examined mutation induction in families in which sires were treated with acute doses of either 0.5 Gy or 1.0 Gy gamma-irradiation to spermatogonial stem cells. Per locus mutation frequencies ranged from 0 to 5.03 × 10(-3). Considering only the 11 loci with mutations, the mutation frequencies were: control 2.78 × 10(-3), 0.5 Gy 4.09 × 10(-3), and 1.0 Gy 1.82 × 10(-3). There were no statistically significant changes in mutation frequencies among treatment groups. Our study provides the first direct quantification of microsatellite mutation frequency in the mouse germline, but shows no evidence for mutation induction at pre-meiotic male germ cells following acute gamma-irradiation. Further work using the panel is needed to examine mutation induction at different doses of radiation, exposure durations, and stages during spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Beal
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada S4S 0A2
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10
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McDonald DA, Shenkar R, Shi C, Stockton RA, Akers AL, Kucherlapati MH, Kucherlapati R, Brainer J, Ginsberg MH, Awad IA, Marchuk DA. A novel mouse model of cerebral cavernous malformations based on the two-hit mutation hypothesis recapitulates the human disease. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:211-22. [PMID: 20940147 PMCID: PMC3005897 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are vascular lesions of the central nervous system appearing as multicavernous, blood-filled capillaries, leading to headache, seizure and hemorrhagic stroke. CCM occurs either sporadically or as an autosomal dominant disorder caused by germline mutation of one of the three genes: CCM1/KRIT1, CCM2/MGC4607 and CCM3/PDCD10. Surgically resected human CCM lesions have provided molecular and immunohistochemical evidence for a two-hit (germline plus somatic) mutation mechanism. In contrast to the equivalent human genotype, mice heterozygous for a Ccm1- or Ccm2-null allele do not develop CCM lesions. Based on the two-hit hypothesis, we attempted to improve the penetrance of the model by crossing Ccm1 and Ccm2 heterozygotes into a mismatch repair-deficient Msh2(-/-) background. Ccm1(+/-)Msh2(-/-) mice exhibit CCM lesions with high penetrance as shown by magnetic resonance imaging and histology. Significantly, the CCM lesions range in size from early-stage, isolated caverns to large, multicavernous lesions. A subset of endothelial cells within the CCM lesions revealed somatic loss of CCM protein staining, supporting the two-hit mutation mechanism. The late-stage CCM lesions displayed many of the characteristics of human CCM lesions, including hemosiderin deposits, immune cell infiltration, increased endothelial cell proliferation and increased Rho-kinase activity. Some of these characteristics were also seen, but to a lesser extent, in early-stage lesions. Tight junctions were maintained between CCM lesion endothelial cells, but gaps were evident between endothelial cells and basement membrane was defective. In contrast, the Ccm2(+/-)Msh2(-/-) mice lacked cerebrovascular lesions. The CCM1 mouse model provides an in vivo tool to investigate CCM pathogenesis and new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. McDonald
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Department, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert Shenkar
- Section of Neurosurgery, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Changbin Shi
- Section of Neurosurgery, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Stockton
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92903, USA
| | - Amy L. Akers
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Department, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Raju Kucherlapati
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA and
| | - James Brainer
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Mark H. Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92903, USA
| | - Issam A. Awad
- Section of Neurosurgery, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Douglas A. Marchuk
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Department, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Holt SM, Scemama JL, Panayiotidis MI, Georgakilas AG. Compromised repair of clustered DNA damage in the human acute lymphoblastic leukemia MSH2-deficient NALM-6 cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2009; 674:123-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Zhang Y, Rohde LH, Emami K, Hammond D, Casey R, Mehta SK, Jeevarajan AS, Pierson DL, Wu H. Suppressed expression of non-DSB repair genes inhibits gamma-radiation-induced cytogenetic repair and cell cycle arrest. DNA Repair (Amst) 2008; 7:1835-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2008.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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The cellular, developmental and population-genetic determinants of mutation-rate evolution. Genetics 2008; 180:933-43. [PMID: 18757919 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.108.090456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the matter has been subject to considerable theoretical study, there are numerous open questions regarding the mechanisms driving the mutation rate in various phylogenetic lineages. Most notably, empirical evidence indicates that mutation rates are elevated in multicellular species relative to unicellular eukaryotes and prokaryotes, even on a per-cell division basis, despite the need for the avoidance of somatic damage and the accumulation of germline mutations. Here it is suggested that multicellularity discourages selection against weak mutator alleles for reasons associated with both the cellular and the population-genetic environments, thereby magnifying the vulnerability to somatic mutations (cancer) and increasing the risk of extinction from the accumulation of germline mutations. Moreover, contrary to common belief, a cost of fidelity need not be invoked to explain the lower bound to observed mutation rates, which instead may simply be set by the inability of selection to advance very weakly advantageous antimutator alleles in finite populations.
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Ahuja AK, Barber RC, Hardwick RJ, Weil MM, Genik PC, Brenner DJ, Dubrova YE. The effects of Atm haploinsufficiency on mutation rate in the mouse germ line and somatic tissue. Mutagenesis 2008; 23:367-70. [PMID: 18499649 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gen028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Using single-molecule polymerase chain reaction, the frequency of spontaneous and radiation-induced mutation at an expanded simple tandem repeat (ESTR) locus was studied in DNA samples extracted from sperm and bone marrow of Atm knockout (Atm(+/-)) heterozygous male mice. The frequency of spontaneous mutation in sperm and bone marrow in Atm(+/-) males did not significantly differ from that in wild-type BALB/c mice. Acute exposure to 1 Gy of gamma-rays did not affect ESTR mutation frequency in bone marrow and resulted in similar increases in sperm samples taken from Atm(+/-) and BALB/c males. Taken together, these results suggest that the Atm haploinsufficiency analysed in our study does not affect spontaneous and radiation-induced ESTR mutation frequency in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay K Ahuja
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
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Yauk CL, Polyzos A, Rowan-Carroll A, Kortubash I, Williams A, Kovalchuk O. Tandem repeat mutation, global DNA methylation, and regulation of DNA methyltransferases in cultured mouse embryonic fibroblast cells chronically exposed to chemicals with different modes of action. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2008; 49:26-35. [PMID: 18172875 DOI: 10.1002/em.20359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Mutations at expanded simple tandem repeat (ESTR) DNA sequences provide a useful tool for screening germline mutation. However, the mechanisms resulting in induced mutations are unknown and provide an impediment to the utility of the method. Induced ESTR mutations arise through a nontargeted mechanism resulting in destabilization of the repeat locus. We hypothesized that alterations in DNA methylation, or in DNA methyltransferase expression, may be associated with this indirect mechanism of mutation. DNA mutation frequency was measured in C3H/10T1/2 mouse embryonic fibroblast cells following chronic exposure to six chemicals exhibiting different modes of genotoxic action: N-nitroso-N-ethylurea (ENU); benzo(a)pyrene (BaP); etoposide (ETOP); okadaic acid (OA); cisplatin (CisPt); and 5-azacytidine (5azadC). Induced mutation ranged from 2-fold (ENU, BaP, ETOP), to 1.3-1.4 fold (OA, 5azadC), to nonresponsive (CisPt). Global DNA methylation, measured using the cytosine extension assay, revealed hypomethylation following exposure to ENU and 5azadC, hypermethylation following BaP and OA exposure, and no change following treatment with ETOP or CisPt. DNA methyltransferase transcription (Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, Dnmt3b) was significantly affected by all treatments except ETOP, with the vast majority of changes being downregulation. There was no direct correlation between ESTR mutation, global methylation, or DNA methyltransferase transcription. However, 4/5 ESTR mutagens caused changes in global methylation, while the noninducer (CisPt) did not cause changes in methylation. We hypothesize that chemicals that modify chromatin conformation through changes in methylation may compromise the ability of mismatch repair enzymes (or other enzymes) to access and repair secondary structures that may form across ESTR loci resulting in mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole L Yauk
- Environmental Health Sciences and Research Bureau, Safe Environments Programme, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Miccoli L, Burr KLA, Hickenbotham P, Friedberg EC, Angulo JF, Dubrova YE. The combined effects of xeroderma pigmentosum C deficiency and mutagens on mutation rates in the mouse germ line. Cancer Res 2007; 67:4695-9. [PMID: 17510396 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous and induced mutation rates at two expanded simple tandem repeat (ESTR) loci were studied in the germ line of xeroderma pigmentosum group C (Xpc) knockout mice defective in global genome nucleotide excision repair. Spontaneous and radiation-induced mutation rates in homozygous Xpc(-/-) males were significantly higher than those in isogenic wild-type (Xpc(+/+)) and heterozygous (Xpc(+/-)) mice. In contrast, exposure to the monofunctional alkylating agent ethylnitrosourea resulted in similar increases in ESTR mutation rates across all genotypes. ESTR mutation spectra in the germ line of Xpc(-/-), Xpc(+/-) and Xpc(+/+) did not differ. Considering these data and the results of other publications, we propose that the Xpc-deficient mice possess a mutator phenotype in their germ line and somatic tissues that may significantly enhance carcinogenesis across multiple tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Miccoli
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Laboratoire de Génétique de la Radiosensibilité, Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Fontenay aux Roses, France
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