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Mir FA, Amanullah A, Jain BP, Hyderi Z, Gautam A. Neuroepigenetics of ageing and neurodegeneration-associated dementia: An updated review. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 91:102067. [PMID: 37689143 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression is tremendously altered in the brain during memory acquisition, recall, and forgetfulness. However, non-genetic factors, including environmental elements, epigenetic changes, and lifestyle, have grabbed significant attention in recent years regarding the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases (NDD) and age-associated dementia. Epigenetic modifications are essential in regulating gene expression in all living organisms in a DNA sequence-independent manner. The genes implicated in ageing and NDD-related memory disorders are epigenetically regulated by processes such as DNA methylation, histone acetylation as well as messenger RNA editing machinery. The physiological and optimal state of the epigenome, especially within the CNS of humans, plays an intricate role in helping us adjust to the changing environment, and alterations in it cause many brain disorders, but the mechanisms behind it still need to be well understood. When fully understood, these epigenetic landscapes could act as vital targets for pharmacogenetic rescue strategies for treating several diseases, including neurodegeneration- and age-induced dementia. Keeping this objective in mind, this updated review summarises the epigenetic changes associated with age and neurodegeneration-associated dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayaz Ahmad Mir
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Zeeshan Hyderi
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
| | - Akash Gautam
- Centre for Neural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India.
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Liu X, Yang K, Li Z, Liu J. MMP2 Polymorphisms and Colorectal Cancer Susceptibility in a Chinese Han Population. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:6009-6019. [PMID: 35818579 PMCID: PMC9270925 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s364029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kelaier Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhangfu Li
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jikui Liu
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Jikui Liu, Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, #1120, Lianhua Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518036, People’s Republic of China, Tel/Fax +86-13841498565, Email
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Ni X, Ni Z, Ouma KO, Gao Z. Mutations in PmUFGT3 contribute to color variation of fruit skin in Japanese apricot (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:304. [PMID: 35751035 PMCID: PMC9229503 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03693-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese apricot (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.) is popular for both ornamental and processing value, fruit color affects the processing quality, and red pigmentation is the most obvious phenotype associated with fruit color variation in Japanese apricot, mutations in structural genes in the anthocyanin pathway can disrupt the red pigmentation, while the formation mechanism of the red color trait in Japanese apricot is still unclear. RESULTS: One SNP marker (PmuSNP_27) located within PmUFGT3 gene coding region was found highly polymorphic among 44 different fruit skin color cultivars and relative to anthocyanin biosynthesis in Japanese apricot. Meantime, critical mutations were identified in two alleles of PmUFGT3 in the green-skinned type is inactivated by seven nonsense mutations in the coding region, which leads to seven amino acid substitution, resulting in an inactive UFGT enzyme. Overexpression of the PmUFGT3 allele from red-skinned Japanese apricot in green-skinned fruit lines resulted in greater anthocyanin accumulation in fruit skin. Expression of same allele in an Arabidopsis T-DNA mutant deficient in anthocyanidin activity the accumulation of anthocyanins. In addition, using site-directed mutagenesis, we created a single-base substitution mutation (G to T) of PmUFGT3 isolated from green-skinned cultivar, which caused an E to D amino acid substitution and restored the function of the inactive allele of PmUFGT3 from a green-skinned individual. CONCLUSION This study confirms the function of PmUFGT3, and provides insight into the mechanism underlying fruit color determination in Japanese apricot, and possible approaches towards genetic engineering of fruit color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Ni
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Zhaojun Ni
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Kenneth Omondi Ouma
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Zhihong Gao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095 China
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Barbieri MR, Fontes AM, Barbieri MA, Saraiva MCP, Simões VMF, Silva AAMD, Abraham KJ, Bettiol H. Effects of FTO and PPARγ variants on intrauterine growth restriction in a Brazilian birth cohort. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 54:e10465. [PMID: 33729310 PMCID: PMC7945878 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x202010465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is related to a higher risk of neonatal mortality, minor cognitive deficit, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease in adulthood. In previous studies, genetic variants in the FTO (fat mass and obesity-associated) and PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma) genes have been associated with metabolic disease, body mass index, and obesity among other outcomes. We studied the association of selected FTO (rs1421085, rs55682395, rs17817449, rs8043757, rs9926289, and rs9939609) and PPARγ (rs10865710, rs17036263, rs35206526, rs1801282, rs28763894, rs41516544, rs62243567, rs3856806, and rs1805151) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with IUGR, through a case-control study in a cohort of live births that occurred from June 1978 to May 1979 in a Brazilian city. We selected 280 IUGR cases and 256 controls for analysis. Logistic regression was used to jointly analyze the SNPs as well as factors such as maternal smoking, age, and schooling. We found that the PPARγ rs41516544 increased the risk of IUGR for male offspring (OR 27.83, 95%CI 3.65-212.32) as well as for female offspring (OR=8.94, 95%CI: 1.96-40.88). The FTO rs9939609 TA genotype resulted in a reduced susceptibility to IUGR for male offspring only (OR=0.47, 95%CI: 0.26-0.86). In conclusion, we demonstrated that PPARγ SNP had a positive effect and FTO SNP had a negative effect on IUGR occurrence, and these effects were gender-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Barbieri
- Departamento de Puericultura e Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - A M Fontes
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - M A Barbieri
- Departamento de Puericultura e Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - M C P Saraiva
- Departamento de Clínica Infantil, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - V M F Simões
- Departamento de Saúde Pública, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - A A M da Silva
- Departamento de Saúde Pública, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - K J Abraham
- Departamento de Economia, Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - H Bettiol
- Departamento de Puericultura e Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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Nguyen KV. Potential epigenomic co-management in rare diseases and epigenetic therapy. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 38:752-780. [PMID: 31079569 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2019.1594893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to highlight the impact of the alternative splicing process on human disease. Epigenetic regulation determines not only what parts of the genome are expressed but also how they are spliced. The recent progress in the field of epigenetics has important implications for the study of rare diseases. The role of epigenetics in rare diseases is a key issue in molecular physiology and medicine because not only rare diseases can benefit from epigenetic research, but can also provide useful principles for other common and complex disorders such as cancer, cardiovascular, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and neurological diseases. Predominantly, epigenetic modifications include DNA methylation, histone modification, and RNA-associated silencing. These modifications in the genome regulate numerous cellular activities. Disruption of epigenetic regulation process can contribute to the etiology of numerous diseases during both prenatal and postnatal life. Here, I discuss current knowledge about this matter including some current epigenetic therapies and future directions in the field by emphasizing on the RNA-based therapy via antisense oligonucleotides to correct splicing defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khue Vu Nguyen
- a Department of Medicine, Biochemical Genetics and Metabolism, The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego , San Diego , CA , USA.,b Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego School of Medicine , La Jolla , CA , USA
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Han S, Miller JE, Byun S, Kim D, Risacher SL, Saykin AJ, Lee Y, Nho K. Identification of exon skipping events associated with Alzheimer's disease in the human hippocampus. BMC Med Genomics 2019; 12:13. [PMID: 30704480 PMCID: PMC6357347 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-018-0453-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND At least 90% of human genes are alternatively spliced. Alternative splicing has an important function regulating gene expression and miss-splicing can contribute to risk for human diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS We developed a splicing decision model as a molecular mechanism to identify functional exon skipping events and genetic variation affecting alternative splicing on a genome-wide scale by integrating genomics, transcriptomics, and neuroimaging data in a systems biology approach. In this study, we analyzed RNA-Seq data of hippocampus brain tissue from Alzheimer's disease (AD; n = 24) and cognitively normal elderly controls (CN; n = 50) and identified three exon skipping events in two genes (RELN and NOS1) as significantly associated with AD (corrected p-value < 0.05 and fold change > 1.5). Next, we identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) affecting exon skipping events using the splicing decision model and then performed an association analysis of SNPs potentially affecting three exon skipping events with a global cortical measure of amyloid-β deposition measured by [18F] Florbetapir position emission tomography (PET) scan as an AD-related quantitative phenotype. A whole-brain voxel-based analysis was also performed. RESULTS Two exons in RELN and one exon in NOS1 showed significantly lower expression levels in the AD participants compared to CN participants, suggesting that the exons tend to be skipped more in AD. We also showed the loss of the core protein structure due to the skipped exons using the protein 3D structure analysis. The targeted SNP-based association analysis identified one intronic SNP (rs362771) adjacent to the skipped exon 24 in RELN as significantly associated with cortical amyloid-β levels (corrected p-value < 0.05). This SNP is within the splicing regulatory element, i.e., intronic splicing enhancer. The minor allele of rs362771 conferred decreases in cortical amyloid-β levels in the right temporal and bilateral parietal lobes. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that exon skipping events and splicing-affecting SNPs in the human hippocampus may contribute to AD pathogenesis. Integration of multiple omics and neuroimaging data provides insights into possible mechanisms underlying AD pathophysiology through exon skipping and may help identify novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonggyun Han
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Jason E. Miller
- Biomedical and Translational Informatics Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA USA
| | - Seyoun Byun
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Dokyoon Kim
- Biomedical and Translational Informatics Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA USA
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - Shannon L. Risacher
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences and Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Andrew J. Saykin
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences and Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Younghee Lee
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences and Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - for Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Biomedical and Translational Informatics Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA USA
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences and Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
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Ali Z, Chandrasekera PC, Pippin JJ. Animal research for type 2 diabetes mellitus, its limited translation for clinical benefit, and the way forward. Altern Lab Anim 2018; 46:13-22. [PMID: 29553794 DOI: 10.1177/026119291804600101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have reached pandemic proportions worldwide, and considerable research efforts have been dedicated to investigating disease pathology and therapeutic options. The two hallmark features of T2DM, insulin resistance and pancreatic dysfunction, have been studied extensively by using various animal models. Despite the knowledge acquired from such models, particularly mechanistic discoveries that sometimes mimic human T2DM mechanisms or pathways, many details of human T2DM pathogenesis remain unknown, therapeutic options remain limited, and a cure has eluded research. Emerging human data have raised concern regarding inter-species differences at many levels (e.g. in gene regulation, pancreatic cytoarchitecture, glucose transport, and insulin secretion regulation), and the subsequent impact of these differences on the clinical translation of animal research findings. Therefore, it is important to recognise and address the translational gap between basic animal-based research and the clinical advances needed to prevent and treat T2DM. The purpose of this report is to identify some limitations of T2DM animal research, and to propose how greater human relevance and applicability of hypothesis-driven basic T2DM research could be achieved through the use of human-based data acquisition at various biological levels. This report addresses how in vitro, in vivo and in silico technologies could be used to investigate particular aspects of human glucose regulation. We do not propose that T2DM animal research has been without value in the identification of mechanisms, pathways, or potential targets for therapies, nor do we claim that human-based methods can provide all the answers. We recognise that the ultimate goal of T2DM animal research is to identify ways to advance the prevention, recognition and treatment of T2DM in humans, but postulate that this is where the use of animal models falls short, despite decades of effort. The best way to achieve this goal is by prioritising human-centred research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Ali
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - John J Pippin
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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Expression of genes involved in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in white and red fruits of Fragaria pentaphylla and genetic variation in the dihydroflavonol-4-reductase gene. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Min H, Kim J, Kim YJ, Yoon MS, Pratley RE, Lee YH. Measurement of altered APP isoform expression in adipose tissue of diet-induced obese mice by absolute quantitative real-time PCR. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2017; 21:100-107. [PMID: 30460057 PMCID: PMC6138354 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2017.1290679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Previous studies have demonstrated that amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) is expressed in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), upregulated with obesity, and correlates with insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation. APP is alternatively spliced into several isoforms, which may be indicative of the pathogenesis of APP-related diseases, but the accurate quantification has been difficult to standardize and reproduce. In light of this, we developed isoform-specific absolute cDNA standards for absolute quantitative real-time PCR (AQ-PCR), and measured transcript copy numbers for three major APP isoforms (APP770, APP751, and APP695), in SAT from C57BL/6 mice fed either a normal or high-fat diet. Expression of all three major APP isoforms was increased in diet-induced obese mice. Transcript copy numbers of APP770 and APP695 correlated with plasma insulin and CCL2 gene expression. The ratios of APP770 and APP751 to APP695 gradually decreased with aging, and correlated with plasma glucose levels. In addition, APP770 was significantly decreased in thiazolidinedione-treated mice. We describe quantification of APP isoform transcripts by AQ-PCR, which allows for direct comparison of gene copy number across isoforms, between experiments, and across studies conducted by independent research groups, which relative quantitative PCR does not allow. Our results suggest a possible role of differential expression of APP isoforms in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation. In addition, it is important to determine if altered ratios of APP isoforms in SAT contribute to higher circulating Aβ peptides and increased risk of abnormalities in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansol Min
- Department of Biomedical Science, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Jinil Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Young-Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Mi-Sook Yoon
- Division of Beauty Coordination, Keimyung College University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Richard E Pratley
- Florida Hospital Sanford/Burnham Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Yong-Ho Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Korea
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Karambataki M, Malousi A, Tzimagiorgis G, Haitoglou C, Fragou A, Georgiou E, Papadopoulou F, Krassas GE, Kouidou S. Association of two synonymous splicing-associated CpG single nucleotide polymorphisms in calpain 10 and solute carrier family 2 member 2 with type 2 diabetes. Biomed Rep 2016; 6:146-158. [PMID: 28357066 PMCID: PMC5351308 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Coding synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have attracted little attention until recently. However, such SNPs located in epigenetic, CpG sites modifying exonic splicing enhancers (ESEs) can be informative with regards to the recently verified association of intragenic methylation and splicing. The present study describes the association of type 2 diabetes (T2D) with the exonic, synonymous, epigenetic SNPs, rs3749166 in calpain 10 (CAPN10) glucose transporter (GLUT4) translocator and rs5404 in solute carrier family 2, member 2 (SLC2A2), also termed GLUT2, which, according to prior bioinformatic analysis, strongly modify the splicing potential of glucose transport-associated genes. Previous association studies reveal that only rs5404 exhibits a strong negative T2D association, while data on the CAPN10 polymorphism are contradictory. In the present study DNA from blood samples of 99 Greek non-diabetic control subjects and 71 T2D patients was analyzed. In addition, relevant publicly available cases (40) resulting from examination of 110 Personal Genome Project data files were analyzed. The frequency of the rs3749166 A allele, was similar in the patients and non-diabetic control subjects. However, AG heterozygotes were more frequent among patients (73.24% for Greek patients and 54.55% for corresponding non-diabetic control subjects; P=0.0262; total cases, 52.99 and 75.00%, respectively; P=0.0039). The rs5404 T allele was only observed in CT heterozygotes (Greek non-diabetic control subjects, 39.39% and Greek patients, 22.54%; P=0.0205; total cases, 34.69 and 21.28%, respectively; P=0.0258). Notably, only one genotype, heterozygous AG/CC, was T2D-associated (Greek non-diabetic control subjects, 29.29% and Greek patients, 56.33%; P=0.004; total cases, 32.84 and 56.58%, respectively; P=0.0008). Furthermore, AG/CC was strongly associated with very high (≥8.5%) glycosylated plasma hemoglobin levels among patients (P=0.0002 for all cases). These results reveal the complex heterozygotic SNP association with T2D, and indicate possible synergies of these epigenetic, splicing-regulatory, synonymous SNPs, which modify the splicing potential of two alternative glucose transport-associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Karambataki
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Panagia General Hospital, Thessaloniki 55132, Greece
| | - Andigoni Malousi
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Georgios Tzimagiorgis
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Constantinos Haitoglou
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Fragou
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Elisavet Georgiou
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Foteini Papadopoulou
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Panagia General Hospital, Thessaloniki 55132, Greece
| | - Gerasimos E Krassas
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Panagia General Hospital, Thessaloniki 55132, Greece
| | - Sofia Kouidou
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
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Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases have a variety of different genes contributing to their underlying pathology. Unfortunately, for many of these diseases it is not clear how changes in gene expression affect pathology. Transcriptome analysis of neurodegenerative diseases using ribonucleic acid sequencing (RNA Seq) and real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) provides for a platform to allow investigators to determine the contribution of various genes to the disease phenotype. In Alzheimer's disease (AD) there are several candidate genes reported that may be associated with the underlying pathology and are, in addition, alternatively spliced. Thus, AD is an ideal disease to examine how alternative splicing may affect pathology. In this context, genes of particular interest to AD pathology include the amyloid precursor protein (APP), TAU, and apolipoprotein E (APOE). Here, we review the evidence of alternative splicing of these genes in normal and AD patients, and recent therapeutic approaches to control splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Love
- Department of Biological Sciences, Science Building, Boise State University, USA
| | - Eric J Hayden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Science Building, Boise State University, USA
| | - Troy T Rohn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Science Building, Boise State University, USA
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