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Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this article is to describe the technical development in proteomics during the last two decades with the focus on its use in radiation biology. It is written from a subjective point of view and aims not to be a scientific review of the subject. CONCLUSION Proteomics is a fast developing technique and it has already contributed greatly to our understanding of biological mechanisms following radiation exposure. Novel proteomics approaches can be used in adequately designed cellular and animal experiments and above all in big clinical trials to investigate effects of ionizing radiation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soile Tapio
- Institute of Radiation Biology and Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
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Smith RW, Moccia RD, Mothersill CE, Seymour CB. Irradiation of rainbow trout at early life stages results in a proteomic legacy in adult gills. Part B; the effect of a second radiation dose, after one year, on the proteomic responses in the irradiated and non-irradiated bystander fish. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 163:307-313. [PMID: 29433752 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study extends the investigation of the legacy effects of exposure to a single radiation dose at one of four early life stages, in adult rainbow trout (Part A), by examining the effects of a second identical dose after one year; i.e. egg 48 h after fertilisation (48 h egg) + 1 year, eyed egg + 1 year, yolk sac larvae (YSL) + 1 year and first feeder + 1 year. This included the induction of a bystander effect in non-irradiated trout which had swam with the irradiated fish. The second radiation dose negated any beneficial proteomic responses following early life stage irradiation only, particularly irradiation of 48 h eggs and eyed eggs (Part A). Instead the responses after early life stage + 1 year irradiation are consistently associated with tumorigenesis, cancer progression, or are otherwise damaging: upregulation of alpha-globin 1 (YSL + 1 year and first feeders + 1 year) and downregulation of histone H1, type II keratin, malate dehydrogenase 2-2, Na/K ATPase alpha subunit isoform 1b, nucleoside diphosphate kinase (48 h egg + 1 year), electron transfer flavoprotein subunit alpha (eyed egg + 1 year), 60 S ribosomal protein L30 (YSL + 1 year) and haemoglobin subunit beta-4 (first feeder + 1 year). Most significantly the second radiation dose also negated the overwhelmingly beneficial bystander effect proteomic responses induced by trout irradiated at an early life stage only (Part A). Instead the bystander effect proteomic changes induced by trout irradiated at an early life stage and again at 1 year have been associated with uncertain, with respect to tumorigenesis, or detrimental effects; upregulation of alpha-globin 1 (YSL + 1 year and first feeder + 1 year) and downregulation of malate dehydrogenase 2-2, nucleoside diphosphate kinase (48 h egg + 1 year), transferrin precursor (eyed egg + 1 year), 60 S ribosomal protein L30 (YSL + 1 year) and serine / threonine-protein phosphatase 2 A 65 kDa (first feeder + 1 year). This difference between the bystander effect induced proteomic changes following early life stage irradiation only and early life stage + 1 year irradiation may indicate a fundamental change in the non-targeted effects of radiation following multiple exposure to radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Smith
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Richard D Moccia
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carmel E Mothersill
- Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colin B Seymour
- Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Yun HS, Baek JH, Yim JH, Um HD, Park JK, Song JY, Park IC, Kim JS, Lee SJ, Lee CW, Hwang SG. Radiotherapy diagnostic biomarkers in radioresistant human H460 lung cancer stem-like cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2016; 17:208-18. [PMID: 26901847 PMCID: PMC4847996 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2016.1139232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cell radioresistance is a major contributor to radiotherapy failure, highlighting the importance of identifying predictive biomarkers for radioresistance. In this work, we established a radioresistant H460 (RR-H460) cell line from parental radiosensitive H460 lung cancer cells by exposure to fractionated radiation. The radiation-resistant, anti-apoptotic phenotype of RR-H460 cell lines was confirmed by their enhanced clonogenic survival and increased expression of the radioresistance genes Hsp90 and Her-3. RR-H460 cells displayed characteristics of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs), including induction of the surface marker CD44 and stem cell markers Nanog, Oct4, and Sox2. RR-H460 cells also exhibited sphere formation and malignant behavior, further supporting a CSC phenotype. Using proteomic analyses, we identified 8 proteins that were up-regulated in RR-H460 CSC lines and therefore potentially involved in radioresistance and CSC-related biological processes. Notably, 4 of these—PAI-2, NOMO2, KLC4, and PLOD3—have not been previously linked to radioresistance. Depletion of these individual genes sensitized RR-H460 cells to radiotoxicity and additively enhancing radiation-induced apoptosis. Our findings suggest the possibility of integrating molecular targeted therapy with radiotherapy as a strategy for resolving the radioresistance of lung tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shik Yun
- a Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences , Seoul , South Korea.,b Department of Life Science , College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwa Baek
- a Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences , Seoul , South Korea.,c Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Suwon , South Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Yim
- a Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Hong-Duck Um
- a Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Jong Kuk Park
- a Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Jie-Young Song
- a Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences , Seoul , South Korea
| | - In-Chul Park
- a Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Kim
- a Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Su-Jae Lee
- a Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Chang-Woo Lee
- c Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Suwon , South Korea
| | - Sang-Gu Hwang
- a Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences , Seoul , South Korea
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Seo J, Lee JY, Sung MS, Byun CJ, Cho DH, Lee HJ, Park JH, Cho HS, Cho SJ, Jo I. Arsenite Acutely Decreases Nitric Oxide Production via the ROS-Protein Phosphatase 1-Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase-Thr(497) Signaling Cascade. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 22:510-8. [PMID: 25489418 PMCID: PMC4256030 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic (>24 h) exposure of arsenite, an environmental toxicant, has shown the decreased nitric oxide (NO) production in endothelial cells (EC) by decreasing endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) expression and/or its phosphorylation at serine 1179 (eNOS-Ser1179 in bovine sequence), which is associated with increased risk of vascular diseases. Here, we investigated the acute (<24 h) effect of arsenite on NO production using bovine aortic EC (BAEC). Arsenite acutely increased the phosphorylation of eNOS-Thr497, but not of eNOS-Ser116 or eNOS-Ser1179, which was accompanied by decreased NO production. The level of eNOS expression was unaltered under this condition. Treatment with arsenite also induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and pretreatment with a ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) completely reversed the observed effect of arsenite on eNOS-Thr497 phosphorylation. Although protein kinase C (PKC) and protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) were reported to be involved in eNOS-Thr497 phosphorylation, treatment with PKC inhibitor, Ro318425, and overexpression of various PKC isoforms did not affect the arsenite-stimulated eNOS-Thr497 phosphorylation. In contrast, treatment with PP1 inhibitor, calyculin A, mimicked the observed effect of arsenite on eNOS-Thr497 phosphorylation. Lastly, we found decreased cellular PP1 activity in arsenite-treated cells, which was reversed by NAC. Overall, our study demonstrates firstly that arsenite acutely decreases NO production at least in part by increasing eNOS-Thr497 phosphorylation via ROS-PP1 signaling pathway, which provide the molecular mechanism underlying arsenite-induced increase in vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungwon Seo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710 ; Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749
| | - Jee Young Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710
| | - Min-Sun Sung
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710
| | | | - Du-Hyong Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon 301-768
| | - Hyeon-Ju Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710
| | - Ho-Seong Cho
- Biosafety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756
| | - Sung-Jin Cho
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 362-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Inho Jo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710
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Hansmeier N, Chao TC, Herbstman JB, Goldman LR, Witter FR, Halden RU. Elucidating the molecular basis of adverse health effects from exposure to anthropogenic polyfluorinated compounds using toxicoproteomic approaches. J Proteome Res 2014; 14:51-8. [PMID: 25350270 DOI: 10.1021/pr500990w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Linear, short-chain polyfluorinated and perfluorinated alkyl compounds, often referred to as PFCs, have been in worldwide use as surfactants and polymer precursors for decades, and environmental dispersal of these highly persistent compounds represents a public health threat. Whereas ubiquitous low-level exposure to these compounds has been demonstrated in human populations from around the world, the exact mechanisms of toxicity and their toxic potency remain subject to investigation and scientific dispute. As with other environmental exposures, a major hurdle for gaining a better understanding of their human health impacts is the limited utility of cell culture and animal models serving as convenient, yet imperfect proxies to human physiology and disease. The present communication provides a brief overview of the current understanding of potential health effects of PFC exposure and examines how new toxicoproteomic methodologies can provide insight into the molecular mechanism of PFC exposure. Furthermore, we showcase an exemplary data set to illustrate how toxicoproteomic, population-wide studies might overcome limitations of animal models to more fully understand the metabolism and effects of PFCs and other environmental stressors where it matters most, in human populations experiencing real-world, chronic, low-level exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Hansmeier
- Department of Biology, University of Osnabrück , Barbarastrasse 11, Osnabrück 49076, Germany
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Huang Q, Zhang J, Peng S, Tian M, Chen J, Shen H. Effects of water soluble PM2.5 extracts exposure on human lung epithelial cells (A549): A proteomic study. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 34:675-87. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.2910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xiamen 361021 People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xiamen 361021 People's Republic of China
| | - Siyuan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xiamen 361021 People's Republic of China
| | - Meiping Tian
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xiamen 361021 People's Republic of China
| | - Jinsheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xiamen 361021 People's Republic of China
| | - Heqing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xiamen 361021 People's Republic of China
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Ionizing Radiation Effects on Cells, Organelles and Tissues on Proteome Level. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 990:37-48. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5896-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Pernot E, Hall J, Baatout S, Benotmane MA, Blanchardon E, Bouffler S, El Saghire H, Gomolka M, Guertler A, Harms-Ringdahl M, Jeggo P, Kreuzer M, Laurier D, Lindholm C, Mkacher R, Quintens R, Rothkamm K, Sabatier L, Tapio S, de Vathaire F, Cardis E. Ionizing radiation biomarkers for potential use in epidemiological studies. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2012; 751:258-286. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Benton MA, Rager JE, Smeester L, Fry RC. Comparative genomic analyses identify common molecular pathways modulated upon exposure to low doses of arsenic and cadmium. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:173. [PMID: 21457566 PMCID: PMC3082247 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to the toxic metals arsenic and cadmium is associated with detrimental health effects including cancers of various organs. While arsenic and cadmium are well known to cause adverse health effects at high doses, the molecular impact resulting from exposure to environmentally relevant doses of these metals remains largely unexplored. RESULTS In this study, we examined the effects of in vitro exposure to either arsenic or cadmium in human TK6 lymphoblastoid cells using genomics and systems level pathway mapping approaches. A total of 167 genes with differential expression were identified following exposure to either metal with surprisingly no overlap between the two. Real-time PCR was used to confirm target gene expression changes. The gene sets were overlaid onto protein-protein interaction maps to identify metal-induced transcriptional networks. Interestingly, both metal-induced networks were significantly enriched for proteins involved in common biological processes such as tumorigenesis, inflammation, and cell signaling. These findings were further supported by gene set enrichment analysis. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to compare the transcriptional responses induced by low dose exposure to cadmium and arsenic in human lymphoblastoid cells. These results highlight that even at low levels of exposure both metals can dramatically influence the expression of important cellular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Ann Benton
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Julia E Rager
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lisa Smeester
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca C Fry
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Xiong L, Wang Y. Quantitative proteomic analysis reveals the perturbation of multiple cellular pathways in HL-60 cells induced by arsenite treatment. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:1129-37. [PMID: 20050688 DOI: 10.1021/pr9011359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is ubiquitously present in the environment; it is a known human carcinogen and paradoxically it is also a successful drug for the clinical remission of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). The cellular responses induced by arsenite treatment have been investigated for years; however, the precise mechanisms underlying its cytotoxicity and therapeutic activity remain unclear. Here we report the use of mass spectrometry together with stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) for the comparative study of protein expression in HL-60 cells that were untreated or treated with a clinically relevant concentration of arsenite. Our results revealed that, among the 1067 proteins quantified in both forward and reverse SILAC measurements, 56 had significantly altered levels of expression induced by arsenite treatment. These included the up-regulation of core histones, neutrophil elastase, alpha-mannosidase as well as the down-regulation of fatty acid synthase and protein phosphatase 1 alpha. We further demonstrated that the arsenite-induced growth inhibition of HL-60 cells could be rescued by treatment with palmitate, the final product of fatty acid synthase, supporting that arsenite exerts its cytotoxic effect, in part, via suppressing the expression of fatty acid synthase and inhibiting the endogenous production of fatty acid. The results from the present study offered important new knowledge for gaining insights into the molecular mechanisms of action of arsenite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, USA
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Marchetti F, Coleman MA, Jones IM, Wyrobek AJ. Candidate protein biodosimeters of human exposure to ionizing radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 82:605-39. [PMID: 17050475 DOI: 10.1080/09553000600930103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To conduct a literature review of candidate protein biomarkers for individual radiation biodosimetry of exposure to ionizing radiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Reviewed approximately 300 publications (1973 - April 2006) that reported protein effects in mammalian systems after either in vivo or in vitro radiation exposure. RESULTS We found 261 radiation-responsive proteins including 173 human proteins. Most of the studies used high doses of ionizing radiation (>4 Gy) and had no information on dose- or time-responses. The majority of the proteins showed increased amounts or changes in phosphorylation states within 24 h after exposure (range: 1.5- to 10-fold). Of the 47 proteins that are responsive at doses of 1 Gy and below, 6 showed phosphorylation changes at doses below 10 cGy. Proteins were assigned to 9 groups based on consistency of response across species, dose- and time-response information and known role in the radiation damage response. CONCLUSIONS ATM (Ataxia telengiectasia mutated), H2AX (histone 2AX), CDKN1A (Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A), and TP53 (tumor protein 53) are top candidate radiation protein biomarkers. Furthermore, we recommend a panel of protein biomarkers, each with different dose and time optima, to improve individual radiation biodosimetry for discriminating between low-, moderate-, and high-dose exposures. Our findings have applications for early triage and follow-up medical assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Marchetti
- Biosciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
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Major histopathological patterns of lung cancer related to arsenic exposure in German uranium miners. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2008; 82:867-75. [PMID: 19020892 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-008-0386-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The mechanisms of action of arsenic in the development of lung cancer are still not yet elucidated. Considering the relationship between arsenic and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin, we hypothesized that arsenic exposure may be more closely associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. METHODS A comprehensive histopathological database and a detailed job-exposure matrix developed for former German uranium miners with exposure to arsenic, radon, and quartz were analyzed to quantitatively assess the effect of arsenic regarding cell type of lung cancer. The distributions of major lung cancer cell types in 1,786 German uranium miners were associated with levels of arsenic exposure under control for the other lung carcinogens. To evaluate the arsenic effects in association with a frequent occupational lung disease in miners stratification by silicosis was performed. RESULTS There was an arsenic-related increase of the proportion of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung but restricted to miners without silicosis. The increase was found at all levels of co-exposure to radon and quartz dust. In miners with silicosis, the proportion of adenocarcinoma increased with rising arsenic exposure. Arsenic exposure was associated with non-small cell lung cancer. Silicosis turned out as major determinant of the cell type related with arsenic. CONCLUSION These results indicate a cell type characteristic effect of arsenic in the development of lung cancer.
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Hornhardt S, Gomolka M, Walsh L, Jung T. Comparative investigations of sodium arsenite, arsenic trioxide and cadmium sulphate in combination with gamma-radiation on apoptosis, micronuclei induction and DNA damage in a human lymphoblastoid cell line. Mutat Res 2006; 600:165-76. [PMID: 16764896 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2006.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2006] [Revised: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the field of radiation protection the combined exposure to radiation and other toxic agents is recognised as an important research area. To elucidate the basic mechanisms of simultaneous exposure, the interaction of the carcinogens and environmental toxicants cadmium and two arsenic compounds, arsenite and arsenic trioxide, in combination with gamma-radiation in human lymphoblastoid cells (TK6) were investigated. Gamma-radiation induced significant genotoxic effects such as micronuclei formation, DNA damage and apoptosis, whereas arsenic and cadmium had no significant effect on these indicators of cellular damage at non-toxic concentrations. However, in combination with gamma-radiation arsenic trioxide induced a more than additive apoptotic rate compared to the sum of the single effects. Here, the level of apoptotic cells was increased, in a dose-dependent way, up to two-fold compared to the irradiated control cells. Arsenite did not induce a significant additive effect at any of the concentrations or radiation doses tested. On the other hand, arsenic trioxide was less effective than arsenite in the induction of DNA protein cross-links. These data indicate that the two arsenic compounds interact through different pathways in the cell. Cadmium sulphate, like arsenite, had no significant effect on apoptosis in combination with gamma-radiation at low concentrations and, at high concentrations, even reduced the radiation-induced apoptosis. An additive effect on micronuclei induction was observed with 1muM cadmium sulphate with an increase of up to 80% compared to the irradiated control cells. Toxic concentrations of cadmium and arsenic trioxide seemed to reduce micronuclei induction. The results presented here indicate that relatively low concentrations of arsenic and cadmium, close to those occuring in nature, may interfere with radiation effects. Differences in action of the two arsenic compounds were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Hornhardt
- BfS-Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Department of Radiation Protection and Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany.
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Tapio S, Grosche B. Arsenic in the aetiology of cancer. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2006; 612:215-246. [PMID: 16574468 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2006.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2005] [Revised: 01/25/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic, one of the most significant hazards in the environment affecting millions of people around the world, is associated with several diseases including cancers of skin, lung, urinary bladder, kidney and liver. Groundwater contamination by arsenic is the main route of exposure. Inhalation of airborne arsenic or arsenic-contaminated dust is a common health problem in many ore mines. This review deals with the questions raised in the epidemiological studies such as the dose-response relationship, putative confounders and synergistic effects, and methods evaluating arsenic exposure. Furthermore, it describes the metabolic pathways of arsenic, and its biological modes of action. The role of arsenic in the development of cancer is elucidated in the context of combined epidemiological and biological studies. However, further analyses by means of molecular epidemiology are needed to improve the understanding of cancer aetiology induced by arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soile Tapio
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Department of Radiation Protection and Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Bernd Grosche
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Department of Radiation Protection and Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Current Awareness on Comparative and Functional Genomics. Comp Funct Genomics 2005. [PMCID: PMC2447491 DOI: 10.1002/cfg.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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