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Meredova G, Yıldız E, Şen S, Zengin M, Aksoy H. Genotoxicity of a novel thymol bearing oxipropanolamine derivative in human peripheral lymphocytes. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00965-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chapman KE, Wilde EC, Chapman FM, Verma JR, Shah UK, Stannard LM, Seager AL, Tonkin JA, Brown MR, Doherty AT, Johnson GE, Doak SH, Jenkins GJS. Multiple-endpoint in vitro carcinogenicity test in human cell line TK6 distinguishes carcinogens from non-carcinogens and highlights mechanisms of action. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:321-336. [PMID: 32910239 PMCID: PMC7811515 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02902-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Current in vitro genotoxicity tests can produce misleading positive results, indicating an inability to effectively predict a compound's subsequent carcinogenic potential in vivo. Such oversensitivity can incur unnecessary in vivo tests to further investigate positive in vitro results, supporting the need to improve in vitro tests to better inform risk assessment. It is increasingly acknowledged that more informative in vitro tests using multiple endpoints may support the correct identification of carcinogenic potential. The present study, therefore, employed a holistic, multiple-endpoint approach using low doses of selected carcinogens and non-carcinogens (0.001-770 µM) to assess whether these chemicals caused perturbations in molecular and cellular endpoints relating to the Hallmarks of Cancer. Endpoints included micronucleus induction, alterations in gene expression, cell cycle dynamics, cell morphology and bioenergetics in the human lymphoblastoid cell line TK6. Carcinogens ochratoxin A and oestradiol produced greater Integrated Signature of Carcinogenicity scores for the combined endpoints than the "misleading" in vitro positive compounds, quercetin, 2,4-dichlorophenol and quinacrine dihydrochloride and toxic non-carcinogens, caffeine, cycloheximide and phenformin HCl. This study provides compelling evidence that carcinogens can successfully be distinguished from non-carcinogens using a holistic in vitro test system. Avoidance of misleading in vitro outcomes could lead to the reduction and replacement of animals in carcinogenicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Chapman
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Eleanor C Wilde
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Fiona M Chapman
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Jatin R Verma
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Ume-Kulsoom Shah
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Leanne M Stannard
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Anna L Seager
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - James A Tonkin
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK
| | - M Rowan Brown
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Ann T Doherty
- Discovery Safety, AstraZeneca, DSM, Darwin Building, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | - George E Johnson
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Shareen H Doak
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Gareth J S Jenkins
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
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Smart DJ, Helbling FR, Verardo M, Huber A, McHugh D, Vanscheeuwijck P. Development of an integrated assay in human TK6 cells to permit comprehensive genotoxicity analysis in vitro. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2020; 849:503129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.503129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Validation of the 3D Skin Comet assay using full thickness skin models: Transferability and reproducibility. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2018; 827:27-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Avuloğlu-Yılmaz E, Yüzbaşıoğlu D, Özçelik AB, Ersan S, Ünal F. Evaluation of genotoxic effects of 3-methyl-5-(4-carboxycyclohexylmethyl)-tetrahydro-2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thione on human peripheral lymphocytes. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:1228-1233. [PMID: 28260400 PMCID: PMC6130478 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1296000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Tranexamic acid is commonly used for curing abnormal bleeding in a variety of diseases. In a previous study, 12 different tetrahydro-2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine derivatives were synthesized from the amine group of tranexamic acid. Their antifibrinolytic and antimicrobial activities were compared with tranexamic acid. 3-Methyl-5-(4-carboxycyclohexylmethyl)-tetrahydro-2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thione (3-MTTT) was the most remarkable one, which may be used as a drug. OBJECTIVES In vitro genotoxicity of 3-MTTT was investigated using chromosome aberrations (CAs), sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), micronucleus (MN) and comet assays. MATERIALS AND METHODS Various concentrations 0.78, 1.56, 3.13, 6.25, 12.50 and 25.00 μg/mL of 3-MTTT were applied to lymphocytes obtained from two donors for periods of 24 and 48 h. A negative (distilled water), a solvent (2:1 PBS:10% NaOH for cultured lymphocyte, and PBS for isolated lymphocytes) and a positive control (MMC for cultured lymphocytes and H2O2 for isolated lymphocytes) were also maintained. RESULTS While this compound did not increase the frequency of abnormal cells and CA/cell ratio compared to negative control (except 48 h, 25 μg/mL), it significantly increased the frequency of SCEs at the four highest concentrations at both treatment periods (except 6.25 μg/mL, 48 h). It significantly decreased the MI in all the concentrations at 24 h (except 0.78 μg/mL) and in the highest three concentrations at 48 h. This compound did not significantly increase the frequency of MN and DNA damage compared to negative control. This compound did not affect the replication and nuclear division index. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that this compound does not represent a significant risk at the genetic level in in vitro human lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Avuloğlu-Yılmaz
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Genetic Toxicology Laboratory, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Yüzbaşıoğlu
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Genetic Toxicology Laboratory, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- CONTACT Deniz YüzbaşıoğluGazi University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Genetic Toxicology Laboratory, 06500Teknikokullar, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Azime Berna Özçelik
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Seyhan Ersan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Ünal
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Genetic Toxicology Laboratory, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Maertens RM, Long AS, White PA. Performance of the in vitro transgene mutation assay in MutaMouse FE1 cells: Evaluation of nine misleading ("False") positive chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2017; 58:582-591. [PMID: 28843037 DOI: 10.1002/em.22125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The screening of chemicals for the protection of human health and the environment requires the assessment of genetic toxicity. However, existing, internationally-accepted in vitro mammalian genotoxicity tests have been criticized for their low specificity (i.e. high frequency of "false" or "misleading" positive results for compounds that are negative in vivo). An in vitro transgene mutation assay has been established that uses a metabolically competent cell line derived from MutaMouse lung (i.e. FE1 cells). Mutation scoring employs the well-characterized lacZ positive selection system, and the assay is proposed as an alternative in vitro assessment tool. In this study, the performance of the FE1 cell assay was evaluated by examining responses to nine non-DNA-reactive chemicals that previously elicited misleading positive results in other mammalian cell genotoxicity assays. FE1 cells were exposed to concentrations up to approximately 10 mM and/or concentrations that yielded approximately 80-90% cytotoxicity (as measured by relative increase in cell count). The assay demonstrated excellent specificity; exposures to the chemicals examined did not yield any positive responses even when tested in the presence of an exogenous metabolic activation system (i.e. S9) or with an extended sampling time. These results indicate that the FE1 cell mutagenicity assay is an effective and practical alternative to traditional mammalian cell gene mutation assays. The development and validation of effective in vitro tools such as the MutaMouse FE1 cell assay will contribute to international efforts to reduce, refine, and replace experimental animals for toxicity assessment. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:582-591, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Maertens
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandra S Long
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul A White
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Lenzi M, Cocchi V, Hrelia P. Flow cytometry vs optical microscopy in the evaluation of the genotoxic potential of xenobiotic compounds. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2017; 94:696-706. [PMID: 28745810 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is now recognized that mutational events play a key role in the development of pathological processes like cancer, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative disease. Therefore, it is crucial to have Genetics Toxicology tests that allow rapid and accurate identification of the mutagenic potential of a xenobiotic. Currently the most widely used technique is the "In vitro mammalian cell micronucleus test" performed by optical microscopy, but some problems have been highlighted, including the number of cells analyzed, the high subjectivity of the reading at the microscope and the long analysis times. AIM The aim of this work was to develop a study protocol, for the automation of the "In vitro mammalian cell micronucleus test", by flow cytometry (FCM) analysis, to overcome the limits that afflict the optical microscopy. METHODS The study was conducted on peripheral blood lymphocytes treated with three known clastogens and three known aneugens. RESULTS The results obtained by the proposed FCM technique compared with those obtained through the validated method, demonstrated that the increase of micronuclei percentage is perfectly comparable between the two methods. CONCLUSIONS This fact, in view of results supported by a high number of cells analyzed and obtained by an accurate and objective reading, with a considerable reduction of the analysis time, can support a future request for validation of the micronucleus analysis by FCM. © 2017 International Clinical Cytometry Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monia Lenzi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Veronica Cocchi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Patrizia Hrelia
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
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Galloway SM. International regulatory requirements for genotoxicity testing for pharmaceuticals used in human medicine, and their impurities and metabolites. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2017; 58:296-324. [PMID: 28299826 DOI: 10.1002/em.22077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The process of developing international (ICH) guidelines is described, and the main guidelines reviewed are the ICH S2(R1) guideline that includes the genotoxicity test battery for human pharmaceuticals, and the ICH M7 guideline for assessing and limiting potentially mutagenic impurities and degradation products in drugs. Key aspects of the guidelines are reviewed in the context of drug development, for example the incorporation of genotoxicity assessment into non-clinical toxicity studies, and ways to develop and assess weight of evidence. In both guidelines, the existence of "thresholds" or non-linear dose responses for genotoxicity plays a part in the strategies. Differences in ICH S2(R1) protocol recommendations from OECD guidelines are highlighted and rationales explained. The use of genotoxicity data during clinical development and in assessment of carcinogenic potential is also described. There are no international guidelines on assessment of potentially genotoxic metabolites, but some approaches to safety assessment are discussed for these. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:296-324, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Fujita Y, Morita T, Matsumura S, Kawamoto T, Ito Y, Nishiyama N, Honda H. Comprehensive retrospective evaluation of existing in vitro chromosomal aberration test data by cytotoxicity index transformation. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2016; 802:38-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Fujita Y, Kasamatsu T, Ikeda N, Nishiyama N, Honda H. A retrospective evaluation method for in vitro mammalian genotoxicity tests using cytotoxicity index transformation formulae. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2016; 796:1-7. [PMID: 26778504 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Although in vitro chromosomal aberration tests and micronucleus tests have been widely used for genotoxicity evaluation, false-positive results have been reported under strong cytotoxic conditions. To reduce false-positive results, the new Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) test guideline (TG) recommends the use of a new cytotoxicity index, relative increase in cell count or relative population doubling (RICC/RPD), instead of the traditionally used index, relative cell count (RCC). Although the use of the RICC/RPD may result in different outcomes and require re-evaluation of tested substances, it is impractical to re-evaluate all existing data. Therefore, we established a method to estimate test results from existing RCC data. First, we developed formulae to estimate RICC/RPD from RCC without cell counts by considering cell doubling time and experiment time. Next, the accuracy of the cytotoxicity index transformation formulae was verified by comparing estimated RICC/RPD and measured RICC/RPD for 3 major chemicals associated with false-positive genotoxicity test results: ethyl acrylate, eugenol and p-nitrophenol. Moreover, 25 compounds with false-positive in vitro chromosomal aberration (CA) test results were re-evaluated to establish a retrospective evaluation method based on derived estimated RICC/RPD values. The estimated RICC/RPD values were in good agreement with the measured RICC/RPD values for every concentration and chemical, and the estimated RICC suggested the possibility that 12 chemicals (48%) with previously judged false-positive results in fact had negative results. Our method enables transformation of RCC data into RICC/RPD values with a high degree of accuracy and will facilitate comprehensive retrospective evaluation of test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurika Fujita
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Toshio Kasamatsu
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Naohiro Ikeda
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Naohiro Nishiyama
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Honda
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan.
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Kirkland D, Kasper P, Martus HJ, Müller L, van Benthem J, Madia F, Corvi R. Updated recommended lists of genotoxic and non-genotoxic chemicals for assessment of the performance of new or improved genotoxicity tests. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2016; 795:7-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Özden S, Yüzbaşıoğlu D, Ünal F, Özel M. The determination of possible genetic damage to women undergoing in vitro fertilization due to infertility caused by the male factor. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 74:294-300. [PMID: 25455895 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed at determining possible genetic damage to women who were exposed to in vitro fertilization (IVF) due to infertility with male factor. Four different genotoxicity tests were used in human lymphocytes in this study with regard to chromosomal aberration (CA), sister chromatid exchange (SCE), micronucleus (MN), and comet tests. There was a statistically significant increase in sister chromatid exchange (SCE) test in the study group compared with the control group. In addition, a higher rate of MN frequency was determined only in the 21–30 age range study group compared with the control group in the same age range. On the other hand, MN frequency did not differ significantly between the control and total study groups. In addition, there was no significant difference between the control group and the study group in terms of mitotic (MI), replication (RI), and nuclear division (NDI) indices. Furthermore, there was no statistically significant increase for chromosomal aberration and DNA damage to the study groups. Our results showed that in vitro fertilization treatments have a weak risk at the genetic level in cultured human lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Özden
- Zekai Tahir Burak Women’s Health Education and Resarch Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Bryce SM, Bemis JC, Mereness JA, Spellman RA, Moss J, Dickinson D, Schuler MJ, Dertinger SD. Interpreting in vitro micronucleus positive results: simple biomarker matrix discriminates clastogens, aneugens, and misleading positive agents. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2014; 55:542-555. [PMID: 24756928 DOI: 10.1002/em.21868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The specificity of in vitro mammalian cell genotoxicity assays is low, as they yield a high incidence of positive results that are not observed in animal genotoxicity and carcinogenicity tests, that is, "misleading" or "irrelevant" positives. We set out to develop a rapid and effective follow-up testing strategy that would predict whether apparent in vitro micronucleus-inducing effects are due to a clastogenic, aneugenic, or secondary irrelevant mode(s) of action. Priority was given to biomarkers that could be multiplexed onto flow cytometric acquisition of micronucleus frequencies, or that could be accomplished in parallel using a homogeneous-type assay. A training set of 30 chemicals comprised of clastogens, aneugens, and misleading positive chemicals was studied. These experiments were conducted with human TK6 cells over a range of closely spaced concentrations in a continuous exposure design. In addition to micronucleus frequency, the following endpoints were investigated, most often at time of harvest: cleaved Parp-positive chromatin, cleaved caspase 3-positive chromatin, ethidium monoazide bromide-positive chromatin, polyploid nuclei, phospho-histone H3-positive (metaphase) cells, tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester-negative cells, cellular ATP levels, cell cycle perturbation, and shift in γ-H2AX fluorescence relative to solvent control. Logistic regression was used to identify endpoints that effectively predict chemicals' a priori classification. Cross validation using a leave-one-out approach indicated that a promising base model includes γ-H2AX shift and change in phospho-histone H3-positive events (25/30 correct calls). Improvements were realized when one or two additional endpoints were included (26-30/30 correct calls). These models were further evaluated with a test set of 10 chemicals, and also by evaluating 3 chemicals at a collaborating laboratory. The resulting data support the hypothesis that a matrix of high throughput-compatible biomarkers can effectively delineate two important modes of genotoxic action as well as identify cytotoxicity that can lead to irrelevant positive results.
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The Cosmetics Europe strategy for animal-free genotoxicity testing: Project status up-date. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:18-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sobol Z, Spellman RA, Thiffeault C, Dobo KL, Schuler M. Impact of cell cycle delay on micronucleus frequency in TK6 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2014; 55:64-69. [PMID: 23982927 DOI: 10.1002/em.21810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies with TK6 cells have shown that extending the recovery period after pulse treatment allows for greater micronucleus expression for some compounds. This study explores the role of cell cycle delay in micronucleus expression after pulse treatment with three model genotoxins [mitomycin C, etoposide (ETOP), vinblastine]. Cells were treated for 4 hr and allowed to recover for 36 hr with samples removed at various time points during the recovery period and analyzed for cell cycle distribution, apoptosis and micronucleus frequency. Our results show that mitomycin C causes cell cycle delay for 20 hr after pulse treatment and cell cycle perturbation is no longer evident after 36 hr of recovery. The micronucleus frequency of cells sampled at 36 hr is doubled when compared with cells sampled at 20 hr after mitomycin C removal. When cells were treated with indirect acting genotoxins (ETOP, vinblastine), cell cycle perturbation was not observed at the 20 hr time point. Micronucleus frequency after treatment with either ETOP or vinblastine did not differ between the 20 hr and the 36 hr time point. All three compounds induced similar levels of apoptosis ranging from 4.5 to 5.6% with maximum induction occurring at the 36-hr time point. We conclude that TK6 cells exhibit extended cell cycle arrest after exposure to MMC and can go on to express micronuclei, after overcoming cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanna Sobol
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Genetic Toxicology Center of Expertise, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut
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Budinsky R, Gollapudi B, Albertini RJ, Valentine R, Stavanja M, Teeguarden J, Fensterheim R, Rick D, Lardie T, McFadden L, Green A, Recio L. Nonlinear responses for chromosome and gene level effects induced by vinyl acetate monomer and its metabolite, acetaldehyde in TK6 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2013; 54:755-768. [PMID: 24038327 DOI: 10.1002/em.21809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Vinyl acetate monomer (VAM) produced rat nasal tumors at concentrations in the hundreds of parts per million. However, VAM is weakly genotoxic in vitro and shows no genotoxicity in vivo. A European Union Risk Assessment concluded that VAM's hydrolysis to acetaldehyde (AA), via carboxylesterase, is a critical key event in VAM's carcinogenic potential. In the following study, we observed increases in micronuclei (MN) and thymidine kinase (Tk) mutants that were dependent on the ability of TK6 cell culture conditions to rapidly hydrolyze VAM to AA. Heat-inactivated horse serum demonstrated a high capacity to hydrolyze VAM to AA; this activity was highly correlated with a concomitant increase in MN. In contrast, heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) did not hydrolyze VAM and no increase in MN was observed. AA's ability to induce MN was not impacted by either serum since it directly forms Schiff bases with DNA and proteins. Increased mutant frequency at the Tk locus was similarly mitigated when AA formation was not sufficiently rapid, such as incubating VAM in the presence of FBS for 4 hr. Interestingly, neither VAM nor AA induced mutations at the HPRT locus. Finally, cytotoxicity paralleled genotoxicity demonstrating that a small degree of cytotoxicity occurred prior to increases in MN. These results established 0.25 mM as a consistent concentration where genotoxicity first occurred for both VAM and AA provided VAM is hydrolyzed to AA. This information further informs significant key events related to the mode of action of VAM-induced nasal mucosal tumors in rats.
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Gonzalez L, Lukamowicz-Rajska M, Thomassen LCJ, Kirschhock CEA, Leyns L, Lison D, Martens JA, Elhajouji A, Kirsch-Volders M. Co-assessment of cell cycle and micronucleus frequencies demonstrates the influence of serum on thein vitrogenotoxic response to amorphous monodisperse silica nanoparticles of varying sizes. Nanotoxicology 2013; 8:876-84. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2013.842266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Kimura A, Miyata A, Honma M. A combination of in vitro comet assay and micronucleus test using human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells. Mutagenesis 2013; 28:583-90. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/get036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Azqueta A, Arbillaga L, Lopez de Cerain A, Collins A. Enhancing the sensitivity of the comet assay as a genotoxicity test, by combining it with bacterial repair enzyme FPG. Mutagenesis 2013; 28:271-7. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/get002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Misled by animal studies and basic research? Whenever we take a closer look at the outcome of clinical trials in a field such as, most recently, stroke or septic shock, we see how limited the value of our preclinical models was. For all indications, 95% of drugs that enter clinical trials do not make it to the market, despite all promise of the (animal) models used to develop them. Drug development has started already to decrease its reliance on animal models: In Europe, for example, despite increasing R&D expenditure, animal use by pharmaceutical companies dropped by more than 25% from 2005 to 2008. In vitro studies are likewise limited: questionable cell authenticity, over-passaging, mycoplasma infections, and lack of differentiation as well as non-homeostatic and non-physiologic culture conditions endanger the relevance of these models. The standards of statistics and reporting often are poor, further impairing reliability. Alarming studies from industry show miserable reproducibility of landmark studies. This paper discusses factors contributing to the lack of reproducibility and relevance of pre-clinical research. THE CONCLUSION Publish less but of better quality and do not rely on the face value of animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hartung
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, CAAT, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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21
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The Evolution, Scientific Reasoning and Use of ICH S2 Guidelines for Genotoxicity Testing of Pharmaceuticals. GLOBAL APPROACH IN SAFETY TESTING 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5950-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
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Guccini S, Lombardi S, Pisani A, Piaggi S, Scarpato R. Effects of spindle poisons in peripheral human lymphocytes by the in vitro cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. Mutagenesis 2012; 27:749-58. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/ges044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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23
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Reduction of misleading (“false”) positive results in mammalian cell genotoxicity assays. II. Importance of accurate toxicity measurement. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2012; 747:104-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Development and validation of an in vitro micronucleus assay platform in TK6 cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2012; 746:29-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Zacharaki P, Stephanou G, Demopoulos NA. Comparison of the aneugenic properties of nocodazole, paclitaxel and griseofulvin in vitro. Centrosome defects and alterations in protein expression profiles. J Appl Toxicol 2012; 33:869-79. [PMID: 22431130 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have comparatively investigated the aneugenic activity of two anticancer drugs, nocodazole (NOC) and paclitaxel (PTX), and the antifungal griseofulvin with promising role in cancer treatment (GF), which affect microtubule dynamics in different ways. The comparison was achieved in HFFF2 human fibroblasts, MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and C2C12 mouse myoblasts, and focused on three issues: (i) induction of chromosome delay by estimation of MN frequency using CREST analysis; (ii) disturbance of spindle organization with Aurora-A/β-tubulin immunofluorescence; and (iii) alterations in the expression of Aurora-A, β- and γ-tubulin by western blotting. They induced chromosome delay, provoked metaphase arrest and promoted microtubule disorganization, reflecting their common characteristic of generating aneuploidy. In particular, NOC induced mainly monopolar metaphases, although PTX induced only multipolar metaphases. GF generated different types of abnormal metaphases, exhibiting cell specificity. Additionally, NOC decreased the expression of Aurora-A and β-tubulin, while the opposite held true for PTX and GF. γ-Tubulin expression was not modulated owing to NOC treatment, whereas PTX and GF increased γ-tubulin expression. Our findings throw a light on the manifestation of the aneugenicity of the studied compounds through centrosome proliferation/separation and protein expression, reflecting their different effects on microtubule dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polyxeni Zacharaki
- Division of Genetics, Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26 500, Patras, Greece
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26
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Doktorova TY, Pauwels M, Vinken M, Vanhaecke T, Rogiers V. Opportunities for an alternative integrating testing strategy for carcinogen hazard assessment? Crit Rev Toxicol 2011; 42:91-106. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2011.623151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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27
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Kirkland D. Improvements in the reliability ofin vitrogenotoxicity testing. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2011; 7:1513-20. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2011.627855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Hashimoto K, Nakajima Y, Uematsu R, Matsumura S, Chatani F. Involvement of p53 function in different magnitude of genotoxic and cytotoxic responses in in vitro micronucleus assays. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2011; 726:21-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Honma M. Cytotoxicity measurement in in vitro chromosome aberration test and micronucleus test. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2011; 724:86-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Galloway S, Lorge E, Aardema MJ, Eastmond D, Fellows M, Heflich R, Kirkland D, Levy DD, Lynch AM, Marzin D, Morita T, Schuler M, Speit G. Workshop summary: Top concentration for in vitro mammalian cell genotoxicity assays; and report from working group on toxicity measures and top concentration for in vitro cytogenetics assays (chromosome aberrations and micronucleus). MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2011; 723:77-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kirsch-Volders M, Plas G, Elhajouji A, Lukamowicz M, Gonzalez L, Vande Loock K, Decordier I. The in vitro MN assay in 2011: origin and fate, biological significance, protocols, high throughput methodologies and toxicological relevance. Arch Toxicol 2011; 85:873-99. [PMID: 21537955 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0691-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Micronuclei (MN) are small, extranuclear bodies that arise in dividing cells from acentric chromosome/chromatid fragments or whole chromosomes/chromatids lagging behind in anaphase and are not included in the daughter nuclei at telophase. The mechanisms of MN formation are well understood; their possible postmitotic fate is less evident. The MN assay allows detection of both aneugens and clastogens, shows simplicity of scoring, is widely applicable in different cell types, is internationally validated, has potential for automation and is predictive for cancer. The cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay (CBMN) allows assessment of nucleoplasmic bridges, nuclear buds, cell division inhibition, necrosis and apoptosis and in combination with FISH using centromeric probes, the mechanistic origin of the MN. Therefore, the CBMN test can be considered as a "cytome" assay covering chromosome instability, mitotic dysfunction, cell proliferation and cell death. The toxicological relevance of the MN test is strong: it covers several endpoints, its sensitivity is high, its predictivity for in vivo genotoxicity requires adequate selection of cell lines, its statistical power is increased by the recently available high throughput methodologies, it might become a possible candidate for replacing in vivo testing, it allows good extrapolation for potential limits of exposure or thresholds and it is traceable in experimental in vitro and in vivo systems. Implementation of in vitro MN assays in the test battery for hazard and risk assessment of potential mutagens/carcinogens is therefore fully justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheline Kirsch-Volders
- Laboratorium voor Cellulaire Genetica, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Gonzalez L, Sanderson BJS, Kirsch-Volders M. Adaptations of the in vitro MN assay for the genotoxicity assessment of nanomaterials. Mutagenesis 2011; 26:185-91. [PMID: 21164201 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geq088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The issue of appropriate testing strategies has been raised for the genotoxicity assessment of nanomaterials. Recently, efforts have been made to evaluate the adequacy of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development-standardised tests to assess the genotoxicity of nanomaterials. The aim of this review was to examine whether the current guideline for the in vitro micronucleus (MN) assay is applicable for testing nanomaterials. From a Pubmed literature search, 21 available studies were identified for analysis. We reviewed all protocols used for testing nanomaterials with the in vitro MN assay. All studies were categorised based on the particle type and size. Different aspects of the protocols were evaluated such as the exposure (duration and doses), the cytochalasin-B treatment, serum levels and cytotoxicity assessment. Sixteen of the 21 studies demonstrated increased frequencies of MN. Some recommendations regarding the protocol were formulated to maximise sensitivity and avoid false negatives. Determination of the cellular dose was advised for a better interpretation of MN frequency results. The level of serum can modulate the cellular response, therefore the serum percentage used should enable cell growth and proliferation and a maximal sensitivity of the assay. Furthermore, different types of cytochalasin-B treatment were used, co-treatment, post-treatment and delayed co-treatment. In order to avoid decreased cellular uptake as a consequence of actin inhibition, post-treatment or delayed co-treatment is suggested. Exposure during mitosis should be recommended to allow contact with the chromatin or mitotic apparatus for nanomaterials that are unable to cross the nuclear membrane. With these adaptations, the in vitro MN assay can be recommended for genotoxicity testing of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gonzalez
- Laboratorium voor Cellulaire Genetica, Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Kirkland D, Reeve L, Gatehouse D, Vanparys P. A core in vitro genotoxicity battery comprising the Ames test plus the in vitro micronucleus test is sufficient to detect rodent carcinogens and in vivo genotoxins. Mutat Res 2011; 721:27-73. [PMID: 21238603 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In vitro genotoxicity testing needs to include tests in both bacterial and mammalian cells, and be able to detect gene mutations, chromosomal damage and aneuploidy. This may be achieved by a combination of the Ames test (detects gene mutations) and the in vitro micronucleus test (MNvit), since the latter detects both chromosomal aberrations and aneuploidy. In this paper we therefore present an analysis of an existing database of rodent carcinogens and a new database of in vivo genotoxins in terms of the in vitro genotoxicity tests needed to detect their in vivo activity. Published in vitro data from at least one test system (most were from the Ames test) were available for 557 carcinogens and 405 in vivo genotoxins. Because there are fewer publications on the MNvit than for other mammalian cell tests, and because the concordance between the MNvit and the in vitro chromosomal aberration (CAvit) test is so high for clastogenic activity, positive results in the CAvit test were taken as indicative of a positive result in the MNvit where there were no, or only inadequate data for the latter. Also, because Hprt and Tk loci both detect gene-mutation activity, a positive Hprt test was taken as indicative of a mouse-lymphoma Tk assay (MLA)-positive, where there were no data for the latter. Almost all of the 962 rodent carcinogens and in vivo genotoxins were detected by an in vitro battery comprising Ames+MNvit. An additional 11 carcinogens and six in vivo genotoxins would apparently be detected by the MLA, but many of these had not been tested in the MNvit or CAvit tests. Only four chemicals emerge as potentially being more readily detected in MLA than in Ames+MNvit--benzyl acetate, toluene, morphine and thiabendazole--and none of these are convincing cases to argue for the inclusion of the MLA in addition to Ames+MNvit. Thus, there is no convincing evidence that any genotoxic rodent carcinogens or in vivo genotoxins would remain undetected in an in vitro test battery consisting of Ames+MNvit.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kirkland
- Kirkland Consulting, PO Box 79, Tadcaster LS24 0AS, United Kingdom.
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Parry JM, Kirsch-Volders M. Special issue on in vitro MN trial. Mutat Res 2010; 702:132-134. [PMID: 20654729 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In this commentary we are addressing some additional thoughts on the in vitro MN test: its predictivity for in vivo MN assays, its sensitivity, and how the choice of the cell line and the protocol (with or without cytochalasin-B) can influence these aspects. These considerations might help to make the in vitro MN test a reliable, toxicologically relevant and sensitive in vitro genotoxicity test covering both clastogenic and aneugenic events, and predictive for in vivo genotoxicity, in humans as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Parry
- School of Medicine, University of Wales-Swansea, Swansea, United Kingdom
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