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Souza DVD, Takeshita WM, Castro GMD, Renno ACM, Santos JND, Ribeiro DA. The use of micronucleus assay in exfoliated oral cells in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Braz Oral Res 2023; 37:e116. [PMID: 37970936 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2023.vol37.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate published papers regarding the micronucleus assay in oral mucosal cells of patients undergoing orthodontic therapy (OT). A search of the scientific literature was made in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for all data published until November, 2021 using the combination of the following keywords: "fixed orthodontic therapy," "genetic damage", "DNA damage," "genotoxicity", "mutagenicity", "buccal cells", "oral mucosa cells," and "micronucleus assay". The systematic review was designed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Nine studies were retrieved. Some authors demonstrated that OT induces cytogenetic damage in oral mucosal cells. Out of the nine studies included, two were classified as strong, five as moderate, and two as weak, according to the quality assessment components of the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP). Meta-analysis data revealed no relationship between mutagenicity in oral cells and OT in different months of treatment. At one month, the SMD = 0.65 and p = 0.08; after three months of OT, the SMD = 1.21 and p = 0.07; and after six months of OT, the SMD = 0.56 and p = 0.11. In the analyzed months of OT, I2 values were >75%, indicating high heterogeneity. In summary, this review was not able to demonstrate that OT induces genetic damage in oral cells. The study is important for the protection of patients undergoing fixed OT, given that mutagenesis participates in the multi-step process of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vitor de Souza
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Unifesp, Institute of Health and Society, Department of Biosciences, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Glaucia Monteiro de Castro
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Unifesp, Institute of Health and Society, Department of Biosciences, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Muniz Renno
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Unifesp, Institute of Health and Society, Department of Biosciences, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Jean Nunes Dos Santos
- Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Diagnosis and Therapeutics, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Unifesp, Institute of Health and Society, Department of Biosciences, Santos, SP, Brazil
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Angeles-Estrada L, Pérez-Soto E, Pérez-Vielma NM, Gómez-López M, Sánchez-Monroy V. Oxidative stress and genotoxicity in oral epithelial cells from subjects undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:4225-4231. [PMID: 37198285 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of fixed orthodontic appliances on oxidative stress (OS) and genotoxicity from oral epithelial cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples of oral epithelial cells were obtained from fifty-one healthy voluntary subjects who had an indication for orthodontic treatment. The samples were obtained before treatment and after 6 and 9 months of treatment. OS was evaluated by quantitating 8-hydroxy-2'deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and by performing relative gene expression with antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). DNA degradation and instability were evaluated by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and fragment analysis for human identification. RESULTS The quantitation results showed that 8-OHdG increased during treatment, although this increase was not statistically significant. SOD increased by 2.5- and 2.6-fold after 6 and 9 months of treatment, respectively. CAT increased by threefold after 6 months of treatment, while after 9 months of treatment, the expression level decreased to a level similar to that before treatment. DNA degradation was found in 8% and 12% of DNA samples after 6 and 9 months of treatment, respectively, while DNA instability was detected in only 2% and 8% of DNA samples after 6 and 9 months of treatment, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that OS and genotoxicity slightly changed after treatment with a fixed orthodontic appliance; in addition, a biological adaptation response to the treatment may occur after 6 months. CLINICAL RELEVANCE OS and genotoxicity in the buccal cavity are risk factors for oral and systemic diseases. This risk may be reduced through antioxidant supplementation, by using thermoplastic materials, or by reducing the orthodontic treatment time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Angeles-Estrada
- Unidad de Especialidades Odontológicas, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, México City, Estado de México, México
| | - Elvia Pérez-Soto
- Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Nadia Mabel Pérez-Vielma
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias de la Salud Unidad Santo Tomás, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Modesto Gómez-López
- Sección de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Salvador Díaz Mirón esq. Plan de san Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, Ciudad de México, CP11340, México
| | - Virginia Sánchez-Monroy
- Sección de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Salvador Díaz Mirón esq. Plan de san Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, Ciudad de México, CP11340, México.
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Durgo K, Orešić S, Rinčić Mlinarić M, Fiket Ž, Jurešić GČ. Toxicity of Metal Ions Released from a Fixed Orthodontic Appliance to Gastrointestinal Tract Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9940. [PMID: 37373088 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of toxicity and cellular response to metal ions present in the environment is still a very current area of research. In this work, which is a continuation of the study of the toxicity of metal ions released by fixed orthodontic appliances, eluates of archwires, brackets, ligatures, and bands are used to test the prooxidant effect, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity on cell lines of the gastrointestinal tract. Eluates obtained after three immersion periods (3, 7, and 14 days) and with known amounts and types of metal ions were used. Four cell lines-CAL 27 (human tongue), Hep-G2 (liver), AGS (stomach) and CaCo-2 (colon)-were treated with each type of eluate at four concentrations (0.1×, 0.5×, 1.0×, and 2.0×) for 24 h. Most eluates had toxic effects on CAL 27 cells over the entire concentration range regardless of exposure time, while CaCo-2 proved to be the most resistant. In AGS and Hep-G2 cells, all samples tested induced free radical formation, with the highest concentration (2×) causing a decrease in free radicals formed compared to the lowest concentrations. Eluates containing Cr, Mn, and Al showed a slight pro-oxidant effect on DNA (on plasmid φX-174 RF I) and slight genotoxicity (comet assay), but these effects are not so great that the human body could not "resist" them. Statistical analysis of data on chemical composition, cytotoxicity, ROS, genotoxicity, and prooxidative DNA damage shows the influence of metal ions present in some eluates on the toxicity obtained. Fe and Ni are responsible for the production of ROS, while Mn and Cr have a great influence on hydroxyl radicals, which cause single-strand breaks in supercoiled plasmid DNA in addition to the production of ROS. On the other hand, Fe, Cr, Mn, and Al are responsible for the cytotoxic effect of the studied eluates. The obtained results confirm that this type of research is useful and brings us closer to more accurate in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenija Durgo
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Universtiy of Zagreb, Pierrotijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sunčana Orešić
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Universtiy of Zagreb, Pierrotijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Željka Fiket
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordana Čanadi Jurešić
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universtiy of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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Wishney M, Mahadevan S, Cornwell JA, Savage T, Proschogo N, Darendeliler MA, Zoellner H. Toxicity of Orthodontic Brackets Examined by Single Cell Tracking. TOXICS 2022; 10:460. [PMID: 36006139 PMCID: PMC9413677 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10080460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Subtle toxic effects may be masked in traditional assays that average or summate the response of thousands of cells. We overcome this by using the recent method of single cell tracking in time-lapse recordings. This follows the fate and behavior of individual cells and their progeny and provides unambiguous results for multiple simultaneous biological responses. Further, single cell tracking permits correlation between progeny relationships and cell behavior that is not otherwise possible, including disruption by toxins and toxicants of similarity between paired sister cells. Notably, single cell tracking seems not to have been previously used to study biomaterials toxicity. The culture medium was pre-conditioned by 79 days incubation with orthodontic brackets from seven separate commercial sources. Metal levels were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Metal levels varied amongst conditioned media, with elevated Cr, Mn, Ni, and Cu and often Mo, Pb, Zn, Pd, and Ag were occasionally found. The effect on human dermal fibroblasts was determined by single cell tracking. All bracket-conditioned media reduced cell division (p < 0.05), while some reduced cell migration (p < 0.05). Most bracket-conditioned media increased the rate of asynchronous sister cell division (p < 0.05), a seemingly novel measure for toxicity. No clear effect on cell morphology was seen. We conclude that orthodontic brackets have cytotoxic effects, and that single cell tracking is effective for the study of subtle biomaterials cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Wishney
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Sydney Dental School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney Dental Hospital, Surry Hills, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Swarna Mahadevan
- The Cellular and Molecular Pathology Research Unit, Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Sydney Dental School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead Centre for Oral Health, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - James Anthony Cornwell
- The Cellular and Molecular Pathology Research Unit, Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Sydney Dental School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead Centre for Oral Health, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tom Savage
- School of Geosciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Nick Proschogo
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - M. Ali Darendeliler
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Sydney Dental School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney Dental Hospital, Surry Hills, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Hans Zoellner
- The Cellular and Molecular Pathology Research Unit, Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Sydney Dental School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead Centre for Oral Health, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of NSW, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
- Strongarch Pty Ltd., Pennant Hills, NSW 2120, Australia
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de Menezes L, da Silveira R, Gonçalves T, de Souza Schacher H. Ion release and surface roughness of silver soldered bands with two different polishing methods: An in-vitro study. J Orthod Sci 2022; 11:11. [PMID: 35754427 PMCID: PMC9214416 DOI: 10.4103/jos.jos_157_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the surface roughness and ion release of silver-soldered joints by using two polishing methods. METHODS: 174 orthodontic bands with and without silver-soldered joints were evaluated and divided into three groups: two experimental, with different polishing methods (SP1 and SP2), and one control (SS) composed of bands without silver solder. For ionic release, 50 bands of each group were immersed in saline solution and submitted to atomic absorption spectrophotometry to quantify the amount of Fe, Ni, Cr (in all the three groups), Ag, Cu, Cd, and Zn (in the two experimental groups). A rugosimeter was employed to verify the surface roughness. RESULTS: Ni and Cr were released in higher amounts after soldering. Cd, Ag, Zn, and Cu may be released from silver-soldered bands independently of the polishing method employed. Ag was released in higher amounts from the soldered bands that presented higher surface roughness. CONCLUSIONS: Differences exist in relation to the surface roughness of silver-soldered bands when distinct polishing methods are used. Toxic ions may be released from silver soldered joints and higher surface roughness may cause higher ionic release.
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Primožič J, Poljšak B, Jamnik P, Kovač V, Čanadi Jurešić G, Spalj S. Risk Assessment of Oxidative Stress Induced by Metal Ions Released from Fixed Orthodontic Appliances during Treatment and Indications for Supportive Antioxidant Therapy: A Narrative Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1359. [PMID: 34572993 PMCID: PMC8471328 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances could have an important role in the induction of oxidative stress and associated negative consequences. Because of the simultaneous effects of corrosion, deformation, friction, and mechanical stress on fixed orthodontic appliances during treatment, degradation of orthodontic brackets and archwires occurs, causing higher concentrations of metal ions in the oral cavity. Corroded appliances cause the release of metal ions, which may lead to the increased values of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to metal-catalyzed free radical reactions. Chromium, iron, nickel, cobalt, titanium, and molybdenum all belong to the group of transition metals that can be subjected to redox reactions to form ROS. The estimation of health risk due to the amount of heavy metals released and the level of selected parameters of oxidative stress generated for the time of treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances is presented. Approaches to avoid oxidative stress and recommendations for the preventive use of topical or systemic antioxidants during orthodontic treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Primožič
- Department of Orthodontics and Jaw Orthopedics, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Borut Poljšak
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Polona Jamnik
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Vito Kovač
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Gordana Čanadi Jurešić
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Stjepan Spalj
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
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Ajami S, Dadras S, Faghih Z, Shobeiri SS, Mahdian A. In Vitro evaluation of immediate cytotoxicity of resterilised orthodontic bands on HGF-1 cell line. Int Orthod 2021; 19:500-504. [PMID: 34016572 DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the immediate cytotoxic effects of orthodontic molar bands, on HGF-1 cell line, after multiple times of sterilization following size selection procedure. MATERIAL AND METHODS 48 stainless steel orthodontic molar bands were divided into 4 groups according to times of sterilization (1, 2, 4 and 8 times). A liquid extract containing the ions released from each band was prepared and the HGF-1 cell line was exposed to the extracts. 2 control groups (positive and negative) were designated. An MTT assay was performed, and the absorbance was read at 492nm in a microplate reader (Antos 2020, Austria). RESULTS There was no significant difference in pure optical density (OD) among the 4 groups (P=0.749) however a statistically significant difference was seen between the positive control group and other 4 groups (P<0.001). CONCLUSION The stainless-steel orthodontic bands used in this study were inert as manufactured and even multiple times of sterilization did not decrease the biocompatibility of these bands for clinical use. The present study shows that clinicians can sterilize the tried-in molar bands for at least 8 times without any risk of cytotoxicity for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Ajami
- Orthodontic Research Centre, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeideh Dadras
- Orthodontic Research Centre, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Faghih
- Cancer Immunology Group, Shiraz Institute of Cancer Research, School of medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeideh Sadat Shobeiri
- Cellular and Molecular Research center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Arezoo Mahdian
- Orthodontic Research Centre, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Nimeri G, Curry J, Berzins D, Liu D, Ahuja B, Lobner D. Cytotoxic evaluation of two orthodontic silver solder materials on human periodontal ligament fibroblast cells and the effects of antioxidant and antiapoptotic reagents. Angle Orthod 2021; 91:349-355. [PMID: 33492364 DOI: 10.2319/050620-405.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the cytotoxicity effects of two different solder materials used for orthodontic appliances on human periodontal ligament fibroblast (HPLF) cells, and to determine whether the mechanism of toxicity may involve oxidative stress and apoptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The silver solder samples (Leone and Summit) were soldered to orthodontic stainless steel bands and exposed to HPLF cells via cell culture inserts for 48 hours. Cytotoxicity effect of the soldered materials on HPLF cells was measured via tetrazolium salt 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay (n = 10/sample) and morphological observation. In addition, the mechanism of cytotoxicity of the most toxic silver solder was investigated using both a caspase inhibitor Z-VAL-Ala-Asp-flu-oromethylketone (ZVAD-fmk) and the free radical scavenger Trolox (n = 8/sample). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance with a Bonferroni test. P < .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Compared to the control (no treatment, cells only), both silver solders were cytotoxic (P < .001). The bands alone were significantly cytotoxic compared to the control. There was a significant difference in cytotoxicity between the stainless steel bands alone and the Summit silver solder (P < .001), but not the Leone silver solder. The Summit silver solder was more cytotoxic than the Leone silver solder (P < .05). MTT results were supported by the microscopic morphological changes of the HPLF cells. Neither ZVAD-fmk nor Trolox provided significant protection. CONCLUSIONS The two silver solder materials demonstrated different levels of cytotoxicity, and neither oxidative stress nor apoptosis is involved in the mechanism of cytotoxicity.
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Kovač V, Poljšak B, Primožič J, Jamnik P. Are Metal Ions That Make up Orthodontic Alloys Cytotoxic, and Do They Induce Oxidative Stress in a Yeast Cell Model? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217993. [PMID: 33121155 PMCID: PMC7662645 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Compositions of stainless steel, nickel-titanium, cobalt-chromium and β-titanium orthodontic alloys were simulated with mixtures of Fe, Ni, Cr, Co, Ti and Mo metal ions as potential oxidative stress-triggering agents. Wild-type yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and two mutants ΔSod1 and ΔCtt1 were used as model organisms to assess the cytotoxicity and oxidative stress occurrence. Metal mixtures at concentrations of 1, 10, 100 and 1000 µM were prepared out of metal chlorides and used to treat yeast cells for 24 h. Every simulated orthodontic alloy at 1000 µM was cytotoxic, and, in the case of cobalt-chromium alloy, even 100 µM was cytotoxic. Reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage were detected for stainless steel and both cobalt-chromium alloys at 1000 µM in wild-type yeast and 100 µM in the ΔSod1 and ΔCtt1 mutants. Simulated nickel-titanium and β-titanium alloy did not induce oxidative stress in any of the tested strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Kovač
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (V.K.); (B.P.)
| | - Borut Poljšak
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (V.K.); (B.P.)
| | - Jasmina Primožič
- Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Polona Jamnik
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva ulica 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-1-3203-729
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In Vitro Determination of Genotoxicity Induced by Brackets Alloys in Cultures of Human Gingival Fibroblasts. J Toxicol 2020; 2020:1467456. [PMID: 33488703 PMCID: PMC7787846 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1467456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthodontic brackets release ions that can be reabsorbed in the oral mucosa, potentially causing complications, including cytotoxic effects and mutagenic alterations. The aim was to evaluate the genotoxicity induced by orthodontic appliance alloys in cultures of human gingival fibroblasts by comet assay. Eluates were obtained from the following brackets alloys: EconoLine (SS: stainless steel), MiniMirage (Ni-Ti: nickel-titanium), Nu-Edge (Co-Cr: cobalt-chromium), In-Vu (PC-polycrystals (PC) aluminum oxide), and Monocrystal IZE (monocrystalline (MC) aluminum oxide). Each bracket was sterilized and exposed to a corrosive process for 35 days. The obtained eluates were tested for genotoxicity of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFA) by the alkaline comet assay. All study groups showed genotoxic effects; there was a significant difference (p < 0.0001) among groups. The eluates obtained from Ni-Ti showed a 16-times greater genotoxic effect. There were differences in genotoxicity after comparing the Ni-Ti with SS (p < 0.01) and Co-Cr brackets (p < 0.001). The ceramic was more genotoxic than metallic brackets (SS and Co-Cr), but less than the Ni-Ti. This in vitro model will be useful for further study of early DNA damage caused by brackets and other biomaterials used in the oral cavity before their introduction into the clinical setting.
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The Impact of Engineered Silver Nanomaterials on the Immune System. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10050967. [PMID: 32443602 PMCID: PMC7712063 DOI: 10.3390/nano10050967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades there has been a tremendous volume of research efforts focused on engineering silver-based (nano)materials. The interest in silver has been mostly driven by the element capacity to kill pathogenic bacteria. In this context, the main area of application has been medical devices that are at significant risk of becoming colonized by bacteria and subsequently infected. However, silver nanomaterials have been incorporated in a number of other commercial products which may or may not benefit from antibacterial protection. The rapid expansion of such products raises important questions about a possible adverse influence on human health. This review focuses on examining currently available literature and summarizing the current state of knowledge of the impact of silver (nano)materials on the immune system. The review also looks at various surface modification strategies used to generate silver-based nanomaterials and the immunomodulatory potential of these materials. It also highlights the immune response triggered by various silver-coated implantable devices and provides guidance and perspective towards engineering silver nanomaterials for modulating immunological consequences.
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Bandeira AM, Martinez EF, Demasi APD. Evaluation of toxicity and response to oxidative stress generated by orthodontic bands in human gingival fibroblasts. Angle Orthod 2019; 90:285-290. [PMID: 31804141 DOI: 10.2319/110717-761.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the cytotoxicity of stainless-steel orthodontic bands and their influence on the expression of the antioxidant genes in human gingival fibroblasts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten bands of each brand (Dentsply-Sirona, Dentaurum, TP Orthodontics, and Morelli) were conditioned in 0.2 g/mL culture medium at 37°C for 14 days, and the corresponding conditioned media were applied over the fibroblasts. Cell viability was assessed after 24, 48, and 72 hours of exposure to the conditioned media by trypan blue exclusion assay. Expression of the antioxidant defense genes peroxiredoxin 1 (PRDX1), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) were evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction after 24 hours of exposure. These parameters were compared to those of the cells not exposed to the conditioned media of the bands (control). RESULTS All bands promoted a reduction in the number of viable cells in the periods of 48 and 72 hours (P < .01). Analysis of gene expression showed a significant increase in the levels of PRDX1 transcripts caused by the conditioned media of the Dentsply-Sirona, TP Orthodontics, and Morelli bands (P < .01) as well as induction of SOD1 by the conditioned media of the Dentaurum and Morelli (P < .01). Expression of GPX1 was not influenced by the conditioned media. CONCLUSIONS The orthodontic bands showed toxicity to fibroblasts and increased the expression of PRDX1 and SOD1 antioxidant genes, indicating induction of oxidative stress in the cells.
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Cytotoxic outcomes of orthodontic bands with and without silver solder in different cell lineages. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2017; 151:957-963. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2016.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Origanum majorana Essential Oil Lacks Mutagenic Activity in the Salmonella/Microsome and Micronucleus Assays. ScientificWorldJournal 2016; 2016:3694901. [PMID: 27891531 PMCID: PMC5116495 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3694901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the in vitro mutagenic activity of Origanum majorana essential oil. The most abundant compounds identified by GC-MS were γ-terpinene (25.73%), α-terpinene (17.35%), terpinen-4-ol (17.24%), and sabinene (10.8%). Mutagenicity was evaluated by the Salmonella/microsome test using the preincubation procedure on TA98, TA97a, TA100, TA102, and TA1535 Salmonella typhimurium strains, in the absence or in the presence of metabolic activation. Cytotoxicity was detected at concentrations higher than 0.04 μL/plate in the absence of S9 mix and higher than 0.08 μL/plate in the presence of S9 mix and no gene mutation increase was observed. For the in vitro mammalian cell micronucleus test, V79 Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts were used. Cytotoxicity was only observed at concentrations higher than or equal to 0.05 μg/mL. Moreover, when tested in noncytotoxic concentrations, O. majorana essential oil was not able to induce chromosome mutation. The results from this study therefore suggest that O. majorana essential oil is not mutagenic at the concentrations tested in the Salmonella/microsome and micronucleus assays.
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Rinaldi MRL, de Lima EM, de Menezes LM, Rizzatto SMD, Matje PRB, Ribeiro RVP. Eruption rates of lower second premolars at different development stages evaluated with cone-beam computed tomography. Angle Orthod 2016; 87:570-575. [PMID: 27684190 DOI: 10.2319/071116-548.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate and compare the eruption rates of lower second premolars (LPm2) at different developmental stages using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospectively, 31 individuals (9.77 ± 1.25 years) had their LPm2 scored according to the Demirjian method, and afterwards they were split into three groups according to developmental stage, as follows: D = complete-formed crowns; E = root length less than crown height; and F = root length greater than or equal to crown height. Linear distances from the LPm2 crown tip to the anatomical reference line (ARL) and to the occlusal plane line (OPL) were measured in paired CBCT scans (T1, T2), taken with an average interval of 8.6 months between them. Eruption rates (mm/y) were calculated and then compared between groups. RESULTS Eruption rates were greater for LPm2 at stage F than at stages D or E (P < .01) regardless of whether they were measured from the ARL (D = 2.84 mm/y; E = 2.55 mm/y; F = 5.38 mm/y) or from the OPL (D = 1.82 mm/y; E = 2.02 mm/y; F = 5.26 mm/y). Eruption rates evaluated from the ARL and the OPL had no statistically significant differences (P = .052), and a positive correlation (r = .79, P < .001) between them was observed. CONCLUSIONS LPm2 at Demirjian stage F showed greater eruption rates than at stages D or E, regardless of whether rates were measured from the ARL or the OPL. Faster eruption is expected for LPm2 at stage F. Evaluation of the LPm2's developmental stage using CBCT can aid in clinical decision making regarding the correct timing for intervention.
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In vivo evaluation of the genotoxic effects of Hyrax auxiliary orthodontic appliances containing silver-soldered joints. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 791:25-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Martín-Cameán A, Jos Á, Mellado-García P, Iglesias-Linares A, Solano E, Cameán AM. In vitro and in vivo evidence of the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of metal ions released by orthodontic appliances: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 40:86-113. [PMID: 26093195 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Intraoral fixed orthodontic appliances are frequently used in the clinical practice of dentistry. They are made from alloys containing different metals at various percentages. The use of these appliances leads to the long-term exposure of patients to these materials, and the potential toxic effects of this exposure raises concerns about patient safety. Thus, the biocompatibility (corrosion behaviour and toxicity) of these materials has to be evaluated prior to clinical use. In the present report, the most recent studies in the scientific literature examining metal ion release from orthodontic appliances and the toxic effects of these ions have been reviewed with a special focus on cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Previous studies suggest that a case-by-case safety evaluation is required to take into account the increasing variability of materials, their composition and the manufacturing processes. Moreover, in vivo toxicity studies in regard to metal release, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity are still scarce. Therefore, in vitro and in vivo monitoring studies are needed to establish cause-effect relationships between metal ion release and biomarkers of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Further investigations could be performed to elucidate the toxic mechanisms involved in the observed effects with a special emphasis on oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martín-Cameán
- Stomatology Department, School of Dentistry, University of Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Ángeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | - Enrique Solano
- Stomatology Department, School of Dentistry, University of Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Spain
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