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de Gregorio LS, Franco-Belussi L, Goldberg J, De Oliveira C. Nonylphenol and cyproterone acetate effects in the liver and gonads of Lithobates catesbeianus (Anura) tadpoles and juveniles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:62593-62604. [PMID: 34196865 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14599-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution plays an important role in amphibian population decline. Contamination with endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is particularly worrying due to their capacity to adversely affect organisms at low doses. We hypothesized that exposure to EDCs such as 4-nonylphenol (NP) and cyproterone acetate (CPA) could trigger responses in the liver and gonads, due to toxic and endocrine disrupting effects. Growth rate may also be impaired by contamination. We investigated sublethal effects of a 28-day exposure to three different concentrations of NP and CPA on liver pigmentation, gonadal morphology, body mass, and length of tadpoles and juveniles Lithobates catesbeianus. Liver pigmentation and the gonadal morphologies of treated tadpoles did not differ from control, but growth rate was impaired by both pollutants. Juveniles treated with 10 μg/L NP and 0.025 and 0.25 ng/L CPA displayed increased liver melanin pigmentation, but gonadal morphologies, sex ratios, and body mass were not affected after treatments. The increase in liver pigmentation may be related to defensive, cytoprotective role of melanomacrophages. The decreased growth rate in tadpoles indicates toxic effects of NP and CPA. Thus, contamination with NP and CPA remains a concern and sublethal effects of different dosages of the compounds on native species should be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Salgueiro de Gregorio
- Post-graduate Program in Biodiversity, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), CEP 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas - UNESP/IBILCE, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Bairro: Jardim Nazareth, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil.
| | - Lilian Franco-Belussi
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), CEP 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology (LAPEx), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Institute of Biosciences (INBIO), CEP 79002-970, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Javier Goldberg
- Laboratorio de Biología del Comportamiento, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA), Vélez Sársfield 299, CP X5000JJC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Classius De Oliveira
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), CEP 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Qi L, Kogiso M, Du Y, Zhang H, Braun FK, Huang Y, Teo WY, Lindsay H, Zhao S, Baxter P, Zhao X, Yu L, Liu Z, Zhang X, Su JM, Adesina A, Yang J, Chintagumpala M, Perlaky L, Tsz-Kwong Man C, Lau CC, Li XN. Impact of SCID mouse gender on tumorigenicity, xenograft growth and drug-response in a large panel of orthotopic PDX models of pediatric brain tumors. Cancer Lett 2020; 493:197-206. [PMID: 32891713 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Brain tumor is the leading cause of cancer related death in children. Clinically relevant animals are critical for new therapy development. To address the potential impact of animal gender on tumorigenicity rate, xenograft growth and in vivo drug responses, we retrospectively analyzed 99 of our established patient derived orthotopic xenograft mouse models (orthotopic PDX or PDOX). From 27 patient tumors, including 5 glioblastomas (GBMs), 11 medulloblastomas (MBs), 4 ependymomas (EPNs), 4 atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (ATRTs) and 3 diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs), that were directly implanted into matching locations in the brains of approximately equal numbers of male and female animals (n = 310) in age-matched (within 2-week age-difference) SCID mice, the tumor formation rate was 50.6 ± 21.5% in male and 52.7 ± 23.5% in female mice with animal survival times of 192.6 ± 31.7 days in male and 173.9 ± 34.5 days in female mice (P = 0.46) regardless of pathological diagnosis. Once established, PDOX tumors were serially subtransplanted for up to VII passage. Analysis of 1,595 mice from 59 PDOX models (18 GBMs, 18 MBs, 5 ATRTs, 6 EPNs, 7 DIPGs and 5 PENTs) during passage II and VII revealed similar tumor take rates of the 6 different tumor types between male (85.4 ± 15.5%) and female mice (84.7 ± 15.2%) (P = 0.74), and animal survival times were 96.7 ± 23.3 days in male mice and 99.7 ± 20 days in female (P = 0.25). A total of 284 mice from 7 GBM, 2 MB, 1 ATRT, 1 EPN, 2 DIPG and 1 PNET were treated with a series of standard and investigational drugs/compounds. The overall survival times were 106.9 ± 25.7 days in male mice, and 110.9 ± 31.8 days in female mice (P = 0.41), similar results were observed when different types/models were analyzed separately. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that the gender of SCID mice did not have a major impact on animal model development nor drug responses in vivo, and SCID mice of both genders are appropriate for use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Qi
- Pre-clinical Neuro-oncology Research Program, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Mari Kogiso
- Pre-clinical Neuro-oncology Research Program, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yuchen Du
- Pre-clinical Neuro-oncology Research Program, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Huiyuan Zhang
- Pre-clinical Neuro-oncology Research Program, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Frank K Braun
- Pre-clinical Neuro-oncology Research Program, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yulun Huang
- Pre-clinical Neuro-oncology Research Program, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University Medical School, Suzhou, 215007, China
| | - Wan-Yee Teo
- Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Singapore, 169610, Singapore; KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 169610, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, 169610, Singapore; Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169610, Singapore
| | - Holly Lindsay
- Pre-clinical Neuro-oncology Research Program, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sibo Zhao
- Pre-clinical Neuro-oncology Research Program, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | - Xiumei Zhao
- Pre-clinical Neuro-oncology Research Program, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Litian Yu
- Pre-clinical Neuro-oncology Research Program, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, The Oancer Oenter of the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, 519001, China; Phase I Clinical Trial Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, 519001, China
| | - Xingding Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Jack Mf Su
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Adekunle Adesina
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jianhua Yang
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ching C Lau
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, USA; The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine and University of Connecticut School of Medicine, USA
| | - Xiao-Nan Li
- Pre-clinical Neuro-oncology Research Program, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Helm JS, Rudel RA. Adverse outcome pathways for ionizing radiation and breast cancer involve direct and indirect DNA damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, genomic instability, and interaction with hormonal regulation of the breast. Arch Toxicol 2020. [PMID: 32399610 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02752-z)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about established breast carcinogens can support improved and modernized toxicological testing methods by identifying key mechanistic events. Ionizing radiation (IR) increases the risk of breast cancer, especially for women and for exposure at younger ages, and evidence overall supports a linear dose-response relationship. We used the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework to outline and evaluate the evidence linking ionizing radiation with breast cancer from molecular initiating events to the adverse outcome through intermediate key events, creating a qualitative AOP. We identified key events based on review articles, searched PubMed for recent literature on key events and IR, and identified additional papers using references. We manually curated publications and evaluated data quality. Ionizing radiation directly and indirectly causes DNA damage and increases production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). RONS lead to DNA damage and epigenetic changes leading to mutations and genomic instability (GI). Proliferation amplifies the effects of DNA damage and mutations leading to the AO of breast cancer. Separately, RONS and DNA damage also increase inflammation. Inflammation contributes to direct and indirect effects (effects in cells not directly reached by IR) via positive feedback to RONS and DNA damage, and separately increases proliferation and breast cancer through pro-carcinogenic effects on cells and tissue. For example, gene expression changes alter inflammatory mediators, resulting in improved survival and growth of cancer cells and a more hospitable tissue environment. All of these events overlap at multiple points with events characteristic of "background" induction of breast carcinogenesis, including hormone-responsive proliferation, oxidative activity, and DNA damage. These overlaps make the breast particularly susceptible to ionizing radiation and reinforce that these biological activities are important characteristics of carcinogens. Agents that increase these biological processes should be considered potential breast carcinogens, and predictive methods are needed to identify chemicals that increase these processes. Techniques are available to measure RONS, DNA damage and mutation, cell proliferation, and some inflammatory proteins or processes. Improved assays are needed to measure GI and chronic inflammation, as well as the interaction with hormonally driven development and proliferation. Several methods measure diverse epigenetic changes, but it is not clear which changes are relevant to breast cancer. In addition, most toxicological assays are not conducted in mammary tissue, and so it is a priority to evaluate if results from other tissues are generalizable to breast, or to conduct assays in breast tissue. Developing and applying these assays to identify exposures of concern will facilitate efforts to reduce subsequent breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Helm
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, MA, 02460, USA
| | - Ruthann A Rudel
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, MA, 02460, USA.
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4
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Helm JS, Rudel RA. Adverse outcome pathways for ionizing radiation and breast cancer involve direct and indirect DNA damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, genomic instability, and interaction with hormonal regulation of the breast. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1511-1549. [PMID: 32399610 PMCID: PMC7261741 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02752-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge about established breast carcinogens can support improved and modernized toxicological testing methods by identifying key mechanistic events. Ionizing radiation (IR) increases the risk of breast cancer, especially for women and for exposure at younger ages, and evidence overall supports a linear dose-response relationship. We used the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework to outline and evaluate the evidence linking ionizing radiation with breast cancer from molecular initiating events to the adverse outcome through intermediate key events, creating a qualitative AOP. We identified key events based on review articles, searched PubMed for recent literature on key events and IR, and identified additional papers using references. We manually curated publications and evaluated data quality. Ionizing radiation directly and indirectly causes DNA damage and increases production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). RONS lead to DNA damage and epigenetic changes leading to mutations and genomic instability (GI). Proliferation amplifies the effects of DNA damage and mutations leading to the AO of breast cancer. Separately, RONS and DNA damage also increase inflammation. Inflammation contributes to direct and indirect effects (effects in cells not directly reached by IR) via positive feedback to RONS and DNA damage, and separately increases proliferation and breast cancer through pro-carcinogenic effects on cells and tissue. For example, gene expression changes alter inflammatory mediators, resulting in improved survival and growth of cancer cells and a more hospitable tissue environment. All of these events overlap at multiple points with events characteristic of "background" induction of breast carcinogenesis, including hormone-responsive proliferation, oxidative activity, and DNA damage. These overlaps make the breast particularly susceptible to ionizing radiation and reinforce that these biological activities are important characteristics of carcinogens. Agents that increase these biological processes should be considered potential breast carcinogens, and predictive methods are needed to identify chemicals that increase these processes. Techniques are available to measure RONS, DNA damage and mutation, cell proliferation, and some inflammatory proteins or processes. Improved assays are needed to measure GI and chronic inflammation, as well as the interaction with hormonally driven development and proliferation. Several methods measure diverse epigenetic changes, but it is not clear which changes are relevant to breast cancer. In addition, most toxicological assays are not conducted in mammary tissue, and so it is a priority to evaluate if results from other tissues are generalizable to breast, or to conduct assays in breast tissue. Developing and applying these assays to identify exposures of concern will facilitate efforts to reduce subsequent breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Helm
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, MA, 02460, USA
| | - Ruthann A Rudel
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, MA, 02460, USA.
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5
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Collins A, Vettorazzi A, Azqueta A. The role of the enzyme-modified comet assay in in vivo studies. Toxicol Lett 2020; 327:58-68. [PMID: 32247831 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo comet assay is an established genotoxicity test, with an OECD test guideline, but in its standard form it measures only DNA strand breaks. Including in the assay an additional step, in which the DNA is incubated with a lesion-specific enzyme, can provide important information about the nature of the DNA damage. Formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase, 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase or endonuclease III are commonly used in the in vitro genotoxicity test and in human biomonitoring to detect oxidised bases, but in vivo applications are rarer. A systematic literature search has identified a total of 60 papers that report such in vivo experiments, testing a variety of agents. In many cases, strand breaks were not seen, but significant levels of enzyme-sensitive sites were induced - indicating a mechanism of action involving oxidative stress. Compounds such as methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) or ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) could be used as positive controls in both the standard and the enzyme-modified in vivo comet assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Collins
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, 0372, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ariane Vettorazzi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31009, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Spain
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31009, Pamplona, Spain.
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Townsend TA, Parrish MC, Engelward BP, Manjanatha MG. The development and validation of EpiComet-Chip, a modified high-throughput comet assay for the assessment of DNA methylation status. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2017; 58:508-521. [PMID: 28755435 PMCID: PMC5839338 DOI: 10.1002/em.22101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage and alterations in global DNA methylation status are associated with multiple human diseases and are frequently correlated with clinically relevant information. Therefore, assessing DNA damage and epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, is critical for predicting human exposure risk of pharmacological and biological agents. We previously developed a higher-throughput platform for the single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay, CometChip, to assess DNA damage and genotoxic potential. Here, we utilized the methylation-dependent endonuclease, McrBC, to develop a modified alkaline comet assay, "EpiComet," which allows single platform evaluation of genotoxicity and global DNA methylation [5-methylcytosine (5-mC)] status of single-cell populations under user-defined conditions. Further, we leveraged the CometChip platform to create an EpiComet-Chip system capable of performing quantification across simultaneous exposure protocols to enable unprecedented speed and simplicity. This system detected global methylation alterations in response to exposures which included chemotherapeutic and environmental agents. Using EpiComet-Chip on 63 matched samples, we correctly identified single-sample hypermethylation (≥1.5-fold) at 87% (20/23), hypomethylation (≥1.25-fold) at 100% (9/9), with a 4% (2/54) false-negative rate (FNR), and 10% (4/40) false-positive rate (FPR). Using a more stringent threshold to define hypermethylation (≥1.75-fold) allowed us to correctly identify 94% of hypermethylation (17/18), but increased our FPR to 16% (7/45). The successful application of this novel technology will aid hazard identification and risk characterization of FDA-regulated products, while providing utility for investigating epigenetic modes of action of agents in target organs, as the assay is amenable to cultured cells or nucleated cells from any tissue. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:508-521, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A. Townsend
- United States Food & Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, Jefferson, AR, USA
- Correspondence to: Todd Townsend, United States Food & Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, USA, ; Phone: +1 (870) 543-7155
| | - Marcus C. Parrish
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Engineering, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bevin P. Engelward
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Engineering, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mugimane G. Manjanatha
- United States Food & Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, Jefferson, AR, USA
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Ding W, Bishop ME, Lyn-Cook LE, Davis KJ, Manjanatha MG. In Vivo Alkaline Comet Assay and Enzyme-modified Alkaline Comet Assay for Measuring DNA Strand Breaks and Oxidative DNA Damage in Rat Liver. J Vis Exp 2016:53833. [PMID: 27166647 PMCID: PMC4942029 DOI: 10.3791/53833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Unrepaired DNA damage can lead to genetic instability, which in turn may enhance cancer development. Therefore, identifying potential DNA damaging agents is important for protecting public health. The in vivo alkaline comet assay, which detects DNA damage as strand breaks, is especially relevant for assessing the genotoxic hazards of xenobiotics, as its responses reflect the in vivo absorption, tissue distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of chemicals, as well as DNA repair process. Compared to other in vivo DNA damage assays, the assay is rapid, sensitive, visual and inexpensive, and, by converting oxidative DNA damage into strand breaks using specific repair enzymes, the assay can measure oxidative DNA damage in an efficient and relatively artifact-free manner. Measurement of DNA damage with the comet assay can be performed using both acute and subchronic toxicology study designs, and by integrating the comet assay with other toxicological assessments, the assay addresses animal welfare requirements by making maximum use of animal resources. Another major advantage of the assays is that they only require a small amount of cells, and the cells do not have to be derived from proliferating cell populations. The assays also can be performed with a variety of human samples obtained from clinically or occupationally exposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ding
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, US FDA/National Center for Toxicological Research;
| | - Michelle E Bishop
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, US FDA/National Center for Toxicological Research
| | - Lascelles E Lyn-Cook
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, US FDA/National Center for Toxicological Research
| | - Kelly J Davis
- Toxicologic Pathology Associates, US FDA/National Center for Toxicological Research
| | - Mugimane G Manjanatha
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, US FDA/National Center for Toxicological Research
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