1
|
de Souza DV, Rosario BDA, Viana MDB, Pisani LP, da Silva GN, Ribeiro DA. Sleep deprivation induces genetic damage in mammalian cells: a systematic review. REVISTA DA ASSOCIACAO MEDICA BRASILEIRA (1992) 2024; 70:e20231097. [PMID: 38511758 PMCID: PMC10941868 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20231097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vitor de Souza
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Institute of Health and Society, Department of Biosciences – Santos (SP), Brazil
| | - Barbara dos Anjos Rosario
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Institute of Health and Society, Department of Biosciences – Santos (SP), Brazil
| | - Milena de Barros Viana
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Institute of Health and Society, Department of Biosciences – Santos (SP), Brazil
| | - Luciana Pellegrini Pisani
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Institute of Health and Society, Department of Biosciences – Santos (SP), Brazil
| | - Glenda Nicioli da Silva
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Laboratory of Clinical Research – Ouro Preto (MG), Brazil
| | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Institute of Health and Society, Department of Biosciences – Santos (SP), Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tug T, Duda JC, Menssen M, Bruce SW, Bringezu F, Dammann M, Frötschl R, Harm V, Ickstadt K, Igl BW, Jarzombek M, Kellner R, Lott J, Pfuhler S, Plappert-Helbig U, Rahnenführer J, Schulz M, Vaas L, Vasquez M, Ziegler V, Ziemann C. In vivo alkaline comet assay: Statistical considerations on historical negative and positive control data. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 148:105583. [PMID: 38401761 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2024.105583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
The alkaline comet assay is frequently used as in vivo follow-up test within different regulatory environments to characterize the DNA-damaging potential of different test items. The corresponding OECD Test guideline 489 highlights the importance of statistical analyses and historical control data (HCD) but does not provide detailed procedures. Therefore, the working group "Statistics" of the German-speaking Society for Environmental Mutation Research (GUM) collected HCD from five laboratories and >200 comet assay studies and performed several statistical analyses. Key results included that (I) observed large inter-laboratory effects argue against the use of absolute quality thresholds, (II) > 50% zero values on a slide are considered problematic, due to their influence on slide or animal summary statistics, (III) the type of summarizing measure for single-cell data (e.g., median, arithmetic and geometric mean) may lead to extreme differences in resulting animal tail intensities and study outcome in the HCD. These summarizing values increase the reliability of analysis results by better meeting statistical model assumptions, but at the cost of information loss. Furthermore, the relation between negative and positive control groups in the data set was always satisfactorily (or sufficiently) based on ratio, difference and quantile analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timur Tug
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Julia C Duda
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Max Menssen
- Institute of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biostatistics, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Frank Bringezu
- Merck Healthcare KGaA, Chemical and Preclinical Safety, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Roland Frötschl
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Katja Ickstadt
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bernd-Wolfgang Igl
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | | | - Rupert Kellner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jasmin Lott
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christina Ziemann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Martus HJ, Zeller A, Kirkland D. International Workshops on Genotoxicity Testing (IWGT): Origins, achievements and ambitions. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2023; 792:108469. [PMID: 37777464 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2023.108469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the past thirty years, the International Workshops on Genotoxicity Testing (IWGT) became one of the leading groups in the field of regulatory genotoxicology, not only due to the diversity of participants with respect to geography and professional affiliation, but also due to the unique setup of recurring IWGT meetings every four years. The hallmarks of the IWGT process have been diligent initial planning approaches of the working groups, collection of data so as to stimulate data-driven discussions and debate, and striving to reach consensus recommendations. The scientific quality of the Working Groups (WGs) has been exceptional due to the selection of highly regarded experts on each topic. As a result, the IWGT working group reports have become important documents. The deliberations and publications have provided guidance on test systems and testing protocols that have influenced the development or revision of test guidelines of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), guidance by the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH), and strategic testing or data analysis approaches in general. This article summarizes the history of the IWGT, identifies some of its major achievements, and provides an outlook for the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Zeller
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, pRED Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Kirkland
- Kirkland Consulting, P O Box 79, Tadcaster LS24 0AS, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dirven Y, Eide DM, Henriksson EW, Hjorth R, Sharma AK, Graupner A, Brunborg G, Ballangby J, Boisen AMZ, Swedmark S, Gützkow KB, Olsen AK. Assessing testicular germ cell DNA damage in the comet assay; introduction of a proof-of-concept. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2023; 64:88-104. [PMID: 36629742 DOI: 10.1002/em.22527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The in vivo comet assay is widely used to measure genotoxicity; however, the current OECD test guideline (TG 489) does not recommend using the assay to assess testicular germ cells, due to the presence of testicular somatic cells. An adapted approach to specifically assess testicular germ cells within the comet assay is certainly warranted, considering regulatory needs for germ cell-specific genotoxicity data in relation to the increasing global production of and exposure to potentially hazardous chemicals. Here, we provide a proof-of-concept to selectively analyze round spermatids and primary spermatocytes, distinguishing them from other cells of the testicle. Utilizing the comet assay recordings of DNA content (total fluorescence intensity) and DNA damage (% tail intensity) of individual comets, we developed a framework to distinguish testicular cell populations based on differences in DNA content/ploidy and appearance. Haploid round spermatid comets are identified through (1) visual inspection of DNA content distributions, (2) setting DNA content thresholds, and (3) modeling DNA content distributions using a normal mixture distribution function. We also describe an approach to distinguish primary spermatocytes during comet scoring, based on their high DNA content and large physical size. Our concept allows both somatic and germ cells to be analyzed in the same animal, adding a versatile, sensitive, rapid, and resource-efficient assay to the limited genotoxicity assessment toolbox for germ cells. An adaptation of TG 489 facilitates accumulation of valuable information regarding distribution of substances to germ cells and their potential for inducing germ cell gene mutations and structural chromosomal aberrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Dirven
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD, Centre of Excellence of the Norwegian Research Council), Oslo, Norway
| | - Dag Markus Eide
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD, Centre of Excellence of the Norwegian Research Council), Oslo, Norway
| | - Erika Witasp Henriksson
- Swedish Chemicals Agency, Department of Development of Legislation and Other Instruments, Unit of Proposals for Classification and Restriction, Sundbyberg, Sweden
- Swedish Chemicals Agency, Department of Development of Legislation and Other Instruments, Unit of Evaluation of Substances, Sundbyberg, Sweden
| | - Rune Hjorth
- The Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anoop Kumar Sharma
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anne Graupner
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD, Centre of Excellence of the Norwegian Research Council), Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunnar Brunborg
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD, Centre of Excellence of the Norwegian Research Council), Oslo, Norway
| | - Jarle Ballangby
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD, Centre of Excellence of the Norwegian Research Council), Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Stellan Swedmark
- Swedish Chemicals Agency, Department of Development of Legislation and Other Instruments, Unit of Evaluation of Substances, Sundbyberg, Sweden
| | - Kristine Bjerve Gützkow
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD, Centre of Excellence of the Norwegian Research Council), Oslo, Norway
| | - Ann-Karin Olsen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD, Centre of Excellence of the Norwegian Research Council), Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zeng Z, Huo J, Zhu X, Liu Y, Li R, Chen Y, Zhang L, Chen J. Characterization of benzo[ a]pyrene and colchicine based on an in vivo repeat-dosing multi-endpoint genotoxicity quantitative assessment platform. Mutagenesis 2022; 37:213-225. [PMID: 35869703 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Two prototypical genotoxicants, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and colchicine (COL), were selected as model compounds to deduce their quantitative genotoxic dose–response relationship at low doses in a multi-endpoint genotoxicity assessment platform. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with B[a]P (2.5–80 mg/kg bw/day) and COL (0.125–2 mg/kg bw/day) daily for 28 days. The parameters included were as follows: comet assay in the peripheral blood and liver, Pig-a gene mutation assay in the peripheral blood, and micronucleus test in the peripheral blood and bone marrow. A significant increase was observed in Pig-a mutant frequency in peripheral blood for B[a]P (started at 40 mg/kg bw/day on Day 14, started at 20 mg/kg bw/day on Day 28), whereas no statistical difference for COL was observed. Micronucleus frequency in reticulocytes of the peripheral blood and bone marrow increased significantly for B[a]P (80 mg/kg bw/day on Day 4, started at 20 mg/kg bw/day on Days 14 and 28 in the blood; started at 20 mg/kg bw/day on Day 28 in the bone marrow) and COL (started at 2 mg/kg bw/day on Day 14, 1 mg/kg bw/day on Day 28 in the blood; started at 1 mg/kg bw/day on Day 28 in the bone marrow). No statistical variation was found in indexes of comet assay at all time points for B[a]P and COL in the peripheral blood and liver. The dose–response relationships of Pig-a and micronucleus test data were analyzed for possible point of departures using three quantitative approaches, i.e., the benchmark dose, breakpoint dose, and no observed genotoxic effect level. The practical thresholds of the genotoxicity of B[a]P and COL estimated in this study were 0.122 and 0.0431 mg/kg bw/day, respectively, and our results also provided distinct genotoxic mode of action of the two chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Zeng
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital , Chengdu, Sichuan , China
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan , China
| | - Jiao Huo
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan , China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Chongqing , China
| | - Xuejiao Zhu
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan , China
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan , China
| | - Yunjie Liu
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan , China
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan , China
| | - Ruirui Li
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan , China
- Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province , Chengdu, Sichuan , China
| | - Yiyi Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan , China
- Infections Disease Prevention and Immunization Program Office, ChengHua Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Chengdu, Sichuan , China
| | - Lishi Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan , China
- Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province , Chengdu, Sichuan , China
| | - Jinyao Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan , China
- Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province , Chengdu, Sichuan , China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Burns CJ, LaKind JS. Elements to increase translation in pyrethroid epidemiology research: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 813:152568. [PMID: 34954171 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroid insecticides have been the subject of numerous epidemiology studies in the past two decades. We examined the pyrethroids epidemiology literature published between 2016 and 2021. Our objective with this exercise was to inform interested readers regarding information on methodological elements that strengthen a study's use for translation (i.e., use in risk assessment) and to describe aspects of future research methods that could improve utility for decision-making. We focused on the following elements: (i) study design that provided evidence that pyrethroid exposure preceded the outcome, (ii) evidence that the method used for exposure characterization was reliable and sufficiently accurate for the intended purpose, and (iii) use of a robust approach for outcome ascertainment. For each of the 74 studies identified via the literature search, we categorized the methodological elements as Acceptable or Supplemental. A study with three Acceptable elements was considered Relevant for risk assessment purposes. Based on our evaluative approach, 18 (24%) of the 74 publications were considered to be Relevant. These publications were categorized as Acceptable for all three elements assessed: confirmed exposure (N = 24), confirmed outcome (N = 64), exposure preceded the outcome (N = 44). Three of these studies were birth cohorts. There were 15 Relevant publications of adults which included 10 Agricultural Health Study cohort publications of self-reported permethrin. Overall, the majority of the reviewed studies used methods that did not permit a determination that pyrethroid exposure preceded the outcome, and/or did not utilize robust methods for exposure assessment and outcome ascertainment. There is an opportunity for investigators and research sponsors to build on the studies reviewed here and to incorporate more translational approaches to studying exposure/outcome associations related to pesticides and other chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carol J Burns
- Burns Epidemiology Consulting, LLC, Sanford, MI 48657, USA.
| | - Judy S LaKind
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Catonsville, MD 21228, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Groff K, Evans SJ, Doak SH, Pfuhler S, Corvi R, Saunders S, Stoddart G. In vitro and integrated in vivo strategies to reduce animal use in genotoxicity testing. Mutagenesis 2021; 36:389-400. [PMID: 34555171 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geab035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific, financial, and ethical drivers have led to unprecedented interest in implementing human-relevant, mechanistic in vitro and in silico testing approaches. Further, as non-animal approaches are being developed and validated, researchers are interested in strategies that can immediately reduce the use of animals in toxicology testing. Here, we aim to outline a testing strategy for assessing genotoxicity beginning with standard in vitro methods, such as the bacterial reverse mutation test and the in vitro micronucleus test, followed by a second tier of in vitro assays including those using advanced 3D tissue models. Where regulatory agencies require in vivo testing, one demonstrated strategy is to combine genotoxicity studies traditionally conducted separately into a single test or to integrate genotoxicity studies into other toxicity studies. Standard setting organisations and regulatory agencies have encouraged such strategies, and examples of their use can be found in the scientific literature. Employing approaches outlined here will reduce animal use as well as study time and costs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Groff
- PETA Science Consortium International e.V., Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Raffaella Corvi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Gilly Stoddart
- PETA Science Consortium International e.V., Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ji Z, Koehler MW, Scott AB, LeBaron MJ. Assessment of cellular and molecular metrics for dose selection in an in vivo comet assay: A case study with MDI. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2021; 62:446-457. [PMID: 34369617 PMCID: PMC9290646 DOI: 10.1002/em.22457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The in vivo comet assay can evaluate the genotoxic potential of a chemical in theoretically any tissue that can be processed to a single cell suspension. This flexibility enables evaluation of point-of-contact tissues using a relevant route of test material administration; however, assessing cytotoxicity is essential for the interpretation of comet results. Histopathological evaluation is routinely utilized to assess cytotoxicity, but temporal- and cell-specific considerations may compromise applicability to the comet assay. In the present study, 1,1'-methylenebis(4-isocyanatobenzene) (4,4'-MDI) was administered to rats for 6 h by nose-only inhalation, and the comet assay was conducted to evaluate genotoxicity in the site-of-contact tissue (bronchoalveolar lavage cells) and distal tissues (liver and glandular stomach). Given the reactive nature of MDI, cellular and molecular metrics at the site-of-contact- including inflammation, macrophage activation, apoptosis/necrosis, and oxidative stress- were used to set appropriate exposure concentrations, in addition to the standard systemic measures of toxicity. In the range-finding study, a concentration of 4 mg/m3 was considered the maximum noninflammatory concentration; hence target concentrations of 2, 5, and 11 mg/m3 were selected for the comet study. In the lung lavage, MDI exposure substantially increased total protein and β-glucuronidase, along with cellular apoptosis. Although MDI did not increase the comet assay response (% tail DNA) in any of the tissues examined, the positive control (ethyl methanesulfonate, EMS) significantly increased % tail DNA in all tissues. In total, these data indicate that appropriate cellular and molecular measurements may facilitate dose selection to discern cellular status in the comet assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Ji
- The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology & Environmental Research & ConsultingMidlandMichiganUSA
| | - Matthew W. Koehler
- The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology & Environmental Research & ConsultingMidlandMichiganUSA
| | - Andrew B. Scott
- The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology & Environmental Research & ConsultingMidlandMichiganUSA
| | - Matthew J. LeBaron
- The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology & Environmental Research & ConsultingMidlandMichiganUSA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Robison TW, Heflich RH, Manjanatha MG, Elespuru R, Atrakchi A, Mei N, Ding W. Appropriate in vivo follow-up assays to an in vitro bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) test positive investigational drug candidate (active pharmaceutical ingredient), drug-related metabolite, or drug-related impurity. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2021; 868-869:503386. [PMID: 34454692 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2021.503386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Kirkland et al. [Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 847 (2019) 403035, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.03.008; Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 839 (2019): 21-35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.01.007] made recommendations on the use of the in vivo comet and transgenic rodent (TGR) gene mutation assays to screen for in vivo mutagenicity. Although it is not directly stated in either of these publications, we are concerned that the reports could potentially be used to support assertions that it is equally acceptable to follow up a positive bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) finding for an investigational drug with either the in vivo TGR mutation assay or an in vivo comet assay. For regulatory genotoxicity assessment, the in vivo follow-up for an in vitro bacterial mutation-positive drug, drug-related metabolite, or impurity should be based upon evaluating a similar endpoint (i.e., mutagenicity) as the intent is to determine if the findings of in vitro gene mutation correlate with findings of in vivo gene mutation (i.e., biologically relevant to the in vitro results). Thus, the most scientifically appropriate in vivo assays would be the TGR mutation assay or, in some circumstances, the in vivo Pig-a assay. An in vivo rodent comet assay or combination of the in vivo micronucleus and in vivo rodent comet assays would generally not be an appropriate follow-up test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W Robison
- Division of Pharmacology-Toxicology for Immunology & Inflammation, Office of Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20903, United States.
| | - Robert H Heflich
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, United States
| | - Mugimane G Manjanatha
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, United States
| | - Rosalie Elespuru
- Division of Biology, Chemistry and Materials Science, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20903, United States
| | - Aisar Atrakchi
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology for Neuroscience, Office of Neuroscience, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20903, United States
| | - Nan Mei
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, United States
| | - Wei Ding
- Division of Clinical Review, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20903, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhu X, Zeng Z, Chen Y, Li R, Tang X, Zhu X, Huo J, Liu Y, Zhang L, Chen J. Genotoxicity of three mycotoxin contaminants of rice: 28-day multi-endpoint assessment in rats. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2021; 867:503369. [PMID: 34266625 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2021.503369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), and fumonisin B1 (FB1), as the main mycotoxins contaminating rice, often coexist in food. Thus, we have measured the genotoxicity of the three rice fungal contaminants, singly and in different combinations, with a 28-day multi-endpoint (Pig-a assay + in vivo micronucleus [MN] test + comet assay) genotoxicity platform. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received the agents orally via gavage for 28 consecutive days, before performing the abovementioned tests. Results indicated that low dose of a single mycotoxin did not show significant genotoxicity. However, some of these mycotoxins in combination induced significant genotoxicity in the peripheral blood and tissues, at sacrifice. In the peripheral blood, the binary combination of DON and FB1 significantly induced MN. In the liver, ZEN might aggravate the DNA-damaging effects of DON and FB1. Therefore, the genotoxicity of sub-chronic exposure to mycotoxins in combination cannot be ignored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhu Zeng
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; The Fifth People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yiyi Chen
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ruirui Li
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinyao Tang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuejiao Zhu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiao Huo
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunjie Liu
- Graduate Department, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lishi Zhang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinyao Chen
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Migration Groups: A Poorly Explored Point of View for Genetic Damage Assessment Using Comet Assay in Human Lymphocytes. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11094094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new point of view for genetic damage assessment using the comet assay is proposed based on the number of migration groups, the number of comets in each group, and the groups with the highest number of comets. Human lymphocytes were exposed to different concentrations of Methyl Methane Sulfonate (MMS), Maleic Hydrazide (MH), 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic (2,4-D), and N-nitroso diethylamine (NDEA). Using comet assay, the migration means of the comets were determined and later grouped arbitrarily in migration groups with no higher differences than 1 µc. The number of migration groups, the number of comets in each group, and the groups with the highest number of comets (modes) were determined. All four of the genotoxic agents studied showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the tail length and the number of migration groups compared to the negative control. The number of migration groups did not show a significant variation between the four-genotoxic agents nor within their different concentrations. However, the comparison of the modes did show differences between the genotoxic agents, but not within the concentrations of a same genotoxic agent, which indicated a determined chemical interaction on the DNA. These parameters can improve the detection of genetic damage associated with certain genotoxic agents.
Collapse
|
12
|
O’Donoghue JL, Beevers C, Buard A. Hvdroquinone: Assessment of genotoxic potential in the in vivo alkaline comet assay. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:206-214. [PMID: 33489780 PMCID: PMC7810912 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroquinone (HQ) exposure is common as it is a natural component of plant-based foods and is used in some fingernail polishes, hair dyes, and skin lighteners. Industrially it is used as an antioxidant, polymerization inhibitor, and reducing agent. The current study was undertaken to determine whether HQ may cause DNA damage in an in vivo comet assay in F344 rats. DNA strand breaks were assessed in the duodenum as a direct tissue contact site, the testes, and the liver and kidneys, which were tumor sites in bioassays. Rats were exposed to HQ by gavage at 0, 105, 210, or 420 mg/kg/day. At all dose levels, mean % tail intensity and tail moment values for all tissues in animals given HQ were similar to the control. There were no statistically significant increases in tail intensity in any tissue following HQ treatment of male and female rat and data for all animals fell within the available historical control ranges for each tissue. There was no evidence of induction of DNA damage in cells isolated from duodenum, kidney or liver of male and female rats or in the testes of male rats following exposure to HQ at a dose levels up to 420 mg/kg/day, which caused acute renal necrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John L. O’Donoghue
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Box EHSC, 601 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY, 14642, United States
| | - Carol Beevers
- Exponent International Ltd, The Lenz, Hornbeam Park, Harrogate, HG2 8RE, United Kingdom
| | - Annie Buard
- Solvay RICL - Antenne de GENAS, 85 Avenue des Frères Perret, 69192, Saint-Fons CEDEX, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gollapudi BB, Williams AL, Bus JS. A review of the genotoxicity of the industrial chemical cumene. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2021; 787:108364. [PMID: 34083043 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to evaluate the literature on the genotoxicity of cumene (CAS # 98-82-8) and to assess the role of mutagenicity, if any, in the mode of action for cumene-induced rodent tumors. The studies reviewed included microbial mutagenicity, DNA damage/ repair, cytogenetic effects, and gene mutations. In reviewing these studies, attention was paid to their conformance to applicable OECD test guidelines which are considered as internationally recognized standards for performing these assays. Cumene was not a bacterial mutagen and did not induce Hprt mutations in CHO cell cultures. In the primary rat hepatocyte cultures, cumene induced unscheduled DNA synthesis in one study but this response could not be reproduced in an independent study using a similar protocol. In a study that is not fully compliant to the current OECD guideline, no increase in chromosomal aberrations was observed in CHO cells treated with cumene. The weight of the evidence (WoE) from multiple in vivo studies indicates that cumene is not a clastogen or aneugen. The weak positive response in an in vivo comet assay in the rat liver and mouse lung tissues is of questionable significance due to several study deficiencies. The genotoxicity profile of cumene does not match that of a classic DNA-reactive molecule and the available data does not support a conclusion that cumene is an in vivo mutagen. As such, mutagenicity does not appear to be an early key event in cumene-induced rodent tumors and alternate hypothesized non-mutagenic modes-of-action are presented. Further data are necessary to rule in or rule out a particular MoA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Bhaskar Gollapudi
- Exponent, Inc., Center for Health Sciences, 1800 Diagonal Road, Suite 500, Alexandria, VA, 22314, United States.
| | - Amy L Williams
- Exponent, Inc., Center for Health Sciences, 1800 Diagonal Road, Suite 500, Alexandria, VA, 22314, United States
| | - James S Bus
- Exponent, Inc., Center for Health Sciences, 1800 Diagonal Road, Suite 500, Alexandria, VA, 22314, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
The impact of comet assay data normalization in human biomonitoring studies outcomes. Toxicol Lett 2020; 332:56-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
15
|
Boreiko CJ, Rossman TG. Antimony and its compounds: Health impacts related to pulmonary toxicity, cancer, and genotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 403:115156. [PMID: 32710957 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although occupational exposure to antimony and its compounds can produce pulmonary toxicity, human carcinogenic impacts have not been observed. Inhalation studies with respirable antimony trioxide particles administered to rats and mice have, however, induced carcinogenic responses in the lungs and related tissue sites. Genotoxicity studies conducted to elucidate mechanism(s) for tumor induction have produced mixed results. Antimony compounds do not induce gene mutations in bacteria or cultured mammalian cells, but chromosome aberrations and micronuclei have been observed, usually at highly cytotoxic concentrations. Indirect mechanisms of genotoxicity have been proposed to mediate these responses. In vivo genotoxicity tests have generally yielded negative results although several positive studies of marginal quality have been reported. Genotoxic effects may be related to indirect modes of action such as the generation of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), altered gene expression or interference with DNA repair processes. Such indirect mechanisms may exhibit dose-response thresholds. For example, interaction of ROS with in vivo antioxidant systems could yield a threshold for genotoxicity (and cancer) only at concentrations above the capacity of antioxidant defense mechanisms to control and/or eliminate damage from ROS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Toby G Rossman
- Environmental Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Performance of high-throughput CometChip assay using primary human hepatocytes: a comparison of DNA damage responses with in vitro human hepatoma cell lines. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:2207-2224. [PMID: 32318794 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02736-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) are considered the "gold standard" for evaluating hepatic metabolism and toxicity of xenobiotics. In the present study, we evaluated the genotoxic potential of four indirect-acting (requiring metabolic activation) and six direct-acting genotoxic carcinogens, one aneugen, and five non-carcinogens that are negative or equivocal for genotoxicity in vivo in cryopreserved PHHs derived from three individual donors. DNA damage was determined over a wide range of concentrations using the CometChip technology and the resulting dose-responses were quantified using benchmark dose (BMD) modeling. Following a 24-h treatment, nine out of ten genotoxic carcinogens produced positive responses in PHHs, while negative responses were found for hydroquinone, aneugen colchicine and five non-carcinogens. Overall, PHHs demonstrated a higher sensitivity (90%) for detecting DNA damage from genotoxic carcinogens than the sensitivities previously reported for HepG2 (60%) and HepaRG (70%) cells. Quantitative analysis revealed that most of the compounds produced comparable BMD10 values among the three types of hepatocytes, while PHHs and HepaRG cells produced similar BMD1SD values. Evidence of sex- and ethnicity-related interindividual variation in DNA damage responses was also observed in the PHHs. A literature search for in vivo Comet assay data conducted in rodent liver tissues demonstrated consistent positive/negative calls for the compounds tested between in vitro PHHs and in vivo animal models. These results demonstrate that CometChip technology can be applied using PHHs for human risk assessment and that PHHs had higher sensitivity than HepaRG cells for detecting genotoxic carcinogens in the CometChip assay.
Collapse
|
17
|
Gooderham NJ, Cohen SM, Eisenbrand G, Fukushima S, Guengerich FP, Hecht SS, Rietjens IMCM, Rosol TJ, Bastaki M, Linman MJ, Taylor SV. The safety evaluation of food flavoring substances: the role of genotoxicity studies. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:1-27. [PMID: 32162576 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1712589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) Expert Panel relies on the weight of evidence from all available data in the safety evaluation of flavoring substances. This process includes data from genotoxicity studies designed to assess the potential of a chemical agent to react with DNA or otherwise cause changes to DNA, either in vitro or in vivo. The Panel has reviewed a large number of in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity studies during the course of its ongoing safety evaluations of flavorings. The adherence of genotoxicity studies to standardized protocols and guidelines, the biological relevance of the results from those studies, and the human relevance of these studies are all important considerations in assessing whether the results raise specific concerns for genotoxic potential. The Panel evaluates genotoxicity studies not only for evidence of genotoxicity hazard, but also for the probability of risk to the consumer in the context of exposure from their use as flavoring substances. The majority of flavoring substances have given no indication of genotoxic potential in studies evaluated by the FEMA Expert Panel. Examples illustrating the assessment of genotoxicity data for flavoring substances and the consideration of the factors noted above are provided. The weight of evidence approach adopted by the FEMA Expert Panel leads to a rational assessment of risk associated with consumer intake of flavoring substances under the conditions of use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- Food Chemistry & Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern (retired), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Thomas J Rosol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Maria Bastaki
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Matthew J Linman
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sean V Taylor
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hori H, Shimoyoshi S, Tanaka Y, Fujii W, Kitagawa Y, Hayashi M. Target-specific micronucleus induction by colon carcinogens: 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 112:104578. [PMID: 31935482 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Genotoxicity occurring at the target organs of carcinogenesis is important for understanding the mechanisms of chemical carcinogenicity and also for setting of threshold estimation. In vivo gene mutations have been evaluated by transgenic animal models in which any organ can be targeted; however, the methodologies that have been applied to assess chromosomal aberrations including micronucleus induction, are organ restricted, (often to bone marrow hematopoietic cells, as a common example). For food and food-related chemicals, the digestive tract is the important target organ as it is the organ of first contact. In the present study, we used 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) as model chemicals of carcinogens primarily targeting the colon. We evaluated the applicability of colon cells and hepatocytes, together with bone marrow cells, in the micronucleus assay. Both model chemicals induced micronuclei in the colon, which is the target organ of these carcinogens, after short- and long-term treatment(s). The results demonstrate the target specificity of micronucleus induction and the assay using organs other than bone marrow will play an important role in understanding the mechanism of carcinogenicity and predicting new carcinogenic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hisako Hori
- Suntory MONOZUKURI Expert Limited, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, 619-0284, Japan.
| | - Satomi Shimoyoshi
- Suntory Wellness Limited, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, 619-0284, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Tanaka
- Suntory MONOZUKURI Expert Limited, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, 619-0284, Japan
| | - Wataru Fujii
- Suntory MONOZUKURI Expert Limited, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, 619-0284, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kitagawa
- Suntory Wellness Limited, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, 619-0284, Japan
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- Makoto International Consulting, 23-3-1, 4-chome, Kami-imaizumi, Ebina, 243-0431, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Applying the comet assay to fresh vs frozen animal solid tissues: A technical approach. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 132:110671. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
20
|
Cukurova Z, Cetingok H, Ozturk S, Gedikbasi A, Hergunsel O, Ozturk D, Don B, Cefle K, Palanduz S, Ertem DH. DNA damage effects of inhalation anesthetics in human bronchoalveolar cells. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e16518. [PMID: 31393354 PMCID: PMC6708896 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000016518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main objective was to evaluate and compare the local genotoxicity of sevoflurane and desflurane in bronchoalveolar cells, while the secondary outcome was to detect systemic oxidative DNA damage. To our knowledge, our study is the first one to evaluate the local effects of inhalation anesthetics in human bronchoalveolar cells in patients. METHODS American Society of Anesthesiologists group I-II patients scheduled for lumbar discectomy surgery were enrolled in this randomized prospective study. Patients were randomized to sevoflurane or desflurane for anesthesia maintenance. Bronchoalveolar lavage samples and peripheral blood samples were taken at 2-time points: the first point (baseline, T1); and the second point (postexposure, T2). Final number of 48 samples were the sevoflurane (n = 22) and desflurane (n = 26) groups. Comet assay was applied to examine genotoxic properties. Oxidative DNA damage in plasma was measured with 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). RESULTS T2 values were higher than baseline values in both the desflurane group (tail-length: 66 ± 24, %DNA in tail: 72 ± 60, tail moment: 47.52 ± 14.4; P = .001, P = .005, P = .001, respectively) and the sevoflurane group (tail-length: 58 ± 33, %DNA in tail: 88 ± 80, tail moment: 51.04 ± 26.4; P = .001, P = .012, P = .001, respectively). T2 plasma 8-OHdG levels were also higher than baseline levels in the desflurane group (3.91 ± 0.19 ng/ml vs 1.32 ± 0.20 ng/ml, P = .001) and sevoflurane group (3.98 ± 0.18 ng/ml vs 1.31 ± 0.11 ng/ml, P = .001). There were no differences between the 2 groups in comet parameters and 8-OHdG levels. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that both inhalation agents cause DNA damage in the bronchoalveolar cells. Also, we detected increases in plasma 8-OHdG concentrations. Local genotoxicity and systemic oxidized DNA damage were similar in both groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zafer Cukurova
- Bakirköy Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care
| | - Halil Cetingok
- Istanbul University Medical Faculty, Department of Anesthesiology
| | - Sukru Ozturk
- Istanbul University Medical Faculty, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, Bakirköy Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Biochemistry Lab
| | - Asuman Gedikbasi
- Istanbul University Medical Faculty, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, Bakirköy Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Biochemistry Lab
| | - Oya Hergunsel
- Bakirköy Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care
| | - Derya Ozturk
- Istanbul University Medical Faculty, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, Bakirköy Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Biochemistry Lab
| | - Burak Don
- Istanbul University Medical Faculty, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, Bakirköy Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Biochemistry Lab
| | - Kivanc Cefle
- Istanbul University Medical Faculty, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, Bakirköy Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Biochemistry Lab
| | - Sukru Palanduz
- Istanbul University Medical Faculty, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, Bakirköy Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Biochemistry Lab
| | - Devrimsel Harika Ertem
- University of Health Science, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Research and Training Hospital, Department of Neurology, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Milić M, Ožvald I, Vinković Vrček I, Vučić Lovrenčić M, Oreščanin V, Bonassi S, Del Castillo ER. Alkaline comet assay results on fresh and one-year frozen whole blood in small volume without cryo-protection in a group of people with different health status. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 843:3-10. [PMID: 31421735 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Using alkaline comet assay, DNA damage tail length (TL) and tail intensity (TI) parameters were compared between fresh whole blood and 1-year frozen small volume whole blood in EDTA at -80 °C without cryo-preservation. The studied group consisted of 25 volunteers with different health conditions who served as their own controls for frozen blood results. Without the purification step after thawing, the results and the usefulness of this protocol for future/retrospective (including re-analysations of putative outliers) studies were analysed. Medical surveillance and blood sampling were done at Merkur University Hospital Zagreb. No significant differences between fresh and frozen blood samples in terms of the mean TL values (mean ± SD: 29.03 ± 12.26 vs. 25.36 ± 6.97, respectively) and the mean TI values (9.19 ± 10.37 vs. 10.17 ± 8.55, respectively), and highly damaged cell percentage were determined among 25 volunteers. Median TI frozen samples values of entire group were within the allowed 10-11% (8.24). At the individual levels, no correlation between fresh and frozen whole blood samples was observed in 11 volunteers who suffered from diabetes mellitus type 2. Strong correlation between fresh/frozen samples was seen for TL (r = 0.64, p < 0.015) and TI (r = 0.71, p < 0.005) in nondiabetic subgroup. Overall, the results demonstrated the usefulness of the 1-year frozen blood without induction of heavily damaged DNA. Due to the different DNA damage behaviour connected with different health conditions, future studies should involve more volunteers, oxidative DNA damage comet assay measurements, the inclusion of a washing step after thawing and inclusion of disease/antioxidant biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirta Milić
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivan Ožvald
- Special Hospital For Extended Treatment of Duga Resa, Josefa Jeruzalema 7, 47250, Duga Resa, Croatia.
| | - Ivana Vinković Vrček
- Analytical Toxicology and Mineral Metabolism Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Marijana Vučić Lovrenčić
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Merkur University Hospital, Zajčeva 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | | | - Stefano Bonassi
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00166, Rome, Italy; Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele University, 00166, Rome, Italy.
| | - Emilio Rojas Del Castillo
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kirkland D, Levy DD, LeBaron MJ, Aardema MJ, Beevers C, Bhalli J, Douglas GR, Escobar PA, Farabaugh CS, Guerard M, Johnson GE, Kulkarni R, Le Curieux F, Long AS, Lott J, Lovell DP, Luijten M, Marchetti F, Nicolette JJ, Pfuhler S, Roberts DJ, Stankowski LF, Thybaud V, Weiner SK, Williams A, Witt KL, Young R. A comparison of transgenic rodent mutation and in vivo comet assay responses for 91 chemicals. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 839:21-35. [PMID: 30744809 PMCID: PMC6697155 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A database of 91 chemicals with published data from both transgenic rodent mutation (TGR) and rodent comet assays has been compiled. The objective was to compare the sensitivity of the two assays for detecting genotoxicity. Critical aspects of study design and results were tabulated for each dataset. There were fewer datasets from rats than mice, particularly for the TGR assay, and therefore, results from both species were combined for further analysis. TGR and comet responses were compared in liver and bone marrow (the most commonly studied tissues), and in stomach and colon evaluated either separately or in combination with other GI tract segments. Overall positive, negative, or equivocal test results were assessed for each chemical across the tissues examined in the TGR and comet assays using two approaches: 1) overall calls based on weight of evidence (WoE) and expert judgement, and 2) curation of the data based on a priori acceptability criteria prior to deriving final tissue specific calls. Since the database contains a high prevalence of positive results, overall agreement between the assays was determined using statistics adjusted for prevalence (using AC1 and PABAK). These coefficients showed fair or moderate to good agreement for liver and the GI tract (predominantly stomach and colon data) using WoE, reduced agreement for stomach and colon evaluated separately using data curation, and poor or no agreement for bone marrow using both the WoE and data curation approaches. Confidence in these results is higher for liver than for the other tissues, for which there were less data. Our analysis finds that comet and TGR generally identify the same compounds (mainly potent mutagens) as genotoxic in liver, stomach and colon, but not in bone marrow. However, the current database content precluded drawing assay concordance conclusions for weak mutagens and non-DNA reactive chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dan D Levy
- US Food and Drug Administration Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Matthew J LeBaron
- The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology & Environmental Research & Consulting, Midland, MI, USA
| | - Marilyn J Aardema
- Marilyn Aardema Consulting LLC, 5315 Oakbrook Dr., Fairfield, OH 45014, USA
| | | | - Javed Bhalli
- MilliporeSigma, BioReliance Toxicology Testing Services, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - George R Douglas
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | | | | | - Melanie Guerard
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, pRed, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Rohan Kulkarni
- MilliporeSigma, BioReliance Toxicology Testing Services, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Alexandra S Long
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Jasmin Lott
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - David P Lovell
- St George's Medical School, University of London, London, UK
| | - Mirjam Luijten
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Francesco Marchetti
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | | | - Stefan Pfuhler
- Procter & Gamble, Global Product Stewardship, Mason, OH 45040, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sandy K Weiner
- Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Andrew Williams
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Kristine L Witt
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/Division of the National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Robert Young
- MilliporeSigma, BioReliance Toxicology Testing Services, Rockville, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Plappert-Helbig U, Libertini S, Frieauff W, Theil D, Martus HJ. Gamma-H2AX immunofluorescence for the detection of tissue-specific genotoxicity in vivo. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2019; 60:4-16. [PMID: 30307065 DOI: 10.1002/em.22238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The phosphorylation of histone H2AX in Serine 139 (gamma-H2AX) marks regions of DNA double strand breaks and contributes to the recruitment of DNA repair factors to the site of DNA damage. Gamma-H2AX is used widely as DNA damage marker in vitro, but its use for genotoxicity assessment in vivo has not been extensively investigated. Here, we developed an image analysis system for the precise quantification of the gamma-H2AX signal, which we used to monitor DNA damage in animals treated with known genotoxicants (EMS, ENU and doxorubicin). To compare this new assay to a validated standard procedure for DNA damage quantification, tissues from the same animals were also analyzed in the comet assay. An increase in the levels of gamma-H2AX was observed in most of the tissues from animals treated with doxorubicin and ENU. Interestingly, the lesions induced by doxorubicin were not easily detected by the standard comet assay, while they were clearly identified by gamma-H2AX staining. Conversely, EMS appeared strongly positive in the comet assay but only mildly in the gamma-H2AX immunofluorescence. These observations suggest that the two methods could complement each other for DNA damage analysis, where gamma-H2AX staining allows the detection of tissue-specific effects in situ. Moreover, since gamma-H2AX staining can be performed on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue sections generated during repeated-dose toxicity studies, it does not require any further treatments or extra procedures during dissection, thus optimizing the use of resources and animals. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 60:4-16, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvana Libertini
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wilfried Frieauff
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Diethilde Theil
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Jörg Martus
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Watson GJ, Pini JM, Richir J. Chronic exposure to copper and zinc induces DNA damage in the polychaete Alitta virens and the implications for future toxicity of coastal sites. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:1498-1508. [PMID: 30293035 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Copper and zinc are metals that have been traditionally thought of as past contamination legacies. However, their industrial use is still extensive and current applications (e.g. nanoparticles and antifouling paints) have become additional marine environment delivery routes. Determining a pollutant's genotoxicity is an ecotoxicological priority, but in marine benthic systems putative substances responsible for sediment genotoxicity have rarely been identified. Studies that use sediment as the delivery matrix combined with exposures over life-history relevant timescales are also missing for metals. Here we assess copper and zinc's genotoxicity by exposing the ecologically important polychaete Alitta virens to sediment spiked with environmentally relevant concentrations for 9 months. Target bioavailable sediment and subsequent porewater concentrations reflect the global contamination range for coasts, whilst tissue concentrations, although elevated, were comparable with other polychaetes. Survival generally reduced as concentrations increased, but monthly analyses show that growth was not significantly different between treatments. The differential treatment mortality may have enabled the surviving worms in the high concentration treatments to capture more food thus removing any concentration treatment effects for biomass. Using the alkaline comet assay we confirm that both metals via the sediment are genotoxic at concentrations routinely found in coastal regions and this is supported by elevated DNA damage in worms from field sites. However, combined with the growth data it also highlights the tolerance of A. virens to DNA damage. Finally, using long term (decadal) monitoring data we show stable or increasing sediment concentrations of these metals for many areas. This will potentially mean coastal sediment is a significant mutagenic hazard to the benthic community for decades to come. An urgent reappraisal of the current input sources for these 'old pollutants' is, therefore, required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gordon J Watson
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Ferry Road, Portsmouth, UK.
| | - Jennifer M Pini
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Ferry Road, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Jonathan Richir
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Ferry Road, Portsmouth, UK; Department of Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Biological Oceanography Faculty of Sciences, FOCUS University of Liege, Quartier Agora, allée du six Août 19, Bât B5A 4000, Sart Tilman, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Møller P. The comet assay: ready for 30 more years. Mutagenesis 2018; 33:1-7. [PMID: 29325088 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gex046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last 30 years, the comet assay has become widely used for the measurement of DNA damage and repair in cells and tissues. A landmark achievement was reached in 2016 when the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development adopted a comet assay guideline for in vivo testing of DNA strand breaks in animals. However, the comet assay has much more to offer than being an assay for testing DNA strand breaks in animal organs. The use of repair enzymes increases the range of DNA lesions that can be detected with the assay. It can also be modified to measure DNA repair activity. Still, despite the long-term use of the assay, there is a need for studies that assess the impact of variation in specific steps of the procedure. This is particularly important for the on-going efforts to decrease the variation between experiments and laboratories. The articles in this Special Issue of Mutagenesis cover important technical issues of the comet assay procedure, nanogenotoxicity and ionising radiation sensitivity on plant cells. The included biomonitoring studies have assessed seasonal variation and certain predictors for the basal level of DNA damage in white blood cells. Lastly, the comet assay has been used in studies on genotoxicity of environmental and occupational exposures in human biomonitoring studies and animal models. Overall, the articles in this Special Issue demonstrate the versatility of the comet assay and they hold promise that the assay is ready for the next 30 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bankoglu EE, Seyfried F, Arnold C, Soliman A, Jurowich C, Germer CT, Otto C, Stopper H. Reduction of DNA damage in peripheral lymphocytes of obese patients after bariatric surgery-mediated weight loss. Mutagenesis 2018; 33:61-67. [PMID: 29294093 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gex040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with several detrimental health consequences, among them an increased risk for development of cancer, and an overall elevated mortality. Multiple factors like hyperinsulinemia, chronic microinflammation and oxidative stress may be involved. The comet assay has been proven to be very sensitive for detection of DNA damage and has been used to explore the relationship between overweight/obesity and DNA damage, but results are controversial. Very few investigations have been performed to correlate weight loss of obese individuals and possible reduction of DNA damage and these studies have not provided clear results. As currently, only surgical interventions (metabolic/bariatric surgery) enable substantial and sustained weight loss in the vast majority of morbidly obese patients, we analyzed whole blood samples of 56 subsequent patients prior, 6 and 12 months after bariatric surgery. No reduction of DNA damage was observed in comet assay analysis after 6 months despite efficient weight loss, but a significant reduction was observed 12 months after surgery. Concurrently, the ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay showed a significant reduction after 6 and 12 months. The level of oxidised glutathione and lipid peroxidation products were increased at 6 months but normalised at 12 months after surgery. As conclusion, a significant weight reduction in obese patients may help to diminish existing DNA damage besides improving many other health aspects in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Eyluel Bankoglu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Seyfried
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Arnold
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Soliman
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Jurowich
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Thomas Germer
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Otto
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Experimental Surgery, Department of General, Visceral, Vascular, and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Helga Stopper
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wiedmer D, Cui C, Weber F, Petersen FC, Tiainen H. Antibacterial Surface Coating for Bone Scaffolds Based on the Dark Catalytic Effect of Titanium Dioxide. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:35784-35793. [PMID: 30273480 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterials which promote tissue integration and resist microbial colonisation are required in bone tissue engineering to prevent biomaterial-associated infections. Surface modification of established materials for bone tissue engineering, such as TiO2, have emerged as promising anti-infective strategies. Interestingly, the antibacterial activity of TiO2 in the form of particles can be enhanced by combining it with H2O2, even in the absence of irradiation. However, it remains unknown whether TiO2 surfaces elicit a similar effect. In this study, the antibacterial effect of porous TiO2 scaffolds generated by the catalytic decomposition of H2O2 in the absence of light (dark catalysis) was investigated. Porous ceramic foams were fabricated and sol-gel coated for high catalytic activity. Degradation of methylene blue in the presence of 3% H2O2 increased by 80% for the sol-gel-coated surfaces. The degradation kinetics indicate that intermediate free radicals that form at the liquid-TiO2 interface are responsible for the oxidative behavior of the surface. TiO2 surfaces were further pretreated with 30% H2O2 for prolonged oxidative behavior. The biological response toward such surfaces was assessed in vitro. S. epidermidis biofilms formed on modified surfaces showed reduced viability compared to nonmodified surfaces. Further, the same surface modification showed no cytotoxic effects on MC3T3 preosteoblasts. However, the results from the conducted genotoxicity assay were inconclusive, and further studies are needed to exclude ROS-mediated DNA damage. To conclude, this study provides evidence that a simple surface modification based on the dark catalytic effect of TiO2 can be used to create antibacterial surface properties for ceramic bone scaffolds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Wiedmer
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Clinical Dentistry , University of Oslo , Oslo 0317 Norway
| | - Chen Cui
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Clinical Dentistry , University of Oslo , Oslo 0317 Norway
| | - Florian Weber
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Clinical Dentistry , University of Oslo , Oslo 0317 Norway
| | - Fernanda C Petersen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry , University of Oslo , Oslo 0316 Norway
| | - Hanna Tiainen
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Clinical Dentistry , University of Oslo , Oslo 0317 Norway
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zeller A, Pfuhler S, Albertini S, Bringezu F, Czich A, Dietz Y, Fautz R, Hewitt NJ, Kirst A, Kasper P. A critical appraisal of the sensitivity of in vivo genotoxicity assays in detecting human carcinogens. Mutagenesis 2018; 33:179-193. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gey005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zeller
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, pRED Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Pfuhler
- Procter & Gamble, Global Product Stewardship, Human Safety, Mason Business Centre, Mason, OH, USA
| | - Silvio Albertini
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, pRED Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Andreas Czich
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yasmin Dietz
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Peter Kasper
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger-Allee, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Venancio VP, Almeida MR, Antunes LMG. Cocoplum ( Chrysobalanus icaco L.) decreases doxorubicin-induced DNA damage and downregulates Gadd45a , Il-1β , and Tnf-α in vivo. Food Res Int 2018; 105:996-1002. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
30
|
Khanal S, Singh P, Avlasevich SL, Torous DK, Bemis JC, Dertinger SD. Integration of liver and blood micronucleus and Pig-a gene mutation endpoints into rat 28-day repeat-treatment studies: Proof-of-principle with diethylnitrosamine. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2018; 828:30-35. [PMID: 29555062 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory guidance documents stress the value of assessing multiple tissues and the most appropriate endpoints when evaluating chemicals for in vivo genotoxic potential. However, conducting several independent studies to consider multiple endpoints and/or tissue compartments is resource intensive. Furthermore, conventional approaches for scoring genotoxicity endpoints are slow, tedious, and less objective than what would be considered ideal. In an effort to address these issues with current practices, we attempted to i) employ flow cytometry-based methods to score liver micronuclei, blood micronuclei, and blood Pig-a gene mutation, and ii) integrate the endpoints into a common general toxicology study design-the rat 28-day repeat dose study. A proof-of-principle experiment was performed with 6-week old male Crl:CD(SD) rats exposed to diethylnitrosamine (DEN) for 28 consecutive days. One day later blood was collected for micronucleated reticulocyte (MN-RET) and Pig-a mutation assays, and liver tissue was obtained for micronucleated hepatocyte (MNHEP) scoring. MN-RET frequencies were not affected by DEN exposure, and mean Pig-a mutant cell frequencies were only slightly elevated. On the other hand, % MNHEP showed marked, dose-related increases (2.2, 7.2, and 9.1 mean fold-increase for 5, 10, 15 mg DEN/kg/day, respectively). Concurrent with MNHEP analyses, assessments of Ki-67-positive events and the proportion of 8n nuclei provided evidence for treatment-related changes to hepatocyte proliferation. Collectively, these results reinforce the importance of evaluating chemicals' genotoxic potential in liver in addition to hematopoietic cells, and suggest that several automated measurements can be successfully integrated into repeat-dose studies for higher efficiencies and better utilization of fewer animals.
Collapse
|
31
|
Sykora P, Witt KL, Revanna P, Smith-Roe SL, Dismukes J, Lloyd DG, Engelward BP, Sobol RW. Next generation high throughput DNA damage detection platform for genotoxic compound screening. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2771. [PMID: 29426857 PMCID: PMC5807538 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20995-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods for quantifying DNA damage, as well as repair of that damage, in a high-throughput format are lacking. Single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE; comet assay) is a widely-used method due to its technical simplicity and sensitivity, but the standard comet assay has limitations in reproducibility and throughput. We have advanced the SCGE assay by creating a 96-well hardware platform coupled with dedicated data processing software (CometChip Platform). Based on the original cometchip approach, the CometChip Platform increases capacity ~200 times over the traditional slide-based SCGE protocol, with excellent reproducibility. We tested this platform in several applications, demonstrating a broad range of potential uses including the routine identification of DNA damaging agents, using a 74-compound library provided by the National Toxicology Program. Additionally, we demonstrated how this tool can be used to evaluate human populations by analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to characterize susceptibility to genotoxic exposures, with implications for epidemiological studies. In summary, we demonstrated a high level of reproducibility and quantitative capacity for the CometChip Platform, making it suitable for high-throughput screening to identify and characterize genotoxic agents in large compound libraries, as well as for human epidemiological studies of genetic diversity relating to DNA damage and repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sykora
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
| | - Kristine L Witt
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Pooja Revanna
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
| | - Stephanie L Smith-Roe
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Jonathan Dismukes
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
| | | | - Bevin P Engelward
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Robert W Sobol
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Møller P, Jantzen K, Løhr M, Andersen MH, Jensen DM, Roursgaard M, Danielsen PH, Jensen A, Loft S. Searching for assay controls for the Fpg- and hOGG1-modified comet assay. Mutagenesis 2017; 33:9-19. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gex015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Kim Jantzen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Mille Løhr
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Maria Helena Andersen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Ditte Marie Jensen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Martin Roursgaard
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Pernille Høgh Danielsen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Annie Jensen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Steffen Loft
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Thybaud V, Lorge E, Levy DD, van Benthem J, Douglas GR, Marchetti F, Moore MM, Schoeny R. Main issues addressed in the 2014-2015 revisions to the OECD Genetic Toxicology Test Guidelines. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2017; 58:284-295. [PMID: 28266061 DOI: 10.1002/em.22079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) recently revised the test guidelines (TGs) for genetic toxicology. This article describes the main issues addressed during the revision process, and the new and consistent recommendations made in the revised TGs for: (1) demonstration of laboratory proficiency; (2) generation and use of robust historical control data; (3) improvement of the statistical power of the tests; (4) selection of top concentration for in vitro assays; (5) consistent data interpretation and determination of whether the result is clearly positive, clearly negative or needs closer consideration; and, (6) consideration of 3R's for in vivo assay design. The revision process resulted in improved consistency among OECD TGs (including the newly developed ones) and more comprehensive recommendations for the conduct and the interpretation of the assays. Altogether, the recommendations made during the revision process should improve the efficiency, by which the data are generated, and the quality and reliability of test results. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:284-295, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dan D Levy
- US Food and Drug Administration Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, Maryland
| | - Jan van Benthem
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - George R Douglas
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Francesco Marchetti
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bus JS. IARC use of oxidative stress as key mode of action characteristic for facilitating cancer classification: Glyphosate case example illustrating a lack of robustness in interpretative implementation. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 86:157-166. [PMID: 28274811 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has formulated 10 key characteristics of human carcinogens to incorporate mechanistic data into cancer hazard classifications. The analysis used glyphosate as a case example to examine the robustness of IARC's determination of oxidative stress as "strong" evidence supporting a plausible cancer mechanism in humans. The IARC analysis primarily relied on 14 human/mammalian studies; 19 non-mammalian studies were uninformative of human cancer given the broad spectrum of test species and extensive use of formulations and aquatic testing. The mammalian studies had substantial experimental limitations for informing cancer mechanism including use of: single doses and time points; cytotoxic/toxic test doses; tissues not identified as potential cancer targets; glyphosate formulations or mixtures; technically limited oxidative stress biomarkers. The doses were many orders of magnitude higher than human exposures determined in human biomonitoring studies. The glyphosate case example reveals that the IARC evaluation fell substantially short of "strong" supporting evidence of oxidative stress as a plausible human cancer mechanism, and suggests that other IARC monographs relying on the 10 key characteristics approach should be similarly examined for a lack of robust data integration fundamental to reasonable mode of action evaluations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James S Bus
- Exponent, Inc., 1800 Diagonal Road, Suite 500, Alexandria, VA 22314, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
The insecticide spinosad induces DNA damage and apoptosis in HEK293 and HepG2 cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2016; 812:12-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
36
|
Hemachandra CK, Pathiratne A. Combination of physico-chemical analysis, Allium cepa test system and Oreochromis niloticus erythrocyte based comet assay/nuclear abnormalities tests for cyto-genotoxicity assessments of treated effluents discharged from textile industries. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 131:54-64. [PMID: 27209118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bioassays for cyto-genotoxicity assessments are generally not required in current textile industry effluent discharge management regulations. The present study applied in vivo plant and fish based toxicity tests viz. Allium cepa test system and Oreochromis niloticus erythrocyte based comet assay and nuclear abnormalities tests in combination with physico-chemical analysis for assessing potential cytotoxic/genotoxic impacts of treated textile industry effluents reaching a major river (Kelani River) in Sri Lanka. Of the treated effluents tested from two textile industries, color in the Textile industry 1 effluents occasionally and color, biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand in the Textile industry 2 effluents frequently exceeded the specified Sri Lankan tolerance limits for discharge of industrial effluents into inland surface waters. Exposure of A. cepa bulbs to 100% and 12.5% treated effluents from both industries resulted in statistically significant root growth retardation, mito-depression, and induction of chromosomal abnormalities in root meristematic cells in comparison to the dilution water in all cases demonstrating cyto-genotoxicity associated with the treated effluents. Exposure of O. niloticus to the 100% and 12.5% effluents, resulted in erythrocytic genetic damage as shown by elevated total comet scores and induction of nuclear abnormalities confirming the genotoxicity of the treated effluents even with 1:8 dilution. The results provide strong scientific evidence for the crucial necessity of incorporating cyto-genotoxicity impact assessment tools in textile industry effluent management regulations considering human health and ecological health of the receiving water course under chronic exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chamini K Hemachandra
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Management, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, GQ 11600, Sri Lanka
| | - Asoka Pathiratne
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Management, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, GQ 11600, Sri Lanka.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mello MB, Machado CS, Ribeiro DL, Aissa AF, Burim RV, Alves da Cunha MA, Barcelos GRM, Antunes LMG, Bianchi MLP. Protective effects of the exopolysaccharide Lasiodiplodan against DNA damage and inflammation induced by doxorubicin in rats: Cytogenetic and gene expression assays. Toxicology 2016; 376:66-74. [PMID: 27181935 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The lasiodiplodan (LS) is a β-(1→6)-d-glucan produced by the fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae and some of the biological activities of LS were reported as hypoglycemic, anticoagulant, anti-proliferative and anticancer action; however, its effects on DNA instability and modulation of gene expression are still unclear. Aims of study were investigate the genotoxic effects of lasiodiplodan, and its protective activity against DNA damage induced by doxorubicin (DXR) and its impact on the expression of genes associated with DNA damage and inflammatory response pathways. Therefore, Wistar rats were treated (15 days) orally with LS (5.0; 10 and 20mg/kg bw) alone and in combination with DXR (15mg/kg bw; administrated intraperitoneally on 14th day) as well as their respective controls: distilled water and DXR. Monitoring of DNA damage was assessed by comet and micronucleus (MN) assays and gene expression was evaluated by PCR-Arrays. Treatments with LS alone did not induce disturbances on DNA; when LS was given in combination with DXR, comet and MN formations were reduced to those found in the respective controls. Moreover, LS was able to reduce the disturbances on gene expressions induced by DXR treatment, since the animals that receive LS associated with DXR showed no alteration in the expression of genes related to DNA damage response. Also, DXR induced several up- and down-regulation of several genes associated to inflammatory process, while the animals that received LS+DXR had their gene expression patterns similar to those found in the control group. In conclusion, our results showed that LS did not induce disturbances on DNA stability and significantly reduce the DNA damage and inflammation caused by DXR exposure. In addition, we give further information concerning the molecular mechanisms associated to LS protective effects which seems to be a promising nutraceutical with chemopreventive potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M B Mello
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n°, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C S Machado
- Department of Genetics; School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, CEP 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D L Ribeiro
- Department of Genetics; School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, CEP 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A F Aissa
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n°, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R V Burim
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n°, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M A Alves da Cunha
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology of Paraná, Via do Conhecimento, km 01, CEP 85503-390, Pato Branco, Paraná, Brazil
| | - G R M Barcelos
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n°, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, CEP 11015-020, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - L M G Antunes
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n°, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M L P Bianchi
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n°, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Luijten M, Olthof ED, Hakkert BC, Rorije E, van der Laan JW, Woutersen RA, van Benthem J. An integrative test strategy for cancer hazard identification. Crit Rev Toxicol 2016; 46:615-39. [PMID: 27142259 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2016.1171294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of genotoxic and carcinogenic potential is considered one of the basic requirements when evaluating possible human health risks associated with exposure to chemicals. Test strategies currently in place focus primarily on identifying genotoxic potential due to the strong association between the accumulation of genetic damage and cancer. Using genotoxicity assays to predict carcinogenic potential has the significant drawback that risks from non-genotoxic carcinogens remain largely undetected unless carcinogenicity studies are performed. Furthermore, test systems already developed to reduce animal use are not easily accepted and implemented by either industries or regulators. This manuscript reviews the test methods for cancer hazard identification that have been adopted by the regulatory authorities, and discusses the most promising alternative methods that have been developed to date. Based on these findings, a generally applicable tiered test strategy is proposed that can be considered capable of detecting both genotoxic as well as non-genotoxic carcinogens and will improve understanding of the underlying mode of action. Finally, strengths and weaknesses of this new integrative test strategy for cancer hazard identification are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Luijten
- a Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , the Netherlands
| | - Evelyn D Olthof
- a Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , the Netherlands
| | - Betty C Hakkert
- b Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , the Netherlands
| | - Emiel Rorije
- b Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , the Netherlands
| | | | - Ruud A Woutersen
- d Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) , Zeist , the Netherlands
| | - Jan van Benthem
- a Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Plappert-Helbig U, Guérard M. Inter-laboratory comparison of the in vivo comet assay including three image analysis systems. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2015; 56:788-793. [PMID: 26248301 DOI: 10.1002/em.21964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To compare the extent of potential inter-laboratory variability and the influence of different comet image analysis systems, in vivo comet experiments were conducted using the genotoxicants ethyl methanesulfonate and methyl methanesulfonate. Tissue samples from the same animals were processed and analyzed-including independent slide evaluation by image analysis-in two laboratories with extensive experience in performing the comet assay. The analysis revealed low inter-laboratory experimental variability. Neither the use of different image analysis systems, nor the staining procedure of DNA (propidium iodide vs. SYBR® Gold), considerably impacted the results or sensitivity of the assay. In addition, relatively high stability of the staining intensity of propidium iodide-stained slides was found in slides that were refrigerated for over 3 months. In conclusion, following a thoroughly defined protocol and standardized routine procedures ensures that the comet assay is robust and generates comparable results between different laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Plappert-Helbig
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, PreClinical Safety, 4057, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Guérard
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Pharmaceutical Science, Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, 4070, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Honma M. Evaluation of the in vivo genotoxicity of Allura Red AC (Food Red No. 40). Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 84:270-5. [PMID: 26364875 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Allura Red AC (Food Red No. 40) is a red azo dye that is used for food coloring in beverage and confectionary products. However, its genotoxic properties remain controversial. To clarify the in vivo genotoxicity, we treated mice with Allura Red AC and investigated the induction of DNA damage (liver, glandular stomach), clastogenicity/anuegenicity (bone marrow), and mutagenicity (liver, glandular stomach) using Comet assays, micronucleus tests, and transgenic gene mutation assays, respectively. All studies were conducted in accordance with the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guideline. Although Allura Red AC was administered up to the maximum doses recommended by the OECD guideline, no genotoxic effect was observed in any of the genotoxic endpoints. These data clearly show no evidence of in vivo genotoxic potential of Allura Red AC administered up to the maximum doses in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu Honma
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Bausinger J, Schütz P, Piberger AL, Speit G. Further characterization of benzo[a]pyrene diol-epoxide (BPDE)-induced comet assay effects. Mutagenesis 2015; 31:161-9. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gev067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
42
|
Takasawa H, Takashima R, Narumi K, Kawasako K, Hattori A, Kawabata M, Hamada S. Results of the International Validation of the in vivo rodent alkaline comet assay for the detection of genotoxic carcinogens: Individual data for 1,2-dibromoethane, p-anisidine, and o-anthranilic acid in the 2nd step of the 4th phase Validation Study under the JaCVAM initiative. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015. [PMID: 26212305 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
As part of the Japanese Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (JaCVAM)-initiative International Validation Study of an in vivo rat alkaline comet assay, we examined 1,2-dibromoethane (DBE), p-anisidine (ASD), and o-anthranilic acid (ANT) to investigate the effectiveness of the comet assay in detecting genotoxic carcinogens. Each of the three test chemicals was administered to 5 male Sprague-Dawley rats per group by oral gavage at 48, 24, and 3h before specimen preparation. Single cells were collected from the liver and glandular stomach at 3h after the final dosing, and the specimens prepared from these two organs were subjected to electrophoresis under alkaline conditions (pH>13). The percentage of DNA intensity in the comet tail was then assessed using an image analysis system. A micronucleus (MN) assay was also conducted using these three test chemicals with the bone marrow (BM) cells collected from the same animals simultaneously used in the comet assay, i.e., combination study of the comet assay and BM MN assay. A genotoxic (Ames positive) rodent carcinogen, DBE gave a positive result in the comet assay in the present study, while a genotoxic (Ames positive) non-carcinogen, ASD and a non-genotoxic (Ames negative) non-carcinogen, ANT showed negative results in the comet assay. All three chemicals produced negative results in the BM MN assay. While the comet assay findings in the present study were consistent with those obtained from the rodent carcinogenicity studies for the three test chemicals, we consider the positive result in the comet assay for DBE to be particularly meaningful, given that this chemical produced a negative result in the BM MN assay. Therefore, the combination study of the comet assay and BM MN assay is a useful method to detect genotoxic carcinogens that are undetectable with the BM MN assay alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hironao Takasawa
- LSI Medience Corporation (Old name: Mitsubishi Chemical Medience Corporation), 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan.
| | - Rie Takashima
- LSI Medience Corporation (Old name: Mitsubishi Chemical Medience Corporation), 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan
| | - Kazunori Narumi
- LSI Medience Corporation (Old name: Mitsubishi Chemical Medience Corporation), 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan; Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Kawasako
- LSI Medience Corporation (Old name: Mitsubishi Chemical Medience Corporation), 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan
| | - Akiko Hattori
- LSI Medience Corporation (Old name: Mitsubishi Chemical Medience Corporation), 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawabata
- LSI Medience Corporation (Old name: Mitsubishi Chemical Medience Corporation), 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan
| | - Shuichi Hamada
- LSI Medience Corporation (Old name: Mitsubishi Chemical Medience Corporation), 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan
| |
Collapse
|