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De Grandis RA, Costa AR, Moraes CAF, Sampaio NZ, Cerqueira IH, Marques WG, Guedes APM, de Araujo-Neto JH, Pavan FR, Demidoff FC, Netto CD, Batista AA, Resende FA. Novel Ru(II)-bipyridine/phenanthroline-lapachol complexes as potential anti-cancer agents. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 237:112005. [PMID: 36155170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.112005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, we herein report on the syntheses of two new Ru(II)/bipyridine/phenanthroline complexes containing lapachol as ligand: complex (1), [Ru (bipy)2(Lap)]PF6 and complex (2), [Ru(Lap)(phen)2]PF6, where bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine and ph en = 1,10-phenanthroline; Lap = lapachol (2-hydroxy-3-(3-methylbut-2-en-1- yl)naphthalene-1,4-dione). The complexes were synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, molar conductivity, mass spectrometry, ultraviolet-visible and infrared spectroscopies, nuclear magnetic resonance (1H, 13C), and single crystal X-ray diffraction, for complex (2). In addition, in vitro cytotoxicity was tested against six cancer cells: A549 (lung carcinoma); DU-145 (human prostate carcinoma); HepG2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma), PC-3 (human prostate adenocarcinoma); MDA-MB-231 (human breast adenocarcinoma); Caco-2 (human colorectal adenocarcinoma), and against two non-cancer cells, FGH (human gingival normal fibroblasts) and PNT-2 (prostate epithelial cells). Complex (1) was slightly more toxic and selective than complex (2) for all cell lines, except against the A549 cells, where (2) was more potent than complex (1). The complexes induced an increase in the reactive oxygen species, and the co-treatment with N-acetyl-L-cysteine remarkably suppressed the ROS generation and prevented the reduction of cell viability, suggesting that the cytotoxicity of the complexes is related to the ROS-mediated pathway. Further studies indicated that the complexes may bind to DNA via minor groove interaction. Our studies also revealed that free Lap induces gene mutations in Salmonella Typhimurium, nevertheless, the complexes demonstrated the absence of genotoxicity by the Ames test. The present study provides a relevant contribution to understanding the anti-cancer potential and genetic toxicological events of new ruthenium complexes containing the lapachol molecule as a ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rone Aparecido De Grandis
- UNIARA - University of Araraquara, Department of Biological Sciences and Health, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil; UFSCar - Federal University of São Carlos, Department of Chemistry, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Analu Rocha Costa
- UFSCar - Federal University of São Carlos, Department of Chemistry, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Natália Zaneti Sampaio
- UNIARA - University of Araraquara, Department of Biological Sciences and Health, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor Henrique Cerqueira
- UNIARA - University of Araraquara, Department of Biological Sciences and Health, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wellington Garcia Marques
- UNIARA - University of Araraquara, Department of Biological Sciences and Health, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fernando Rogério Pavan
- UNESP - São Paulo State University, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Chaquip Daher Netto
- UFRJ - Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Chemistry, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alzir Azevedo Batista
- UFSCar - Federal University of São Carlos, Department of Chemistry, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Flávia Aparecida Resende
- UNIARA - University of Araraquara, Department of Biological Sciences and Health, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
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2
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Aleixo NA, Gomes PSDS, Silva PBD, Sato MR, Campos DL, Barud HDS, Castro GR, Islan GA, Toledo C, Karp F, Chorilli M, Pavan FR, Resende FA. Study of antimycobacterial, cytotoxic, and mutagenic potential of polymeric nanoparticles of copper (II) complex. J Microencapsul 2022; 39:61-71. [PMID: 34984941 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2022.2025935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to encapsulate and characterize a potential anti-tuberculosis copper complex (CuCl2(INH)2.H2O:I1) into polymeric nanoparticles (PNs) of polymethacrylate copolymers (Eudragit®, Eu) developed by nanoprecipitation method. NE30D, S100 and, E100 polymers were tested. The physicochemical characterizations were performed by DLS, TEM, FTIR, encapsulation efficiency and, in vitro release studies. Encapsulation of I1 in PN-NE30D, PN-E100, and PN-S100 was 26.3%, 94.5%, 22.6%, respectively. The particle size and zeta potential were 82.3 nm and -24.5 mV for PNs-NE30D, 304.4 nm and +18.7 mV for PNs-E100, and 517.9 nm and -6.9 mV for PNs-S100, respectively. All PDIs were under 0.5. The formulations showed a I1 controlled release at alkaline pH with 29.7% from PNs-NE30D, 7.9% from PNs-E100 and, 28.1% from PNs-S100 at 1 h incubation. PNs were stable for at least 3 months. Particularly, PNs-NE30D demonstrated moderate inhibition of M. tuberculosis and low cytotoxic activity. None of the PNs induced mutagenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Andrade Aleixo
- University of Araraquara (UNIARA), Department of Biological Sciences and Health, Araraquara, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Pietra Stefany da Silva Gomes
- University of Araraquara (UNIARA), Department of Biological Sciences and Health, Araraquara, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Bento da Silva
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo State, Brazil.,Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Genetics and Morphology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Mariana Rillo Sato
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Débora Leite Campos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Hernane da Silva Barud
- University of Araraquara (UNIARA), Department of Biological Sciences and Health, Araraquara, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Guillermo Raul Castro
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata - CONICET (CCT La Plata), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departmento de Química, CINDEFI, Laboratorio de Nanobiomateriales, La Plata, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Centro de Estudios Interdisciplinarios (CEI), Max Planck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics of Rosario (MPLbioR, UNR-MPIbpC). Partner Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry (MPIbpC, MPG), Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - German Abel Islan
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata - CONICET (CCT La Plata), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departmento de Química, CINDEFI, Laboratorio de Nanobiomateriales, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Constanza Toledo
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata - CONICET (CCT La Plata), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departmento de Química, CINDEFI, Laboratorio de Nanobiomateriales, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Federico Karp
- Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), INTEC, Laboratorio de Química Fina (UNL-CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Fernando Rogério Pavan
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Flávia Aparecida Resende
- University of Araraquara (UNIARA), Department of Biological Sciences and Health, Araraquara, São Paulo State, Brazil
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3
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Munteanu AC, Uivarosi V. Ruthenium Complexes in the Fight against Pathogenic Microorganisms. An Extensive Review. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:874. [PMID: 34199283 PMCID: PMC8232020 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of antibiotics has resulted in the emergence of drug-resistant populations of microorganisms. Clearly, one can see the need to develop new, more effective, antimicrobial agents that go beyond the explored 'chemical space'. In this regard, their unique modes of action (e.g., reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, redox activation, ligand exchange, depletion of substrates involved in vital cellular processes) render metal complexes as promising drug candidates. Several Ru (II/III) complexes have been included in, or are currently undergoing, clinical trials as anticancer agents. Based on the in-depth knowledge of their chemical properties and biological behavior, the interest in developing new ruthenium compounds as antibiotic, antifungal, antiparasitic, or antiviral drugs has risen. This review will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Ru (II/III) frameworks as antimicrobial agents. Some aspects regarding the relationship between their chemical structure and mechanism of action, cellular localization, and/or metabolism of the ruthenium complexes in bacterial and eukaryotic cells are discussed as well. Regarding the antiviral activity, in light of current events related to the Covid-19 pandemic, the Ru (II/III) compounds used against SARS-CoV-2 (e.g., BOLD-100) are also reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra-Cristina Munteanu
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Valentina Uivarosi
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
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4
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Cyto-genotoxic evaluation of novel anti-tubercular copper (II) complexes containing isoniazid-based ligands. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 113:104653. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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5
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De Grandis RA, Santos PWDSD, Oliveira KMD, Machado ART, Aissa AF, Batista AA, Antunes LMG, Pavan FR. Novel lawsone-containing ruthenium(II) complexes: Synthesis, characterization and anticancer activity on 2D and 3D spheroid models of prostate cancer cells. Bioorg Chem 2019; 85:455-468. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Investigation of Safety Profile of Four Copaifera Species and of Kaurenoic Acid by Salmonella/Microsome Test. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:7631531. [PMID: 30733813 PMCID: PMC6348810 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7631531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Trees of the Copaifera genus are native to the tropical regions of Latin America and Western Africa. Copaifera sp is widely used as a popular medicine and it has various ethnopharmacological indications, including gonorrhea, bronchitis, asthma, skin ulcers, ulcers, sore throat, uterine infections, general inflammations, cancer, and leishmanioses. Kaurenoic acid is a naturally occurring diterpene found in Copaifera and has been used as an anti-inflammatory, treatment of ulcer, leishmaniasis, and cancer. Bearing in mind the fact that the Ames test is an excellent tool to assess the safety of extracts, oils, and phytochemicals isolated from medicinal plants, from it, we evaluate the mutagenic potential of four species, between oleoresins (C. oblongifolia; C. langsdorffii) and leaves extracts (C. lucens; C. multijuga), of the Copaifera genus and also of kaurenoic acid, which is one of its major compounds. The results showed that the Copaifera spp. and kaurenoic acid did not induce an increase in the number of revertant colonies, without mutagenic effect in experiments, in the all concentrations evaluated by Ames test. The results obtained in our study support the safe use of the Copaifera genus medicinal plants selected and of kaurenoic acid.
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7
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da Silva MM, de Camargo MS, Correa RS, Castelli S, De Grandis RA, Takarada JE, Varanda EA, Castellano EE, Deflon VM, Cominetti MR, Desideri A, Batista AA. Non-mutagenic Ru(ii) complexes: cytotoxicity, topoisomerase IB inhibition, DNA and HSA binding. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:14885-14897. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01905g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Herein we discuss five ruthenium(ii) complexes with good cytotoxicity against cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rodrigo S. Correa
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto
- Ouro Preto
- Brazil
| | - Silvia Castelli
- Dipartimentodi Biologia
- UniversitàTorVergatadi Roma
- 00133 Rome
- Italy
| | - Rone A. De Grandis
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
- UNESP
- Araraquara
- Brazil
| | | | - Eliana A. Varanda
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
- UNESP
- Araraquara
- Brazil
| | | | - Victor M. Deflon
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos
- Universidade de São Paulo
- São Carlos
- Brazil
| | - Marcia R. Cominetti
- Departamento de Gerontologia
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos
- São Carlos
- Brazil
| | | | - Alzir A. Batista
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos
- São Carlos
- Brazil
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8
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de Camargo MS, De Grandis RA, da Silva MM, da Silva PB, Santoni MM, Eismann CE, Menegário AA, Cominetti MR, Zanelli CF, Pavan FR, Batista AA. Determination of in vitro absorption in Caco-2 monolayers of anticancer Ru(II)-based complexes acting as dual human topoisomerase and PARP inhibitors. Biometals 2018; 32:89-100. [PMID: 30506342 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-018-0160-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Due to their unique and versatile biochemical properties, ruthenium-based compounds have emerged as promising anticancer agents. Previous studies showed that three ruthenium(II) compounds: [Ru(pySH)(bipy)(dppb)]PF6 (1), [Ru(HSpym)(bipy)(dppb)]PF6 (2) and Ru[(SpymMe2)(bipy)(dppb)]PF6 (3) presented anticancer properties higher than doxorubicin and cisplatin and acted as human topoisomerase IB (Topo I) inhibitors. Here, we focused our studies on in vitro intestinal permeability and anticancer mechanisms of these three complexes. Caco-2 permeation studies showed that 1 did not permeate the monolayer of intestinal cells, suggesting a lack of absorption on oral administration, while 2 and 3 permeated the cells after 60 and 120 min, respectively. Complexes 2 and 3 fully inhibited Topo II relaxation activity at 125 µM. In previously studies, 3 was the most potent inhibitor of Topo I, here, we concluded that it is a dual topoisomerase inhibitor. Moreover, it presented selectivity to cancer cells when evaluated by clonogenic assay. Thus, 3 was selected to gene expression assay front MDA-MB-231 cells from triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which represents the highly aggressive subgroup of breast cancers with poor prognosis. The analyses revealed changes of 27 out of 84 sought target genes. PARP1 and PARP2 were 5.29 and 1.83 times down-regulated after treatment with 3, respectively. PARPs have been attractive antitumor drug targets, considering PARP inhibition could suppress DNA damage repair and sensitize tumor cells to DNA damage agents. Recent advances in DNA repair studies have shown that an approach that causes cell lethality using synthetic PARP-inhibiting drugs has produced promising results in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana S de Camargo
- Center of Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Rone A De Grandis
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Monize M da Silva
- Center of Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Patricia B da Silva
- Department of Genetics and Morphology, University of Brasilia, Federal District, DF, 70910-970, Brazil
| | - Mariana M Santoni
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Carlos E Eismann
- Center of Environmental Studies, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, SP, 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Amauri A Menegário
- Center of Environmental Studies, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, SP, 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Marcia R Cominetti
- Department of Gerontology, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Cleslei F Zanelli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Fernando R Pavan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Alzir A Batista
- Center of Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
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Mello-Andrade F, Cardoso CG, Silva CRE, Chen-Chen L, Melo-Reis PRD, Lima APD, Oliveira R, Ferraz IBM, Grisolia CK, Almeida MAP, Batista AA, Silveira-Lacerda EDP. Acute toxic effects of ruthenium (II)/amino acid/diphosphine complexes on Swiss mice and zebrafish embryos. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:1082-1092. [PMID: 30257320 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticancer potential of ruthenium complexes has been widely investigated, but safety evaluation studies are still scarce. Despite of ruthenium-based anticancer agents are known to cause fewer side effects compared to other metal-based drugs, these compounds are not fully free of toxicity, causing mainly nephrotoxicity. Based on the promising results from antitumor activity of the complexes [Ru(L-Met)(bipy)(dppb)]PF6 (RuMet) and [Ru(L-Trp)(bipy)(dppb)]PF6 (RuTrp), for the first time we investigated the toxicity profile of these complexes in rodent and zebrafish models. The acute oral toxicity was evaluated in Swiss mice. The mutagenic and genotoxic potential was determined by a combination of Micronucleus (MN) and Comet assay protocols, after exposure of Swiss mice to RuMet and RuTrp in therapeutic doses. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to these complexes, and their development observed up to 96 h post-fertilization. RuMet and RuTrp complexes showed low acute oral toxicity. Recorded behavioral changes were not recorded, nor were macroscopic morphological changes or structural modifications in the liver and kidneys. These complexes did not cause genetic toxicity, presenting a lack of micronuclei formation and low DNA damage induction in the cells from Swiss mice. In contradiction, cisplatin treatment exhibited high mutagenicity and genotoxicity. RuMet and RuTrp showed low toxicity in the embryo development of zebrafish. The RuMet and RuTrp complexes demonstrated low toxicity in the two study models, an interesting property in preclinical studies for novel anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francyelli Mello-Andrade
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Cytogenetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Cléver Gomes Cardoso
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Carolina Ribeiro E Silva
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Mutagenesis, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO,74690-900, Brazil
| | - Lee Chen-Chen
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Mutagenesis, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO,74690-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto de Melo-Reis
- Laboratory of Experimental and Biotechnological Research, Master's Program in Environmental Sciences and Health of School of Medical Sciences, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical, Laboratory, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-010, Brazil
| | - Aliny Pereira de Lima
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Cytogenetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Rhaul Oliveira
- Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Irvin Bryan Machado Ferraz
- Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Cesar Koppe Grisolia
- Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | | | - Alzir Azevedo Batista
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Elisângela de Paula Silveira-Lacerda
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Cytogenetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil.
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10
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De Grandis RA, de Camargo MS, da Silva MM, Lopes ÉO, Padilha EC, Resende FA, Peccinini RG, Pavan FR, Desideri A, Batista AA, Varanda EA. Human topoisomerase inhibition and DNA/BSA binding of Ru(II)-SCAR complexes as potential anticancer candidates for oral application. Biometals 2017; 30:321-334. [PMID: 28303361 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-017-0008-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Three ruthenium(II) phosphine/diimine/picolinate complexes were selected aimed at investigating anticancer activity against several cancer cell lines and the capacity of inhibiting the supercoiled DNA relaxation mediated by human topoisomerase IB (Top 1). The structure-lipophilicity relationship in membrane permeability using the Caco-2 cells have also been evaluated in this study. SCAR 5 was found to present 45 times more cytotoxicity against breast cancer cell when compared to cisplatin. SCAR 4 and 5 were both found to be capable of inhibiting the supercoiled DNA relaxation mediated by Top 1. Interaction studies showed that SCAR 4 and 5 can bind to DNA through electrostatic interactions while SCAR 6 is able to bind covalently to DNA. The complexes SCAR were found to interact differently with bovine serum albumin (BSA) suggesting hydrophobic interactions with albumin. The permeability of all complexes was seen to be dependent on their lipophilicity. SCAR 4 and 5 exhibited high membrane permeability (P app > 10 × 10-6 cm·s-1) in the presence of BSA. The complexes may pass through Caco-2 monolayer via passive diffusion mechanism and our results suggest that lipophilicity and interaction with BSA may influence the complexes permeation. In conclusion, we demonstrated that complexes have powerful pharmacological activity, with different results for each complex depending on the combination of their ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rone A De Grandis
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Mariana S de Camargo
- Center of Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Monize M da Silva
- Center of Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Érica O Lopes
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Elias C Padilha
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Flávia A Resende
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences, University of Araraquara, Araraquara, 14801-340, Brazil.
| | - Rosângela G Peccinini
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Fernando R Pavan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, 14800-903, Brazil
| | | | - Alzir A Batista
- Center of Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Eliana A Varanda
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, 14800-903, Brazil
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Abstract
Ruthenium is seldom mentioned in microbiology texts, due to the fact that this metal has no known, essential roles in biological systems, nor is it generally considered toxic. Since the fortuitous discovery of cisplatin, first as an antimicrobial agent and then later employed widely as an anticancer agent, complexes of other platinum group metals, such as ruthenium, have attracted interest for their medicinal properties. Here, we review at length how ruthenium complexes have been investigated as potential antimicrobial, antiparasitic and chemotherapeutic agents, in addition to their long and well-established roles as biological stains and inhibitors of calcium channels. Ruthenium complexes are also employed in a surprising number of biotechnological roles. It is in the employment of ruthenium complexes as antimicrobial agents and alternatives or adjuvants to more traditional antibiotics, that we expect to see the most striking developments in the future. Such novel contributions from organometallic chemistry are undoubtedly sorely needed to address the antimicrobial resistance crisis and the slow appearance on the market of new antibiotics.
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