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Kološa K, Žegura B, Štampar M, Filipič M, Novak M. Adverse Toxic Effects of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors on Non-Target Zebrafish Liver (ZFL) Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043894. [PMID: 36835302 PMCID: PMC9965539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, numerous tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been introduced for targeted therapy of various types of malignancies. Due to frequent and increasing use, leading to eventual excretion with body fluids, their residues have been found in hospital and household wastewaters as well as surface water. However, the effects of TKI residues in the environment on aquatic organisms are poorly described. In the present study, we investigated the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of five selected TKIs, namely erlotinib (ERL), dasatinib (DAS), nilotinib (NIL), regorafenib (REG), and sorafenib (SOR), using the in vitro zebrafish liver cell (ZFL) model. Cytotoxicity was determined using the MTS assay and propidium iodide (PI) live/dead staining by flow cytometry. DAS, SOR, and REG decreased ZFL cell viability dose- and time-dependently, with DAS being the most cytotoxic TKI studied. ERL and NIL did not affect viability at concentrations up to their maximum solubility; however, NIL was the only TKI that significantly decreased the proportion of PI negative cells as determined by the flow cytometry. Cell cycle progression analyses showed that DAS, ERL, REG, and SOR caused the cell cycle arrest of ZFL cells in the G0/G1 phase, with a concomitant decrease of cells in the S-phase fraction. No data could be obtained for NIL due to severe DNA fragmentation. The genotoxic activity of the investigated TKIs was evaluated using comet and cytokinesis block micronucleus (CBMN) assays. The dose-dependent induction of DNA single strand breaks was induced by NIL (≥2 μM), DAS (≥0.006 μM), and REG (≥0.8 μM), with DAS being the most potent. None of the TKIs studied induced micronuclei formation. These results suggest that normal non-target fish liver cells are sensitive to the TKIs studied in a concentration range similar to those previously reported for human cancer cell lines. Although the TKI concentrations that induced adverse effects in exposed ZFL cells are several orders of magnitude higher than those currently expected in the aquatic environment, the observed DNA damage and cell cycle effects suggest that residues of TKIs in the environment may pose a hazard to non-intentionally exposed organisms living in environments contaminated with TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Kološa
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojana Žegura
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
| | - Martina Štampar
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Filipič
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Novak
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Elersek T, Novak M, Mlinar M, Virant I, Bahor N, Leben K, Žegura B, Filipič M. Lethal and Sub-Lethal Effects and Modulation of Gene Expression Induced by T Kinase Inhibitors in Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) Embryos. TOXICS 2021; 10:toxics10010004. [PMID: 35051046 PMCID: PMC8781212 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are designed for targeted cancer therapy. The consumption of these drugs during the last 20 years has been constantly rising. In the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo toxicity test, we assessed the toxicity of six TKIs: imatinib mesylate, erlotinib, nilotinib, dasatinib, sorafenib and regorafenib. Imatinib mesylate and dasatinib induced lethal effects, while regorafenib, sorfenib and dasatinib caused a significant increase of sub-lethal effects, predominantly oedema, no blood circulation and formation of blood aggregates. The analyses of the changes in the expression of selected genes associated with the hormone system after the exposure to imatinib mesylate, dasatinib and regorafenib demonstrated that all three tested TKIs deregulated the expression of oestrogen receptor esr1, cytochrome P450 aromatase (cypa19b) and hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase (hsd3b), regorafenib, and also thyroglobulin (tg). The expression of genes involved in the DNA damage response (gadd45 and mcm6) and apoptosis (bcl2) was deregulated only by exposure to regorafenib. The data indicate that common mechanisms, namely antiangiogenic activity and interference with steroidogenesis are involved in the TKI induced sub-lethal effects and potential hormone disrupting activity, respectively. The residues of TKIs may represent an environmental hazard; therefore, further ecotoxicological studies focusing also on the effects of their mixtures are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Elersek
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.E.); (M.N.); (M.M.); (N.B.); (K.L.); (B.Ž.)
| | - Matjaž Novak
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.E.); (M.N.); (M.M.); (N.B.); (K.L.); (B.Ž.)
| | - Mateja Mlinar
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.E.); (M.N.); (M.M.); (N.B.); (K.L.); (B.Ž.)
| | - Igor Virant
- Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Nika Bahor
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.E.); (M.N.); (M.M.); (N.B.); (K.L.); (B.Ž.)
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Karin Leben
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.E.); (M.N.); (M.M.); (N.B.); (K.L.); (B.Ž.)
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojana Žegura
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.E.); (M.N.); (M.M.); (N.B.); (K.L.); (B.Ž.)
| | - Metka Filipič
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.E.); (M.N.); (M.M.); (N.B.); (K.L.); (B.Ž.)
- Correspondence:
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Canedo A, de Jesus LWO, Bailão EFLC, Rocha TL. Micronucleus test and nuclear abnormality assay in zebrafish (Danio rerio): Past, present, and future trends. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118019. [PMID: 34670334 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear abnormality (NA) assay in fish has been widely applied for toxicity risk assessment under field and laboratory conditions. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become a suitable model system for assessing the NA induced by pollutants. Thus, the current study aimed to summarize and discuss the literature concerning micronucleus (MN) and other NA in zebrafish and its applications in toxicity screening and environmental risk assessment. The data concerning the publication year, pollutant type, experimental design, and type of NA induced by pollutants were summarized. Also, molecular mechanisms that cause NA in zebrafish were discussed. Revised data showed that the MN test in zebrafish has been applied since 1996. The MN was the most frequently NA, but 15 other nuclear alterations were reported in zebrafish, such as notched nuclei, blebbed nuclei, binucleated cell, buds, lobed nuclei, bridges, and kidney-shaped. Several pollutants can induce NA in zebrafish, mainly effluents (mixture of pollutants), agrochemicals, and microplastics. The pollutant-induced NA in zebrafish depends on experimental design (i.e., exposure time, concentration, and exposure condition), developmental stages, cell/tissue type, and the type of pollutant. Besides, research gaps and recommendations for future studies are indicated. Overall, the current study showed that zebrafish is a suitable model to assess pollutant-induced mutagenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryelle Canedo
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lázaro Wender Oliveira de Jesus
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Morphophysiology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Lopes Rocha
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, Goiás, Brazil.
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Tkalec Ž, Negreira N, López de Alda M, Barceló D, Kosjek T. A novel workflow utilizing open-source software tools in the environmental fate studies: The example of imatinib biotransformation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 797:149063. [PMID: 34311367 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to utilize novel and powerful workflows with publicly available tools to efficiently process data and facilitate rapid acquisition of knowledge on environmental fate studies. Taking imatinib (IMA) as an example, we developed an efficient workflow to describe IMA biodegradation with activated sludge (AS) from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). IMA is a cytostatic pharmaceutical; a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor used to treat chronic myeloid leukemia. Its reported ecotoxic, endocrine and genotoxic effects imply high risk for aquatic wildlife and human health, however its fate in the environment is not yet well known. The study was conducted in a batch biotransformation setup, at two AS concentration levels and in presence and absence of carbon source. Degradation profiles and formation of IMA transformation products (TPs) were investigated using UHPLC-QqOrbitrap-MS/MS which showed that IMA is readily biodegradable. TPs were determined using multivariate statistical analysis. Eight TPs were determined and tentatively identified, six of them for first time. Hydrolysis of amide bond, oxidation, demethylation, deamination, acetylation and succinylation are proposed as major biodegradation pathways. TP235, the product of amide bond hydrolysis, was detected and quantified in actual wastewaters, at levels around 1 ng/L. This calls for more studies on the environmental fate of IMA in order to properly asses the environmental risk and hazard associated to IMA and its TPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žiga Tkalec
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Noelia Negreira
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miren López de Alda
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tina Kosjek
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Novak M, Baebler Š, Žegura B, Rotter A, Gajski G, Gerić M, Garaj-Vrhovac V, Bakos K, Csenki Z, Kovács R, Horváth Á, Gazsi G, Filipič M. Deregulation of whole-transcriptome gene expression in zebrafish (Danio rerio) after chronic exposure to low doses of imatinib mesylate in a complete life cycle study. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128097. [PMID: 33297093 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Imatinib mesylate (IM) is an anticancer drug that belongs to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. We report the results of the first investigation of the chronic exposure of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to IM. The exposure to IM (0.01, 1 and 100 μg/L) was initiated in adult fish and continued through hatching and the offspring generation for seven months. In addition to standard toxicological endpoints, induction of genotoxic effects and whole-genome transcriptome of liver samples of offspring generation of zebrafish were analysed. Exposure to IM did not affect the survival and growth of zebrafish, did not cause any histopathological changes, but it induced a marginal increase in the chromosomal damage in blood cells. The whole-genome transcriptome analyses demonstrated dose-dependent increase in the number of differentially expressed genes with a significantly higher number of deregulated genes in female fish compared to male. Differentially expressed genes included genes involved in response to DNA damage, cell cycle control and regulation of circadian rhythm. Based on the low genotoxic activity and the pattern of the changes in DNA damage responsive genes we consider that at current environmental exposure levels, IM represents low risk for genotoxic effects in aquatic organisms. Exposure to IM also induced deregulation of the expression of genes associated with steroidogenesis and hormone metabolism and function, which indicates hormone-disrupting activity of IM that has not been studied so far. The study provide new information on the potential consequences of chronic exposure to the residues of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, which remain to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matjaž Novak
- National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Špela Baebler
- National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojana Žegura
- National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Rotter
- National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Goran Gajski
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Mutagenesis Unit, Ksaverska Cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Gerić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Mutagenesis Unit, Ksaverska Cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vera Garaj-Vrhovac
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Mutagenesis Unit, Ksaverska Cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Katalin Bakos
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Conservation of Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, 1. Pater Károly U, H-2100, Gödöllo, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Csenki
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Conservation of Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, 1. Pater Károly U, H-2100, Gödöllo, Hungary
| | - Róbert Kovács
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Conservation of Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, 1. Pater Károly U, H-2100, Gödöllo, Hungary
| | - Ákos Horváth
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Conservation of Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, 1. Pater Károly U, H-2100, Gödöllo, Hungary
| | - Gyöngyi Gazsi
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute for Conservation of Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, 1. Pater Károly U, H-2100, Gödöllo, Hungary
| | - Metka Filipič
- National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Belitskiy GA, Kirsanov KI, Lesovaya EA, Yakubovskaya MG. Drug-Related Carcinogenesis: Risk Factors and Approaches for Its Prevention. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:S79-S107. [PMID: 32087055 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920140059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The review summarizes the data on the role of metabolic and repair systems in the mechanisms of therapy-related carcinogenesis and the effect of their polymorphism on the cancer development risk. The carcinogenic activity of different types of drugs, from the anticancer agents to analgesics, antipyretics, immunomodulators, hormones, natural remedies, and non-cancer drugs, is described. Possible approaches for the prevention of drug-related cancer induction at the initiation and promotion stages are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Belitskiy
- Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - K I Kirsanov
- Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, 115478, Russia. .,Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - E A Lesovaya
- Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, 115478, Russia.,Pavlov Ryazan State Medical University, Ryazan, 390026, Russia
| | - M G Yakubovskaya
- Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, 115478, Russia
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Gajski G, Gerić M, Domijan AM, Golubović I, Garaj-Vrhovac V. Evaluation of oxidative stress responses in human circulating blood cells after imatinib mesylate treatment - Implications to its mechanism of action. Saudi Pharm J 2019; 27:1216-1221. [PMID: 31885482 PMCID: PMC6921178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Imatinib mesylate (IM) is the first developed protein kinase inhibitor and recently it has topped consumption rates among targeted and total anticancer drugs. Although there are indications that IM possesses cyto/genotoxic activities against normal non-target cells as well, there is a lack of information regarding the underlying mechanism involved in those actions. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the response of human circulating blood cells towards oxidative stress after IM treatment (0.0001–10 µg/mL) in vitro. Based on the results, IM had an influence on all of the oxidative stress parameters tested. Lower concentrations of IM induced an increase of glutathione level, following its decrease at higher IM concentrations indicating impairment in oxidative stress defences. Concomitant to a glutathione decrease, an increase of malondialdehyde and protein carbonyls level was observed indicating oxidative damage of lipids and proteins. The observed effects overlapped with the observed formation of oxidative base damage detected by formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase modified-comet assay indicating that IM managed to induce oxidative DNA damage. Our results provide novelty in their mechanistic approach to IM-induced toxicity in non-target cells and suggest that IM can affect blood cells and induce oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Gajski
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Mutagenesis Unit, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Corresponding author at: Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Mutagenesis Unit, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Marko Gerić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Mutagenesis Unit, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana-Marija Domijan
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Golubović
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vera Garaj-Vrhovac
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Mutagenesis Unit, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Imatinib mesylate effects on zebrafish reproductive success: Gonadal development, gamete quality, fertility, embryo-larvae viability and development, and related genes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 379:114645. [PMID: 31278918 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Imatinib (IM) is a tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitor (TKI) used to treat chronic myeloid leukemia. Clinical case reports and a few laboratory mammal studies provide inconclusive evidence about its deleterious effects on reproduction. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the potential of zebrafish to characterize IM-induced effects on reproduction and clarify IM effects on reproductive success. To this end, we exposed adult zebrafish to four concentrations of IM for 30 days followed by a 30-day depuration period. IM exposure caused a concentration-dependent, irreversible, suppression of folliculogenesis, reversible decrease in sperm density and motility, decreased fecundity and fertility, but no significant change in atretic follicle abundance. We also observed IM-induced premature hatching, but no significant change in embryo-larvae survivability. However, we found significant IM-induced morphometric malformations. IM decreased expression of vegfaa and igf2a (two reproductive-, angiogenic-, and growth-related genes) in testes and ovaries. The results demonstrate IM can induce significant changes in critical reproductive endpoints and zebrafish as a suitable model organism to show effects of IM on reproduction. The findings suggest that TKI effects on reproductive success should be considered.
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Žegura B, Filipič M. The application of the Comet assay in fish cell lines. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 842:72-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Gajski G, Žegura B, Ladeira C, Novak M, Sramkova M, Pourrut B, Del Bo' C, Milić M, Gutzkow KB, Costa S, Dusinska M, Brunborg G, Collins A. The comet assay in animal models: From bugs to whales - (Part 2 Vertebrates). MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2019; 781:130-164. [PMID: 31416573 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The comet assay has become one of the methods of choice for the evaluation and measurement of DNA damage. It is sensitive, quick to perform and relatively affordable for the evaluation of DNA damage and repair at the level of individual cells. The comet assay can be applied to virtually any cell type derived from different organs and tissues. Even though the comet assay is predominantly used on human cells, the application of the assay for the evaluation of DNA damage in yeast, plant and animal cells is also quite high, especially in terms of biomonitoring. The present extensive overview on the usage of the comet assay in animal models will cover both terrestrial and water environments. The first part of the review was focused on studies describing the comet assay applied in invertebrates. The second part of the review, (Part 2) will discuss the application of the comet assay in vertebrates covering cyclostomata, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, in addition to chordates that are regarded as a transitional form towards vertebrates. Besides numerous vertebrate species, the assay is also performed on a range of cells, which includes blood, liver, kidney, brain, gill, bone marrow and sperm cells. These cells are readily used for the evaluation of a wide spectrum of genotoxic agents both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the use of vertebrate models and their role in environmental biomonitoring will also be discussed as well as the comparison of the use of the comet assay in vertebrate and human models in line with ethical principles. Although the comet assay in vertebrates is most commonly used in laboratory animals such as mice, rats and lately zebrafish, this paper will only briefly review its use regarding laboratory animal models and rather give special emphasis to the increasing usage of the assay in domestic and wildlife animals as well as in various ecotoxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Gajski
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Bojana Žegura
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Carina Ladeira
- H&TRC - Health & Technology Research Center, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Centro de Investigação e Estudos em Saúde de Publica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Matjaž Novak
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Monika Sramkova
- Biomedical Research Center, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Bertrand Pourrut
- EcoLab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Cristian Del Bo'
- DeFENS-Division of Human Nutrition, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mirta Milić
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Solange Costa
- Environmental Health Department, National Health Institute Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Dusinska
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry-MILK, NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Gunnar Brunborg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrew Collins
- Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Secrétan PH, Karoui M, Sadou Yayé H, Levi Y, Tortolano L, Solgadi A, Yagoubi N, Do B. Imatinib: Major photocatalytic degradation pathways in aqueous media and the relative toxicity of its transformation products. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 655:547-556. [PMID: 30476834 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Imatinib (IMA) is a highly potent tyrosine kinase inhibitor used as first-line anti-cancer drug in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. Due to its universal mechanism of action, IMA also has endocrine and mutagenic disrupting effects in vivo and in vitro, which raises the question of its environmental impact. However, to date, very little information is available on its environmental fate and the potential role of its transformation products (TPs) on aquatic organisms. Given the IMA resistance to hydrolysis and direct photolysis according to the literature, we sought to generate TPs through oxidative and radical conditions using the AOPs pathway. Thus, the reactivity of the cytotoxic drug IMA in water in the presence of OH and h+ was investigated for the first time in the present work. In this regard, a non-targeted screening approach was applied in order to reveal its potential TPs. The tentative structural elucidation of the detected TPs was performed by LC-HRMSn. The proposed approach allowed detecting a total of twelve TPs, among which eleven are being described for the first time in this work. Although the structures of these TPs could not be positively confirmed due to lack of standards, their chemical formulas and product ions can be added to databases, which will allow their screening in future monitoring studies. Using the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) approach and rule-based software, we have shown that the detected TPs possess, like their parent molecule, comparable acute toxicity as well as mutagenic and estrogenic potential. In addition to the in silico studies, we also found that the samples obtained at different exposure times to oxidative conditions, including those where IMA is no longer detected, retained toxicity in vitro. Such results suggest further studies are needed to increase our knowledge of the impact of imatinib on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Secrétan
- University of Paris-Sud, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory "Matériaux et Santé" EA 401, 5 rue Jean Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker, Department of Pharmacy, 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - M Karoui
- University of Paris-Sud, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory "Matériaux et Santé" EA 401, 5 rue Jean Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - H Sadou Yayé
- University of Paris-Sud, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory "Matériaux et Santé" EA 401, 5 rue Jean Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Pitié-Salpétrière, Department of Pharmacy, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris
| | - Y Levi
- University of Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 8079, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Paris, France
| | - L Tortolano
- University of Paris-Sud, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory "Matériaux et Santé" EA 401, 5 rue Jean Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe hospitalier Henri Mondor, Department of Pharmacy, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - A Solgadi
- University of Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, Service d'Analyse des Médicaments et Métabolites, Institut d'Innovation Thérapeutique, 5 rue Jean Baptiste Clément, 92296 Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - N Yagoubi
- University of Paris-Sud, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory "Matériaux et Santé" EA 401, 5 rue Jean Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - B Do
- University of Paris-Sud, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory "Matériaux et Santé" EA 401, 5 rue Jean Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe hospitalier Henri Mondor, Department of Pharmacy, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010 Créteil, France
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A modified DAW-22 compound F-B1 inhibits Bcr/Abl and induces apoptosis in chronic myelogenous leukemia cells. Anticancer Drugs 2018; 30:159-166. [PMID: 30422832 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Bcr/Abl kinase is an oncogenic fusion protein that plays a central role in the pathogenesis of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Some small-molecule kinase inhibitors such as imatinib were developed in the treatment of CML; however, resistant to imatinib is an emerging problem of CML therapy. Hence, additional approaches or compounds targeting leukemogenic cells are required. F-B1 is a new compound obtained by modifying DAW-22, a natural sesquiterpenoid coumarin, which was isolated from traditional Chinese medicine Ferula ferulaeoides (Steud.) Korov. F-B1 was found to inhibit the growth of myelogenous leukemia cell lines, that is, K562 cells bearing wild-type Bcr/Abl and imatinib-resistant K562G cells. F-B1 potently down-regulated the mRNA and protein levels of Bcr/Abl, followed by suppression of the downstream molecules such as Akt, externally regulated kinases, and nuclear factor κB. In addition, F-B1 also induced cell apoptosis by impairing the balance between proapoptotic protein Bax and antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL and increased the activity of mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in nude mouse xenografts. Experimental validation results together demonstrated that F-B1 can inhibit Bcr/Abl fusion proteins in K562 and K562G cells, implying that F-B1 might be a promising drug to treat CML, especially the imatinib-resistant CML.
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13
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Fonseca TG, Auguste M, Ribeiro F, Cardoso C, Mestre NC, Abessa DMS, Bebianno MJ. Environmental relevant levels of the cytotoxic drug cyclophosphamide produce harmful effects in the polychaete Nereis diversicolor. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 636:798-809. [PMID: 29727846 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic drugs applied in chemotherapy enter the aquatic environment after patient's metabolism and excretion, in both main compounds and their respective metabolites. The increased consumption and discharge of these drugs raise concern on the genotoxic burden to non-target aquatic species, due to their unselective action on DNA. Settlement and adsorption of cytotoxic drugs to aquatic sediments pose risks to benthic species through chronic exposure. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects induced by the anticancer drug cyclophosphamide (CP) on the polychaete Nereis diversicolor, after 14 days of exposure to environmental relevant concentrations (10, 100, 500 and 1000 ng L-1). Burrowing impairment, neurotoxicity (Acetylcholinesterase - AChE activity), oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase - SOD; catalase - CAT; glutathione peroxidases - GPXs activities), biotransformation (glutathione-S-transferases - GST), oxidative damage (lipid peroxidation - LPO) and genotoxicity (DNA damage) were assessed. Burrowing impairments were higher at the lowest CP concentrations tested. The higher CP levels tested (500 and 1000 ng L-1) induced a significant inhibition on the enzymatic antioxidant system (SOD, GPx) and on GST activity. DNA damage was also significant at these concentrations as an outcome of CP metabolism, and high levels of oxidative damage occurred. The results showed that the prodrug CP was metabolically activated in the benthic biological model N. diversicolor. In addition to the potential cytotoxic impact likely to be caused in aquatic species with similar metabolism, N. diversicolor proved to be reliable and vulnerable to the cytotoxic mode of action of CP, even at the lower doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Fonseca
- CIMA, Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-135 Faro, Portugal; NEPEA, Núcleo de Estudos em Poluição e Ecotoxicologia. Aquática, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Campus Experimental do Litoral Paulista, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, 11330-900 São Vicente, SP, Brazil
| | - M Auguste
- CIMA, Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-135 Faro, Portugal
| | - F Ribeiro
- CIMA, Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-135 Faro, Portugal
| | - C Cardoso
- CIMA, Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-135 Faro, Portugal
| | - N C Mestre
- CIMA, Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-135 Faro, Portugal
| | - D M S Abessa
- NEPEA, Núcleo de Estudos em Poluição e Ecotoxicologia. Aquática, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Campus Experimental do Litoral Paulista, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, 11330-900 São Vicente, SP, Brazil
| | - M J Bebianno
- CIMA, Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-135 Faro, Portugal.
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