Viewing the effective k-space coverage of MR images: phantom experiments with fast Fourier transform

Effect of a Thin Fluid Layer on Surface Wave Speed Measurements: A Lung Phantom Study

Lung ultrasound (US) surface wave elastography (SWE) is a novel technique that measures superficial lung tissue elastic properties. A thin pleural fluid layer covers a lung, but its effect on lung measurements in SWE is unknown. We modeled a lung and pleural fluid with sponges and a thin layer of US transmission gel. Sponge surface wave speeds measured from SWE were compared for sponges without and with the thin US gel layer at 3 wave excitation frequencies. The comparison showed that the sponge surface wave speed measurements were not affected by the thin gel layer.

Ultrashort echo time MRI of pulmonary water content: assessment in a sponge phantom at 1.5 and 3.0 Tesla

PURPOSE

We aimed to develop a predictive model for lung water content using ultrashort echo time (UTE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and a sponge phantom.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Image quality was preliminarily optimized, and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of UTE was compared with that obtained from a three-dimensional fast gradient echo (FGRE) sequence. Four predetermined volumes of water (3.5, 3.0, 2.5, and 2.0 mL) were soaked in cellulose foam sponges 1.8 cm3 in size and were imaged with UTE-MRI at 1.5 and 3.0 Tesla (T). A multiple echo time experiment (range, 0.1-9.6 ms) was conducted, and the T2 signal decay curve was determined at each volume of water. A three-parameter equation was fitted to the measured signal, allowing for the calculation of proton density and T2*. The calculation error of proton density was determined as a function of echo time. The constants that allowed for the determination of unknown volumes of water from the measured proton density were calculated using linear regression.

RESULTS

UTE-MRI provided excellent image quality for the four phantoms and showed a higher SNR, compared to that of FGRE. Proton density decreased proportionally with the decreases in both lung water and field strength (from 3.5 to 2.0 mL; proton density range at 1.5 T, 30.5-17.3; at 3.0 T, 84.2-41.5). Minimum echo time less than 0.6 ms at 1.5 T and 1 ms at 3.0 T maintained calculation errors for proton density within the range of 0%-10%. The slopes of the lines for determining the unknown volumes of water with UTE-MRI were 0.12±0.003 at 1.5 T and 0.05±0.002 at 3.0 T (P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSION

In a sponge phantom imaged at 1.5 and 3.0 T, unknown volumes of water can be predicted with high accuracy using UTE-MRI.