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Auti OB, Bandekar K, Kamat N, Raj V. Cardiac magnetic resonance techniques: Our experience on wide bore 3 tesla magnetic resonance system. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2021; 27:404-412. [PMID: 29379234 PMCID: PMC5761166 DOI: 10.4103/ijri.ijri_503_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has become a widely adapted imaging modality in the diagnosis and management of patients with cardiovascular diseases. It provides unparalleled data of cardiac function and myocardial morphology. Majority of CMR imaging is currently being performed on 1.5 Tesla (T) MR systems. Over the last many years, the cardiac imaging protocols have been standardized and optimized in the 1.5T systems. 3T MR systems are now being used more and more in small and large institutions in our country due to their proven advantages in the field of neuro, body, and musculoskeletal imaging. Cardiac imaging on 3T system can be a double-edged sword. On one hand, it may provide nondiagnostic images due to significant artifacts, and on the other hand, it may complete the examination in quick time and provide excellent quality images. It is therefore important for the user to be aware of the potential pitfalls of CMR in 3T systems and also the necessary steps to avoid them. In this study, we discuss various challenges and advantages of performing CMR in a 3T system. We also present potential technical solutions to improve the image quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onkar B Auti
- Department of Radio-diagnosis, Narayana Health City, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.,Department of Radio-diagnosis, Jupiter Hospital, Thane, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kalashree Bandekar
- Department of Radio-diagnosis, Jupiter Hospital, Thane, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nikhil Kamat
- Department of Radio-diagnosis, Jupiter Hospital, Thane, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vimal Raj
- Department of Radio-diagnosis, Narayana Health City, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Jo Y, Kim J, Park CH, Lee JW, Hur JH, Yang DH, Lee BY, Im DJ, Hong SJ, Kim EY, Park EA, Kim PK, Yong HS. Guideline for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging from the Korean Society of Cardiovascular Imaging-Part 1: Standardized Protocol. Korean J Radiol 2020; 20:1313-1333. [PMID: 31464111 PMCID: PMC6715561 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2019.0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is widely used in many areas of cardiovascular disease assessment. This is a practical, standard CMR protocol for beginners that is designed to be easy to follow and implement. This protocol guideline is based on previously reported CMR guidelines and includes sequence terminology used by vendors, essential MR physics, imaging planes, field strength considerations, MRI-conditional devices, drugs for stress tests, various CMR modules, and disease/symptom-based protocols based on a survey of cardiologists and various appropriate-use criteria. It will be of considerable help in planning and implementing tests. In addressing CMR usage and creating this protocol guideline, we particularly tried to include useful tips to overcome various practical issues and improve CMR imaging. We hope that this document will continue to standardize and simplify a patient-based approach to clinical CMR and contribute to the promotion of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeseul Jo
- Department of Radiology, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon, Korea
| | - JeongJae Kim
- Department of Radiology, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Korea
| | - Chul Hwan Park
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Jae Wook Lee
- Department of Radiology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Jee Hye Hur
- Department of Radiology, Hanil General Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Yang
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bae Young Lee
- Department of Radiology, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Jin Im
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Jin Hong
- Department of Radiology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Korea
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Ah Park
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Pan Ki Kim
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwan Seok Yong
- Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
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Simonetti OP, Ahmad R. Low-Field Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Compelling Case for Cardiac Magnetic Resonance's Future. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 10:e005446. [PMID: 28611117 PMCID: PMC5659627 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.117.005446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Orlando P Simonetti
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (O.P.S.), Department of Radiology (O.P.S.), Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute (O.P.S., R.A.), and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (R.A.), The Ohio State University, Columbus.
| | - Rizwan Ahmad
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (O.P.S.), Department of Radiology (O.P.S.), Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute (O.P.S., R.A.), and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (R.A.), The Ohio State University, Columbus
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Varga-Szemes A, Kiss P, Rab A, Suranyi P, Lenkey Z, Simor T, Bryant RG, Elgavish GA. In Vitro Longitudinal Relaxivity Profile of Gd(ABE-DTTA), an Investigational Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149260. [PMID: 26872055 PMCID: PMC4752229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose MRI contrast agents (CA) whose contrast enhancement remains relatively high even at the higher end of the magnetic field strength range would be desirable. The purpose of this work was to demonstrate such a desired magnetic field dependency of the longitudinal relaxivity for an experimental MRI CA, Gd(ABE-DTTA). Materials and Methods The relaxivity of 0.5mM and 1mM Gd(ABE-DTTA) was measured by Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation Dispersion (NMRD) in the range of 0.0002 to 1T. Two MRI and five NMR instruments were used to cover the range between 1.5 to 20T. Parallel measurement of a Gd-DTPA sample was performed throughout as reference. All measurements were carried out at 37°C and pH 7.4. Results The relaxivity values of 0.5mM and 1mM Gd(ABE-DTTA) measured at 1.5, 3, and 7T, within the presently clinically relevant magnetic field range, were 15.3, 11.8, 12.4 s-1mM-1 and 18.1, 16.7, and 13.5 s-1mM-1, respectively. The control 4 mM Gd-DTPA relaxivities at the same magnetic fields were 3.6, 3.3, and 3.0 s-1mM-1, respectively. Conclusions The longitudinal relaxivity of Gd(ABE-DTTA) measured within the presently clinically relevant field range is three to five times higher than that of most commercially available agents. Thus, Gd(ABE-DTTA) could be a practical choice at any field strength currently used in clinical imaging including those at the higher end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akos Varga-Szemes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America.,Elgavish Paramagnetics Inc., Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Pal Kiss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America.,Elgavish Paramagnetics Inc., Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Andras Rab
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America.,Elgavish Paramagnetics Inc., Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Pal Suranyi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America.,Elgavish Paramagnetics Inc., Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Zsofia Lenkey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America.,Elgavish Paramagnetics Inc., Birmingham, AL, United States of America.,Heart Institute, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Tamas Simor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America.,Elgavish Paramagnetics Inc., Birmingham, AL, United States of America.,Heart Institute, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Robert G Bryant
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Gabriel A Elgavish
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America.,Elgavish Paramagnetics Inc., Birmingham, AL, United States of America
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Morita K, Utsunomiya D, Oda S, Komi M, Namimoto T, Hirai T, Hashida M, Takashio S, Yamamuro M, Yamashita Y. Comparison of 3D phase-sensitive inversion-recovery and 2D inversion-recovery MRI at 3.0 T for the assessment of late gadolinium enhancement in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Acad Radiol 2013; 20:752-7. [PMID: 23473721 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES To compare free-breathing three-dimensional (3D) phase-sensitive inversion recovery (PSIR) with breath-holding two-dimensional (2D) IR sequences to determine which is better for detecting and characterizing myocardial late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty HCM patients clinically underwent 3.0 T cardiac magnetic resonance imaging that included 3D-PSIR and 2D-IR. The amount of LGE lesions was calculated and expressed as %LGE of the myocardial mass, and the average of the %LGE value reported by two observers was recorded as the final %LGE. We also counted the number of LGE lesions and recorded their location. The myocardium-LGE contrast, margin sharpness, artifacts, and overall image quality were graded on a 4-point grading scale (1 = poor, 2 = fair, 3 = good, 4 = excellent). RESULTS The mean %LGE on 2D-IR was 24.7 ± 0.6, 17.5 ± 0.6, and 8.5 ± 0.3, respectively, for the basal, mid-, and apical myocardium; the corresponding values were 24.2 ± 0.4, 20.0 ± 0.4, and 7.7 ± 0.3 on 3D-PSIR (2D-IR versus 3D-PSIR, P = .87). On 2D IR and 3D-PSIR images, 13, 52, and 53, and 9, 74, and 33 LGE lesions were detected in the subendocardial, midwall, subepicardial area, respectively. The myocardium-LGE contrast and overall image quality were significantly higher on 3D-PSIR than 2D-IR images (P < .001); the sequences did not differ significantly with respect to margin sharpness and artifact. CONCLUSION Three-dimensional PSIR sequence yields higher image contrast, better image quality, and greater detection ability for LGE lesions than 2D-IR sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Morita
- Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Hays AG, Schär M, Kelle S. Clinical applications for cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging at 3 tesla. Curr Cardiol Rev 2011; 5:237-42. [PMID: 20676283 PMCID: PMC2822147 DOI: 10.2174/157340309788970351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging has evolved rapidly and is now accepted as a powerful diagnostic tool with significant clinical and research applications. Clinical 3 Tesla (3 T) scanners are increasingly available and offer improved diagnostic capabilities compared to 1.5 T scanners for perfusion, viability, and coronary imaging. Although technical challenges remain for cardiac imaging at higher field strengths such as balanced steady state free precession (bSSFP) cine imaging, the majority of cardiac applications are feasible at 3 T with comparable or superior image quality to that of 1.5 T. This review will focus on the benefits and limitations of 3 T CMR for common clinical applications and examine areas in development for potential clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison G Hays
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Sievers B, Wiesner M, Kiria N, Speiser U, Schoen S, Strasser RH. Influence of the trigger technique on ventricular function measurements using 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging: comparison of ECG versus pulse wave triggering. Acta Radiol 2011; 52:385-92. [PMID: 21498278 DOI: 10.1258/ar.2011.100505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three Tesla cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (3T-CMR) is increasingly used in clinical practice. Despite many advantages one drawback is that ECG signal disturbances and artifacts increase with higher magnetic field strength resulting in trigger problems and false gating. This particularly affects cardiac imaging because most pulse sequences require ECG triggering. Pulse wave (PW) triggering is robust and might have advantages over ECG triggering. PURPOSE To evaluate differences in left ventricular (LV) function as an integral part of most CMR studies between ECG- and PW-triggered short-axis imaging using 3T-CMR. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty-three patients underwent multiple short-axis cine imaging for LV-function assessment with ECG and PW triggering using standard multibreath hold steady-state free precession. LV-volumes (EDV, ESV), ejection fraction (EF), and mass were determined by slice summation. LV-wall motion was assessed by using a 4-point scoring scale. Bland Altman statistics for inter-observer variability were performed. RESULTS ECG triggering failed in 15 patients (34.8%). Thus, analysis was performed in 28 patients (13 with impaired LV function). Difference in volumes (EDV 0.13 ± 1.8 mL, ESV 0.59 ± 1.1 mL), EF (-0.32 ± 0.6%) and mass (0.01 ± 1.1 g) between ECG and PW triggering were very small and significant only for ESV and EF (p ≤ 0.011). In patients with impaired LV function (n = 19) differences were not significant (p ≥ 0.128). Wall motion scores did not differ between ECG and PW triggering (p ≥ 0.295). Inter-observer variability for function measurements was low. CONCLUSION Short-axis cine imaging for LV-function assessment can accurately be performed using PW triggering on 3T magnets, and may be used in clinical practice when ECG triggering is disturbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard Sievers
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmology and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital, Duesseldorf
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center Dresden, University Hospital, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marco Wiesner
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center Dresden, University Hospital, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nino Kiria
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center Dresden, University Hospital, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Uwe Speiser
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center Dresden, University Hospital, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Steffen Schoen
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center Dresden, University Hospital, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ruth H Strasser
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center Dresden, University Hospital, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Neubauer H, Wirbelauer J, Lengenfelder B, Hahn D, Beer M. Kardiovaskuläre Magnetresonanztomographie bei pädiatrischen Patienten. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-010-2320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Moriarty JM, Finn JP, Fonseca CG. Contrast agents used in cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging: current issues and future directions. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2010; 10:227-37. [PMID: 20653329 DOI: 10.2165/11539370-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular MRI is being increasingly used in the evaluation of ischemic heart disease, cardiac masses, complex congenital heart disease, and morphologic evaluation of the vascular anatomy throughout the body. Many and varied contrast media may be used to increase the sensitivity and specificity of detecting and evaluating various pathologies, and a knowledge of the different mechanisms of action, distributions and safety profiles of these agents is required for safe and effective imaging. This article reviews the currently available magnetic resonance (MR) contrast media, discusses the risks and benefits, and gives illustrated examples of current clinical applications in cardiovascular disease. A literature search covered the period 1990 to the present with the use of multiple databases including MEDLINE, PUBMED, SciSearch and Google Medical. All identified studies containing information relevant to the topic of cardiovascular MRI and cardiovascular MR contrast agents and their uses and properties were evaluated. Evaluation was limited to studies in English. The conclusions were that the use of contrast agents vastly increases the diagnostic yield, sensitivity and specificity of cardiovascular MRI in the non-invasive diagnosis of the full breadth of cardiovascular pathology. The use of contrast MRI for investigating ischemic heart disease, cardiac masses, and congenital heart disease and in angiography is now well established, and the referring physician, cardiologist, or radiologist requires an in-depth knowledge of the safety profiles and correct dosing of commonly prescribed contrast agents. As the number of MR contrast agents on the market continues to increase, knowledge of the basic mechanism of action is vital for keeping abreast of how new and emerging agents will affect clinical practice in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Moriarty
- Diagnostic Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Oshinski JN, Delfino JG, Sharma P, Gharib AM, Pettigrew RI. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance at 3.0 T: current state of the art. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2010; 12:55. [PMID: 20929538 PMCID: PMC2964699 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-12-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There are advantages to conducting cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) studies at a field strength of 3.0 Telsa, including the increase in bulk magnetization, the increase in frequency separation of off-resonance spins, and the increase in T1 of many tissues. However, there are significant challenges to routinely performing CMR at 3.0 T, including the reduction in main magnetic field homogeneity, the increase in RF power deposition, and the increase in susceptibility-based artifacts.In this review, we outline the underlying physical effects that occur when imaging at higher fields, examine the practical results these effects have on the CMR applications, and examine methods used to compensate for these effects. Specifically, we will review cine imaging, MR coronary angiography, myocardial perfusion imaging, late gadolinium enhancement, and vascular wall imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Oshinski
- Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Road, Room AG34, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and the Georgia Institute of Technology, 101 Woodruff Circle Woodruff Memorial Building, Suite 2001, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Jana G Delfino
- Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Road, Room AG34, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Puneet Sharma
- Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Road, Room AG34, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ahmed M Gharib
- Laboratory of Integrative Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Research Center, Bldg. 10, Rm. 3-5340, MSC 1263, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Roderic I Pettigrew
- Laboratory of Integrative Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Research Center, Bldg. 10, Rm. 3-5340, MSC 1263, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Kim YJ. High field strength magnetic resonance imaging of cardiovascular diseases. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 2010. [DOI: 10.5124/jkma.2010.53.12.1059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Young Jin Kim
- Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Turkbey EB, Dombroski DA. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Techniques and Clinical Applications. Semin Roentgenol 2009; 44:67-83. [PMID: 19233083 DOI: 10.1053/j.ro.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Systemic Cardiovascular Complications in Patients With Long-Standing Diabetes Mellitus. Invest Radiol 2009; 44:242-50. [DOI: 10.1097/rli.0b013e31819a60d3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Ditchfield M. 3T MRI in paediatrics: challenges and clinical applications. Eur J Radiol 2008; 68:309-19. [PMID: 18768276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
3T MRI is being increasingly performed for clinical purposes in paediatrics, primarily because of the potential to improve spatial and temporal resolution - these can assist in overcoming the unique anatomic, physiologic and behavioural challenges of imaging children. The increased spatial resolution improves the capacity to image small patients; with particular reference to smaller structures such as the inner ear, brachial plexus, biliary system and the vascular system. The challenges inherent to imaging at high field strength remain pertinent especially, the altered T1 contrast, artefacts (susceptibility, chemical shift and B1 inhomogeneity) and safety issues, including specific absorption rate - several of these are circumvented due to software and hardware advances, or by trade off of some of the increased signal. The above mentioned challenges also create opportunities at 3T, with improvement in MR angiography, arterial spin labelling, functional MRI, susceptibility weighted imaging, and MR spectroscopy - all of which have distinctive applications in paediatrics. Whole body imaging also becomes more practical because of the capacity for faster scans. 3T MRI has the potential to image all the systems in paediatrics. However, neonatal brain and paediatric spine imaging have specific challenges at 3T. Several factors also limit cardiac imaging at present. Further improvements in coil technology and newer sequences may help overcome the challenges that remain.
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