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Pellicer-Caller R, Vaquero-Cristóbal R, González-Gálvez N, Abenza-Cano L, Horcajo J, de la Vega-Marcos R. Influence of Exogenous Factors Related to Nutritional and Hydration Strategies and Environmental Conditions on Fatigue in Endurance Sports: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2023; 15:2700. [PMID: 37375605 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to examine the influence of exogenous factors related to nutritional and hydration strategies and environmental conditions, as modulators of fatigue, including factors associated with performance fatigability and perceived fatigability, in endurance tests lasting 45 min to 3 h. A search was carried out using four databases: PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and EBSCO. A total of 5103 articles were screened, with 34 included in the meta-analysis. The review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022327203) and adhered to the PRISMA guidelines. The study quality was evaluated according to the PEDro score and assessed using Rosenthal's fail-safe N. Carbohydrate (CHO) intake increased the time to exhaustion (p < 0.001) and decreased the heart rate (HR) during the test (p = 0.018). Carbohydrate with protein intake (CHO + PROT) increased lactate during the test (p = 0.039). With respect to hydration, dehydrated individuals showed a higher rate of perceived exertion (RPE) (p = 0.016) and had a higher body mass loss (p = 0.018). In hot conditions, athletes showed significant increases in RPE (p < 0.001), HR (p < 0.001), and skin temperature (p = 0.002), and a decrease in the temperature gradient (p < 0.001) after the test. No differences were found when athletes were subjected to altitude or cold conditions. In conclusion, the results revealed that exogenous factors, such as nutritional and hydration strategies, as well as environmental conditions, affected fatigue in endurance sports, including factors associated with performance fatigability and perceived fatigability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pellicer-Caller
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain
- Caller Energy Labs, Caller SportEnergy S.L., 39005 Santander, Spain
| | | | | | - Lucía Abenza-Cano
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Javier Horcajo
- Department of Social Psychology and Methodology, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo de la Vega-Marcos
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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2
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Fujiwara R, Anzai N, Ishikawa M, Takahashi A. Usefulness of Skin Autofluorescence as a Biomarker of Acute Oxidative Stress in Young Male Japanese Long-Distance Runners: A Cross-Sectional Study. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10110180. [PMID: 36422949 PMCID: PMC9699520 DOI: 10.3390/sports10110180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic oxidative stress in long-distance runners adversely affects conditioning. It is important to objectively assess and monitor oxidative stress, but measuring oxidative stress can be invasive or require skill to measure. Therefore, this study aimed to verify whether skin autofluorescence (SAF), a non-invasive, rapid, and easily calculable metric for calculating advanced glycation end products (AGEs), is useful as an oxidative stress biomarker. The subjects were 50 young Japanese male long-distance runners (aged 20.2 ± 1.2 years); 35 average-sized male university students (aged 19.8 ± 1.1 years) served as controls. The interactions and relationships between SAF and plasma pentosidine and oxidative stress markers (reactive oxygen metabolite-derived compounds [d-ROMs], biological antioxidant potential [BAP], and the BAP/d-ROMs ratio) in runners were examined, and SAF in the runners and controls was compared. The results suggest that plasma pentosidine in runners is associated with oxidative stress markers and that it can assess oxidative stress. However, as SAF was not associated with oxidative stress markers, it was not validated as one. In future, clarifying the factors affecting SAF may also clarify the relationship between SAF, plasma pentosidine, and oxidative stress markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Fujiwara
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Junior College, Nihon University, 2-31-145 Bunkyo-Cho, Mishima 411-8555, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Natsume Anzai
- Department of Philosophy, Division of Humanities, Graduate School of Humanities, Osaka University, 1-5 Machikaneyama-Cho, Toyonaka 560-8532, Osaka, Japan
| | - Motoyasu Ishikawa
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Junior College, Nihon University, 2-31-145 Bunkyo-Cho, Mishima 411-8555, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Takahashi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Junior College, Nihon University, 2-31-145 Bunkyo-Cho, Mishima 411-8555, Shizuoka, Japan
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3
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Sellami M, Bragazzi N, Prince MS, Denham J, Elrayess M. Regular, Intense Exercise Training as a Healthy Aging Lifestyle Strategy: Preventing DNA Damage, Telomere Shortening and Adverse DNA Methylation Changes Over a Lifetime. Front Genet 2021; 12:652497. [PMID: 34421981 PMCID: PMC8379006 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.652497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training is one of the few therapeutic interventions that improves health span by delaying the onset of age-related diseases and preventing early death. The length of telomeres, the 5'-TTAGGG n -3' tandem repeats at the ends of mammalian chromosomes, is one of the main indicators of biological age. Telomeres undergo shortening with each cellular division. This subsequently leads to alterations in the expression of several genes that encode vital proteins with critical functions in many tissues throughout the body, and ultimately impacts cardiovascular, immune and muscle physiology. The sub-telomeric DNA is comprised of heavily methylated, heterochromatin. Methylation and histone acetylation are two of the most well-studied examples of the epigenetic modifications that occur on histone proteins. DNA methylation is the type of epigenetic modification that alters gene expression without modifying gene sequence. Although diet, genetic predisposition and a healthy lifestyle seem to alter DNA methylation and telomere length (TL), recent evidence suggests that training status or physical fitness are some of the major factors that control DNA structural modifications. In fact, TL is positively associated with cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity level (sedentary, active, moderately trained, or elite) and training intensity, but is shorter in over-trained athletes. Similarly, somatic cells are vulnerable to exercise-induced epigenetic modification, including DNA methylation. Exercise-training load, however, depends on intensity and volume (duration and frequency). Training load-dependent responses in genomic profiles could underpin the discordant physiological and physical responses to exercise. In the current review, we will discuss the role of various forms of exercise training in the regulation of DNA damage, TL and DNA methylation status in humans, to provide an update on the influence exercise training has on biological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Sellami
- Physical Education Department (PE), College of Education (CEdu), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nicola Bragazzi
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Postgraduate School of Public Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mohammad Shoaib Prince
- Physical Education Department (PE), College of Education (CEdu), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Division of Sports and Wellness, Department of Students Affairs, College of North Atlantic Qatar (CNAQ), Doha, Qatar
| | - Joshua Denham
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Devrim-Lanpir A, Bilgic P, Kocahan T, Deliceoğlu G, Rosemann T, Knechtle B. Total Dietary Antioxidant Intake Including Polyphenol Content: Is it Capable to Fight against Increased Oxidants within the Body of Ultra-Endurance Athletes? Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061877. [PMID: 32586010 PMCID: PMC7353279 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of dietary antioxidants on exhaustive exercise-induced oxidative stress has been well investigated. However, the contribution of total dietary antioxidant capacity on exogenous antioxidant defense and exercise performance has commonly been disregarded. The aims of the present investigation were to examine (i) the effects of dietary total antioxidant intake on body antioxidant mechanisms, and (ii) an exhaustive exercise-induced oxidative damage in ultra-endurance athletes. The study included 24 ultra-marathon runners and long-distance triathletes (12 male and 12 female) who underwent an acute exhaustive exercise test (a cycle ergometer (45 min at 65% VO2max) immediately followed by a treadmill test (75% VO2max to exhaustion). Oxidative stress-related biomarkers (8-isoprostaglandin F2alpha (8-iso PGF2a), total oxidant status (TOS, total antioxidant status (TAS)) in plasma were collected before and after exercise. Oxidative stress index was calculated to assess the aspect of redox balance. Blood lactate concentrations and heart rate were measured at the 3rd and 6th min after exercise. Dietary antioxidant intake was calculated using the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay. Dietary total antioxidant intake of the subjects was negatively correlated with pre-exercise TOS concentrations (rs = -0.641 in male, and rs = -0.741 in females) and post- vs. pre- (∆) 8-iso PGF2a levels (rs = -0.702 in male; p = 0.016, and rs = -0.682 in females; p = 0.024), and positively correlated with ∆ TAS concentrations (rs = 0.893 in males; p = 0.001, and rs = 0.769 in females; p = 0.002) and post- exercise lactate concentrations (rs = 0.795 for males; p = 0.006, and rs = 0.642 for females; p = 0.024). A positive meaningful (p = 0.013) interaction was observed between time at exhaustion and dietary antioxidant intake (rs = 0.692) in males, but not in females. In conclusion, the determination of total dietary antioxidant intake in ultra-endurance athletes may be crucial for gaining a better perspective on body antioxidant defense against exhaustive exercise-induced oxidative stress. However, the effects of dietary antioxidant on exercise performance and recovery rate needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslı Devrim-Lanpir
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Medeniyet University, 34862 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Pelin Bilgic
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey;
| | - Tuğba Kocahan
- Sport Medicine Physician, Department of Health Services, Sports General Directorship, The Ministry of Youth and Sports, Center of Athlete Training and Health Research, 06100 Ankara, Turkey;
| | - Gökhan Deliceoğlu
- Sport Scientist, Faculty of Sports Science, Kırıkkale University, 71450 Kırıkkale, Turkey;
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-(0)-71-226-93-00
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Tryfidou DV, McClean C, Nikolaidis MG, Davison GW. DNA Damage Following Acute Aerobic Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2020; 50:103-127. [PMID: 31529301 PMCID: PMC6942015 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01181-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise is widely recognised for its health enhancing benefits. Despite this, an overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), outstripping antioxidant defence mechanisms, can lead to a state of (chronic) oxidative stress. DNA is a vulnerable target of RONS attack and, if left unrepaired, DNA damage may cause genetic instability. OBJECTIVE This meta-analysis aimed to systematically investigate and assess the overall effect of studies reporting DNA damage following acute aerobic exercise. METHODS Web of Science, PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Scopus were searched until April 2019. Outcomes included (1) multiple time-points (TPs) of measuring DNA damage post-exercise, (2) two different quantification methods (comet assay and 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine; 8-OHdG), and (3) protocols of high intensity (≥ 75% of maximum rate of oxygen consumption; VO2-max) and long distance (≥ 42 km). RESULTS Literature search identified 4316 non-duplicate records of which 35 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The evidence was strong, showcasing an increase in DNA damage immediately following acute aerobic exercise with a large-effect size at TP 0 (0 h) (SMD = 0.875; 95% CI 0.5, 1.25; p < 0.05). When comparing between comet assay and 8-OHdG at TP 0, a significant difference was observed only when using the comet assay. Finally, when isolating protocols of long-distance and high-intensity exercise, increased DNA damage was only observed in the latter. (SMD = 0.48; 95% CI - 0.16, 1.03; p = 0.15 and SMD = 1.18; 95% CI 0.71, 1.65; p < 0.05 respectively). CONCLUSIONS A substantial increase in DNA damage occurs immediately following acute aerobic exercise. This increase remains significant between 2 h and 1 day, but not within 5-28 days post-exercise. Such an increase was not observed in protocols of a long-distance. The relationship between exercise and DNA damage may be explained through the hormesis theory, which is somewhat one-dimensional, and thus limited. The hormesis theory describes how exercise modulates any advantageous or harmful effects mediated through RONS, by increasing DNA oxidation between the two end-points of the curve: physical inactivity and overtraining. We propose a more intricate approach to explain this relationship: a multi-dimensional model, to develop a better understanding of the complexity of the relationship between DNA integrity and exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despoina V Tryfidou
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Conor McClean
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Michalis G Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Gareth W Davison
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland, UK.
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6
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Rezapour S, Shiravand M, Mardani M. Epigenetic changes due to physical activity. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2018; 65:761-767. [PMID: 30144174 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
One of the epigenetic-modifying factors is regular and continuous physical activity. This article attempts to investigate the effects of physical activity and exercise on changes in histone proteins and gene expression, as well as the effect of these exercises on the prevention of certain cancers and the ejection of age-related illnesses and cellular oxidation interactions. All of this is due to epigenetic changes and gene expression. Most studies have reported the positive effects of regular exercises on the expression of histone proteins. DNA methylation and the prevention of certain diseases such as cancer and respiratory diseases, caused by antioxidative interactions that occur more often in the elderly, have been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Rezapour
- Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Mustafa Shiravand
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Gilan University, Gilan, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Mardani
- Nutritional Health Research Center, Health and Nutrition Department, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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7
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Devall VC, Goggs R, Hansen C, Frye CW, Letendre JA, Wakshlag JJ. Serum myoglobin, creatine kinase, and cell-free DNA in endurance sled dogs and sled dogs with clinical rhabdomyolysis. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2018; 28:310-316. [PMID: 29898248 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether cell-free DNA (cfDNA) concentrations are increased in dogs with exertional rhabdomyolysis and whether concentrations are correlated with serum myoglobin concentration and creatine kinase activity. DESIGN Observational cohort study. SETTING Yukon Quest 1,000-mile International Sled Dog Race 2015. ANIMALS Twelve normal competitive sled dogs; 5 dogs with rhabdomyolysis. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Blood was collected from all confirmed cases of exertional rhabdomyolysis and compared to the winning team at the midrace point. Results indicate that median cfDNA did not increase, but decreased by the race finish (prerace = 314.2 ng/mL versus midrace = 283.7 ng/mL versus postrace = 249.5 ng/mL). There were no rises in median cfDNA in dogs with rhabdomyolysis (255 ng/mL) negating its potential utility as a measure of acute skeletal muscle compromise. In contrast, myoglobin concentration and creatine kinase activity at the midrace point for normal dogs were significantly lower than dogs with rhabdomyolysis. Values for myoglobin and creatine kinase were strongly positively correlated (R = 0.91). CONCLUSIONS cfDNA is not a useful biomarker for exertional rhabdomyolysis in contrast to myoglobin and creatine kinase. Further evaluation of timing and clinical signs suggests that exertional rhabdomyolysis occurs early in endurance activities. Among the dogs with rhabdomyolysis, the dog that demonstrated clinical signs had the highest serum creatine kinase activity and myoglobin concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Goggs
- The Department of Clinical Sciences Cornell, University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, 14853
| | - Christina Hansen
- The Department of Biology and Wildlife Management, the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, 99709
| | - Christopher W Frye
- The Department of Clinical Sciences Cornell, University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, 14853
| | - Jo-Annie Letendre
- The Department of Clinical Sciences Cornell, University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, 14853
| | - Joseph J Wakshlag
- The Department of Clinical Sciences Cornell, University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, 14853
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8
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A Review on the Role of Physical Activity in Cancer Prevention: Middle East Reports. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER MANAGEMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/ijcm.8992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Spanidis Y, Stagos D, Orfanou M, Goutzourelas N, Bar-Or D, Spandidos D, Kouretas D. Variations in Oxidative Stress Levels in 3 Days Follow-up in Ultramarathon Mountain Race Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:582-594. [PMID: 28212265 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Spanidis, Y, Stagos, D, Orfanou, M, Goutzourelas, N, Bar-or, D, Spandidos, D, and Kouretas, D. Variations in oxidative stress levels in 3 days follow-up in ultramarathon mountain race athletes. J Strength Cond Res 31(3): 582-594, 2017-The aim of the present study was the monitoring of the redox status of runners participating in a mountain ultramarathon race of 103 km. Blood samples from 12 runners were collected prerace and 24, 48, and 72 hours postrace. The samples were analyzed by using conventional oxidative stress markers, such as protein carbonyls (CARB), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in plasma, as well as glutathione (GSH) levels and catalase (CAT) activity in erythrocytes. In addition, 2 novel markers, the static oxidation-reduction potential marker (sORP) and the capacity oxidation-reduction potential (cORP), were measured in plasma. The results showed significant increase in sORP levels and significant decrease in cORP and GSH levels postrace compared with prerace. The other markers did not exhibit significant changes postrace compared with prerace. Furthermore, an interindividual analysis showed that in all athletes but one sORP was increased, whereas cORP was decreased. Moreover, GSH levels were decreased in all athletes at least at 2 time points postrace compared with prerace. The other markers exhibited great variations between different athletes. In conclusion, ORP and GSH markers suggested that oxidative stress has existed even 3 days post ultramarathon race. The practical applications from these results would be that the most effective markers for short-term monitoring of ultramarathon mountain race-induced oxidative stress were sORP, cORP, and GSH. Also, administration of supplements enhancing especially GSH is recommended during ultramarathon mountain races to prevent manifestation of pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ypatios Spanidis
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece; 2Trauma Research Department, St. Anthony Hospital, Lakewood, Colorado; 3Trauma Research Department, Swedish Medical Center, Englewood, Colorado; 4Trauma Research Department, Medical Center of Plano, Plano, Texas; 5Luoxis Diagnostics, Inc., Englewood, Colorado; and 6Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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10
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Danese E, Lippi G, Sanchis-Gomar F, Brocco G, Rizzo M, Banach M, Montagnana M. Physical Exercise and DNA Injury: Good or Evil? Adv Clin Chem 2017. [PMID: 28629589 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Regular, low-intensity physical activity is currently advocated for lowering the risk of developing many acute and especially chronic diseases. However, several lines of evidence attest that strenuous exercise may enhance inflammation and trigger the generation of free radical-mediated damage, thus overwhelming the undisputable benefits of regular, medium-intensity physical activity. Since reactive oxygen species are actively generated during high-intensity exercise, and these reactive compounds are known to impact DNA stability, we review here the current evidence about strenuous exercise and DNA injury. Despite the outcome of the various studies cannot be pooled due to considerable variation in design, sample population, outcome, and analytical techniques used to assess DNA damage, it seems reasonable to conclude that medium- to high-volume exercise triggers a certain amount of DNA injury, which appears to be transitory and directly proportional to exercise intensity. This damage, reasonably attributable to direct effect of free radicals on nucleic acids, is efficiently repaired in vivo within 24-72h. Therefore, physical exercise should not bear long-term consequences for athlete's health provided that an appropriate time of recovery between volumes of high-intensity exercise is set. Regular exertion, with a step-by-step increase of exercise load, also seems to be the most safe approach for eluding DNA instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Danese
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | | | - Giorgio Brocco
- Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Maciej Banach
- WAM University Hospital in Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Pichler C, Ferk F, Al-Serori H, Huber W, Jäger W, Waldherr M, Mišík M, Kundi M, Nersesyan A, Herbacek I, Knasmueller S. Xanthohumol Prevents DNA Damage by Dietary Carcinogens: Results of a Human Intervention Trial. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2016; 10:153-160. [PMID: 27923802 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Xanthohumol (XN) is a hop flavonoid contained in beers and soft drinks. In vitro and animal studies indicated that XN has DNA and cancer protective properties. To find out if it causes DNA protective effects in humans, an intervention trial was conducted in which the participants (n = 22) consumed a XN containing drink (12 mg XN/P/d). We monitored prevention of DNA damage induced by representatives of major groups of dietary carcinogens [i.e., nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) and the heterocyclic aromatic amine 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ)]. Lymphocytes were collected before, during, and after the intervention and incubated with the carcinogens and with human liver homogenate (S9). We found substantial reduction of B(a)P and IQ (P < 0.001 for both substances) induced DNA damage after consumption of the beverage; also, with the nitrosamine a moderate, but significant protective effect was found. The results of a follow-up trial (n = 10) with XN pills showed that the effects are caused by the flavonoid and were confirmed in γH2AX experiments. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms we measured several parameters of glutathione related detoxification. We found clear induction of α-GST (by 42.8%, P < 0.05), but no alteration of π-GST. This observation provides a partial explanation for the DNA protective effects and indicates that the flavonoid also protects against other carcinogens that are detoxified by α-GST. Taken together, our findings support the assumption that XN has anticarcinogenic properties in humans. Cancer Prev Res; 10(2); 153-60. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Pichler
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franziska Ferk
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Halh Al-Serori
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Huber
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Jäger
- Department for Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Waldherr
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miroslav Mišík
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Kundi
- Institute for Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Armen Nersesyan
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Herbacek
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Siegfried Knasmueller
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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12
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Barranco-Ruiz Y, Martínez-Amat A, Casals C, Aragón-Vela J, Rosillo S, Gomes SN, Rivas-García A, Guisado R, Huertas JR. A lifelong competitive training practice attenuates age-related lipid peroxidation. J Physiol Biochem 2016; 73:37-48. [PMID: 27761888 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-016-0522-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The effect of exercise-induced oxidative stress on health and aging is not clearly explained. This study examined the effects of habitual sport practice, age, and submaximal exercise on the blood markers of oxidative stress, muscle damage, and antioxidant response. Seventy-two healthy men were grouped by their habitual sport practice: inactive (<1.5 h/week), recreational (3-8 h/week), and trained athletes (>8 h/week), and further divided by age: young (18-25 years), adult (40-55 years), and senior (>55 years). Blood samples were collected at rest and after submaximal effort. Hydroperoxides and superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase activities were measured by spectrophotometry. Nuclear DNA damage was analyzed by comet assay. The alpha-actin release was analyzed by Western blot. Alpha-tocopherol, retinol, and coenzyme-Q10 were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. Data was analyzed through a factorial ANOVA and the Bonferroni post hoc test. Lipid peroxidation increased significantly with age and submaximal effort (p < 0.05). However, the trained athlete group presented lower lipid peroxidation compared with the recreational group (MD = 2.079, SED = 0.58, p = 0.002) and inactive group (MD = 1.979, SED = 0.61, p = 0.005). Trained athletes showed significant higher alpha-actin levels (p < 0.001) than the other groups. Recreational group showed lower nuclear DNA damage than trained athletes (MD = 3.681, SED = 1.28, p = 0.015). Nevertheless, the inactive group presented significantly higher superoxide dismutase and catalase (p < 0.05) than the other groups. Data suggested that habitual competitive training practice could prevent age-related increases of plasma lipid peroxidation, which, according with our results, cannot be entirely attributed to blood antioxidant defense systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaira Barranco-Ruiz
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, AV. del Conocimiento, 18100, Granada, Spain.,Department of Physical Culture, Faculty of Health Sciences, National University of Chimborazo, North Campus "Ms. Edison Riera" AV. Antonio José de Sucre. Km.1 1/2 way to Guano, 060150, Riobamba, Ecuador
| | - Antonio Martínez-Amat
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Campus "Las Lagunillas", 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Cristina Casals
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, AV. del Conocimiento, 18100, Granada, Spain
| | - Jerónimo Aragón-Vela
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, AV. del Conocimiento, 18100, Granada, Spain
| | - Silvia Rosillo
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, AV. del Conocimiento, 18100, Granada, Spain
| | - Silvana N Gomes
- Department of Physical Education, University Center of João Pessoa-UNIPE, BR-230, KM 22, Água Fria, João Pessoa, PB, 58053-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Rivas-García
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, AV. del Conocimiento, 18100, Granada, Spain
| | - Rafael Guisado
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, AV. De la Ilustración, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús R Huertas
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, AV. del Conocimiento, 18100, Granada, Spain.
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Santa-Gonzalez GA, Gomez-Molina A, Arcos-Burgos M, Meyer JN, Camargo M. Distinctive adaptive response to repeated exposure to hydrogen peroxide associated with upregulation of DNA repair genes and cell cycle arrest. Redox Biol 2016; 9:124-133. [PMID: 27479053 PMCID: PMC4971155 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Many environmental and physiological stresses are chronic. Thus, cells are constantly exposed to diverse types of genotoxic insults that challenge genome stability, including those that induce oxidative DNA damage. However, most in vitro studies that model cellular response to oxidative stressors employ short exposures and/or acute stress models. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that chronic and repeated exposure to a micromolar concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) could activate DNA damage responses, resulting in cellular adaptations. For this purpose, we developed an in vitro model in which we incubated mouse myoblast cells with a steady concentration of ~50 μM H2O2 for one hour daily for seven days, followed by a final challenge of a 10 or 20X higher dose of H2O2 (0.5 or 1 mM). We report that intermittent long-term exposure to this oxidative stimulus nearly eliminated cell toxicity and significantly decreased genotoxicity (in particular, a >5-fold decreased in double-strand breaks) resulting from subsequent acute exposure to oxidative stress. This protection was associated with cell cycle arrest in G2/M and induction of expression of nine DNA repair genes. Together, this evidence supports an adaptive response to chronic, low-level oxidative stress that results in genomic protection and up-regulated maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Repetitive stimulus with subtoxic H2O2 resulted in cellular adaptive response. Cells responded by abridged cytotoxicity and reduced intracellular ROS. Adaptive response mitigated the genotoxicity of acute oxidative insults. Adaption induced overexpression of selected genes of the BER, NER, MMR pathways. Chronic and repetitive H2O2 resulted in cell cycle checkpoint arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria A Santa-Gonzalez
- University Research Center and Biology Institute, Genetics, Regeneration and Cancer Laboratory, SIU Lab 432, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Andrea Gomez-Molina
- University Research Center and Biology Institute, Genetics, Regeneration and Cancer Laboratory, SIU Lab 432, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Mauricio Arcos-Burgos
- Genome Biology Department, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Joel N Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0328, USA
| | - Mauricio Camargo
- University Research Center and Biology Institute, Genetics, Regeneration and Cancer Laboratory, SIU Lab 432, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia.
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Impact of xanthohumol (a prenylated flavonoid from hops) on DNA stability and other health-related biochemical parameters: Results of human intervention trials. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:773-86. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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15
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Mrakic-Sposta S, Gussoni M, Moretti S, Pratali L, Giardini G, Tacchini P, Dellanoce C, Tonacci A, Mastorci F, Borghini A, Montorsi M, Vezzoli A. Effects of Mountain Ultra-Marathon Running on ROS Production and Oxidative Damage by Micro-Invasive Analytic Techniques. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141780. [PMID: 26540518 PMCID: PMC4634988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Aiming to gain a detailed insight into the physiological mechanisms involved under extreme conditions, a group of experienced ultra-marathon runners, performing the mountain Tor des Géants® ultra-marathon: 330 km trail-run in Valle d'Aosta, 24000 m of positive and negative elevation changes, was monitored. ROS production rate, antioxidant capacity, oxidative damage and inflammation markers were assessed, adopting micro-invasive analytic techniques. METHODS Forty-six male athletes (45.04±8.75 yr, 72.6±8.4 kg, 1.76±0.05 m) were tested. Capillary blood and urine were collected before (Pre-), in the middle (Middle-) and immediately after (Post-) Race. Samples were analyzed for: Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance; Antioxidant Capacity by Electrochemistry; oxidative damage (8-hydroxy-2-deoxy Guanosine: 8-OH-dG; 8-isoprostane: 8-isoPGF2α) and nitric oxide metabolites by enzymatic assays; inflammatory biomarkers (plasma and urine interleukin-6: IL-6-P and IL-6-U) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA); Creatinine and Neopterin by HPLC, hematologic (lactate, glucose and hematocrit) and urine parameters by standard analyses. RESULTS Twenty-five athletes finished the race, while twenty-one dropped out of it. A significant increase (Post-Race vs Pre) of the ROS production rate (2.20±0.27 vs 1.65±0.22 μmol.min-1), oxidative damage biomarkers (8-OH-dG: 6.32±2.38 vs 4.16±1.25 ng.mg-1 Creatinine and 8-isoPGF2α: 1404.0±518.30 vs 822.51±448.91 pg.mg-1Creatinine), inflammatory state (IL-6-P: 66.42±36.92 vs 1.29±0.54 pg.mL-1 and IL-6-U: 1.33±0.56 vs 0.71±0.17 pg.mL1) and lactate production (+190%), associated with a decrease of both antioxidant capacity (-7%) and renal function (i.e. Creatinine level +76%) was found. CONCLUSIONS The used micro-invasive analytic methods allowed us to perform most of them before, during and immediately after the race directly in the field, by passing the need of storing and transporting samples for further analysis. Considered altogether the investigated variables showed up that exhaustive and prolonged exercise not only promotes the generation of ROS but also induces oxidative stress, transient renal impairment and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Mrakic-Sposta
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Council of Research (CNR), Segrate (Milan), Italy
| | - Maristella Gussoni
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation−Physiology Section, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sarah Moretti
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Council of Research (CNR), Segrate (Milan), Italy
| | - Lorenza Pratali
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Guido Giardini
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Department. Mountain Medicine Center Valle d’Aosta Regional Hospital Umberto Parini, Aosta, Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Dellanoce
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tonacci
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Mastorci
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Borghini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Vezzoli
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Council of Research (CNR), Segrate (Milan), Italy
- * E-mail:
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Franzke B, Neubauer O, Wagner KH. Super DNAging—New insights into DNA integrity, genome stability and telomeres in the oldest old. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2015; 766:48-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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17
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Damirchi A, Saati Zareei A, Sariri R. Salivary antioxidants of male athletes after aerobic exercise and garlic supplementation on: A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2015; 5:146-52. [PMID: 26605139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Production of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species is a natural biological event in metabolism. However, the presence of antioxidants can highly reduce the negative effect of free radicals. Thus, the efficiency of antioxidant system in the physiology of exercise is very important. DESIGN Considering the known antioxidant capacity of garlic, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect on combining 14 days aerobic exercise till exhaustion with garlic extract supplementation on the antioxidant capacity of saliva. METHODS Sixteen young men volunteered to participate in this randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study and were randomly placed into two groups, placebo (Group I) and garlic extract (Group II). The participants performed exhaustive aerobic exercise on a treadmill before and after supplementation. Their unstimulated salivary samples were collected before, immediately after, and 1 h after the activity. The antioxidant activity in terms of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) was then measured in the collected samples using their specific substrates. RESULTS A significant increase in salivary antioxidant activity of SOD, POD, and CAT was observed in saliva of the supplement group compared to the placebo group (P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION The findings from this study suggest that increased activity of antioxidant enzymes could possibly decrease exercise-induced oxidative damage in male athletes.
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Key Words
- Aerobic exercise
- CAT, catalase
- EDTA, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid
- Free radical
- GTE, green tea extract
- Garlic
- NBT, nitro blue tetrazolium
- NF, nuclear factor
- POD, peroxidase
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- Salivary antioxidant capacity
- TAC, total antioxidant capacity
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TT, tapering training
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsalan Damirchi
- Faculty of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | | | - Reyhaneh Sariri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
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Franzke B, Halper B, Hofmann M, Oesen S, Jandrasits W, Baierl A, Tosevska A, Strasser EM, Wessner B, Wagner KH. The impact of six months strength training, nutritional supplementation or cognitive training on DNA damage in institutionalised elderly. Mutagenesis 2015; 30:147-53. [PMID: 25527737 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geu074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging and its aligned loss of muscle mass are associated with higher levels of DNA damage and deteriorated antioxidant defence. To improve the body's overall resistance against DNA damage, maintaining a healthy and active lifestyle is desirable, especially in the elderly. As people age, many have to change their residence from home living to an institution, which is often accompanied by malnutrition, depression and inactivity. The current study aimed at investigating the effect of a 6-month progressive resistance training (RT), with or without protein and vitamin supplementation (RTS), or cognitive training (CT), on DNA strand breaks in 105 Austrian institutionalised women and men (65-98 years). DNA damage was detected by performing the single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay. Physical fitness was assessed using the chair rise, the 6-min-walking and the handgrip strength test. In addition, antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) were analysed. Basal DNA damage (lysis) increased significantly after 3 months of intervention in the RT group (T1 - T2 + 20%, P = 0.001) and the RTS group (T1 - T2 + 17%, P = 0.002) and showed a similar tendency in the CT group (T1 - T2 + 21%, P = 0.059). %DNA in tail decreased in cells exposed to H2O2 significantly in the RT (T1 - T2 - 24%, P = 0.030; T1 - T3 - 18%, P = 0.019) and CT (T1 - T2 - 21%, P = 0.004; T1 - T3 - 13%, P = 0.038) groups. Only RT and RTS groups showed significant differences overtime in enzyme activity (RT + 22% CAT-activity T1 - T3, P = 0.013; RTS + 6% SOD-activity T2 - T3, P = 0.005). Contrary to the time effects, no difference between groups was detected for any parameter at any time point. Our results suggest that both CT and RT improve resistance against H2O2 induced DNA damage and that a nutritional supplement has no further protective effect in institutionalised elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Franzke
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Halper
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlene Hofmann
- Department of Sport and Exercise Physiology, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Auf der Schmelz 6, 1150 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Oesen
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Waltraud Jandrasits
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Baierl
- Institute for Statistics and Operations Research, University of Vienna, Grillparzerstraße 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria and
| | - Anela Tosevska
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva-Maria Strasser
- Karl Landsteiner Institute for Remobilization and Functional Health/Institute for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaiser Franz Joseph Spital, SMZ-Süd, Kundratstraße 3, 1100 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Wessner
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria, Department of Sport and Exercise Physiology, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Auf der Schmelz 6, 1150 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl-Heinz Wagner
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria,
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Abstract
Although the sport of triathlon provides an opportunity to research the effect of multi-disciplinary exercise on health across the lifespan, much remains to be done. The literature has failed to consistently or adequately report subject age group, sex, ability level, and/or event-distance specialization. The demands of training and racing are relatively unquantified. Multiple definitions and reporting methods for injury and illness have been implemented. In general, risk factors for maladaptation have not been well-described. The data thus far collected indicate that the sport of triathlon is relatively safe for the well-prepared, well-supplied athlete. Most injuries 'causing cessation or reduction of training or seeking of medical aid' are not serious. However, as the extent to which they recur may be high and is undocumented, injury outcome is unclear. The sudden death rate for competition is 1.5 (0.9-2.5) [mostly swim-related] occurrences for every 100,000 participations. The sudden death rate is unknown for training, although stroke risk may be increased, in the long-term, in genetically susceptible athletes. During heavy training and up to 5 days post-competition, host protection against pathogens may also be compromised. The incidence of illness seems low, but its outcome is unclear. More prospective investigation of the immunological, oxidative stress-related and cardiovascular effects of triathlon training and competition is warranted. Training diaries may prove to be a promising method of monitoring negative adaptation and its potential risk factors. More longitudinal, medical-tent-based studies of the aetiology and treatment demands of race-related injury and illness are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Vleck
- CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, 1499-002, Portugal,
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20
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Is high-intensity resistance exercise-induced oxidative DNA damage related to OGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism in athletes? SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-014-0186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Mills DE, Johnson MA, McPhilimey MJ, Williams NC, Gonzalez JT, Barnett YA, Sharpe GR. Influence of oxidative stress, diaphragm fatigue, and inspiratory muscle training on the plasma cytokine response to maximum sustainable voluntary ventilation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 116:970-9. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01271.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of oxidative stress, diaphragm fatigue, and inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on the cytokine response to maximum sustainable voluntary ventilation (MSVV) is unknown. Twelve healthy males were divided equally into an IMT or placebo (PLA) group, and before and after a 6-wk intervention they undertook, on separate days, 1 h of ( 1) passive rest and ( 2) MSVV, whereby participants undertook volitional hyperpnea at rest that mimicked the breathing and respiratory muscle recruitment patterns commensurate with heavy cycling exercise. Plasma cytokines remained unchanged during passive rest. There was a main effect of time ( P < 0.01) for plasma interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations and a strong trend ( P = 0.067) for plasma interleukin-1 receptor antagonist concentration during MSVV. Plasma IL-6 concentration was reduced after IMT by 27 ± 18% (main effect of intervention, P = 0.029), whereas there was no change after PLA ( P = 0.753). There was no increase in a systemic marker of oxidative stress [DNA damage in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)], and diaphragm fatigue was not related to the increases in plasma IL-1β and IL-6 concentrations. A dose-response relationship was observed between respiratory muscle work and minute ventilation and increases in plasma IL-6 concentration. In conclusion, increases in plasma IL-1β and IL-6 concentrations during MSVV were not due to diaphragm fatigue or DNA damage in PBMC. Increases in plasma IL-6 concentration during MSVV are attenuated following IMT, and the plasma IL-6 response is dependent upon the level of respiratory muscle work and minute ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean E. Mills
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Michael A. Johnson
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Martin J. McPhilimey
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Neil C. Williams
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Javier T. Gonzalez
- School of Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne A. Barnett
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Graham R. Sharpe
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
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Phlebodium decumanum is a natural supplement that ameliorates the oxidative stress and inflammatory signalling induced by strenuous exercise in adult humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 112:3119-28. [PMID: 22212862 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2295-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Strenuous exercise induces muscle damage due to a highly increased generation of free radicals and inflammatory response and therefore, in this type of exercise, it is important to reduce both oxidative stress and inflammation, at least their negative aspects. The purpose of this study was investigate, for the first time, whether a purified, standard water-soluble fraction obtained from Phlebodium decamanum could reduce the over-expression of inflammation and oxidative stress induced by strenuous exercise. The physical test consisted of a constant run that combined several degrees of high effort (mountain run and ultra-endurance), in permanent climbing. Biochemical parameters, oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators were assessed. The results showed that oral supplementation of P. decumanum during high-intensity exercise effectively reduces the degree of oxidative stress (decreased 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and isoprostanes generation, increased antioxidant enzyme activities in erythrocyte and total antioxidant status in plasma). The data obtained also indicate that this supplementation is efficient in reducing the inflammatory response through the decrease of TNF-α and increase of sTNF-RII, but kept the levels of IL-6 and IL-1ra. In conclusion, oral supplementation of P. decamanum extract during high-intensity exercise effectively reduces the degree of oxidative stress and has anti-inflammatory protective effects, preventing the over-expression of TNF-α but keeping the levels and effects of IL-6. These findings provide a basis for similar Phlebodium supplementation for both professional and amateur athletes performing strenuous exercise in order to reduce the undesirable effects of the oxidative stress and inflammation signalling elicited during high-intensity exercise.
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The impact of 6-month training preparation for an Ironman triathlon on the proportions of naïve, memory and senescent T cells in resting blood. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:2989-98. [PMID: 22170013 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2273-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Athletes appear to be at a greater risk of illness while undertaking arduous training regimens in preparation for endurance events. As infection susceptibility has been linked with increased proportions of differentiated and senescent T cells in the periphery, changes in the proportions of these cell types due to long-term high-volume exercise training could have important implications for athlete infection risk. This study examined the effects of 6-month training preparation for an Ironman triathlon on the proportions of naïve, memory and senescent T cells in resting blood. Ten club-level triathletes (9 males; 1 female: 43 ± 3 years) were sampled at 27 (December), 21 (January), 15 (March), 9 (May) and 3 (June) weeks before an Ironman Triathlon. An additional sample was collected 2-week post-competition (August). Four-colour flow cytometry was used for the phenotypic analysis of CD4+ and CD8+ blood T cells. Proportions of differentiated (KLRG1+/CD57-) CD8+ T cells and "transitional" (CD45RA+/CD45RO+) CD4+ and CD8+ T cells increased with training, as the values in June were elevated 37, 142 and 116%, respectively, from those observed in December. Proportions of senescent (KLRG1+/CD57+) CD4+ or CD8+ T cells did not change during the training phase. Two weeks post-race, proportions of differentiated CD8+ T cells had returned to baseline values, while the proportions of senescent CD4+ T cells increased 192% alongside a 31% reduction in naïve (CD45RA+/CD45RO-) cells. In conclusion, increases in differentiated and "transitional" T cells due to arduous exercise training could compromise host protection to novel pathogens and increase athlete infection risk, although whether or not the composition of naïve and differentiated T cells in blood can serve as prognostic biomarkers in athletes remains to be established.
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McAnulty LS, Nieman DC, Dumke CL, Shooter LA, Henson DA, Utter AC, Milne G, McAnulty SR. Effect of blueberry ingestion on natural killer cell counts, oxidative stress, and inflammation prior to and after 2.5 h of running. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2011; 36:976-84. [DOI: 10.1139/h11-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Blueberries are rich in antioxidants known as anthocyanins, which may exhibit significant health benefits. Strenous exercise is known to acutely generate oxidative stress and an inflammatory state, and serves as an on-demand model to test antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds. The purpose of this study was to examine whether 250 g of blueberries per day for 6 weeks and 375 g given 1 h prior to 2.5 h of running at ∼72% maximal oxygen consumption counters oxidative stress, inflammation, and immune changes. Twenty-five well-trained subjects were recruited and randomized into blueberry (BB) (N = 13) or control (CON) (N = 12) groups. Blood, muscle, and urine samples were obtained pre-exercise and immediately postexercise, and blood and urine 1 h postexercise. Blood was examined for F2-isoprostanes for oxidative stress, cortisol, cytokines, homocysteine, leukocytes, T-cell function, natural killer (NK), and lymphocyte cell counts for inflammation and immune system activation, and ferric reducing ability of plasma for antioxidant capacity. Muscle biopsies were examined for glycogen and NFkB expression to evaluate stress and inflammation. Urine was tested for modification of DNA (8-OHDG) and RNA (5-OHMU) as markers of nucleic acid oxidation. A 2 (treatment) × 3 (time) repeated measures ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Increases in F2-isoprostanes and 5-OHMU were significantly less in BB and plasma IL-10 and NK cell counts were significantly greater in BB vs. CON. Changes in all other markers did not differ. This study indicates that daily blueberry consumption for 6 weeks increases NK cell counts, and acute ingestion reduces oxidative stress and increases anti-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S. McAnulty
- Department of Nutrition and Health Care Management, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
| | - David C. Nieman
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
| | - Charles L. Dumke
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Lesli A. Shooter
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
| | - Dru A. Henson
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
| | - Alan C. Utter
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
| | - Ginger Milne
- Department of Biomedical Research Education and Training, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Steven R. McAnulty
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
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25
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Abstract
Clinical and experimental studies in humans provide evidence that moderate physical activity significantly decreases artery oxidative damage to nuclear DNA, DNA-adducts related to age and dyslipedemia, and mitochondrial DNA damage. Maintenance of adequate mitochondrial function is crucial for preventing lipid accumulation and peroxidation occurring in atherosclerosis. Studies performed on human muscle biopsies analyzing gene expression in living humans reveal that physically active subjects improve the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial function and of related microRNAs. The attenuation of oxidative damage to nuclear and mitochondrial DNA by physical activity resulted in beneficial effects due to polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferases genes. Subjects bearing null GSTM1/T1 polymorphisms have poor life expectancy in the case of being sedentary, which was increased 2.6-fold in case they performed physical activity. These findings indicate that the preventive effect of physical activity undergoes interindividual variation affected by genetic polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Izzotti
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
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26
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Coenzyme Q10 supplementation ameliorates inflammatory signaling and oxidative stress associated with strenuous exercise. Eur J Nutr 2011; 51:791-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-011-0257-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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27
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Wagner KH, Reichhold S, Neubauer O. Impact of endurance and ultraendurance exercise on DNA damage. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1229:115-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Gangestad SW, Merriman LA, Emery Thompson M. Men’s oxidative stress, fluctuating asymmetry and physical attractiveness. Anim Behav 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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29
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Abstract
Muscle tissue may be damaged following intense prolonged training as a consequence of both metabolic and mechanical factors. Serum levels of skeletal muscle enzymes or proteins are markers of the functional status of muscle tissue, and vary widely in both pathological and physiological conditions. Creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aldolase, myoglobin, troponin, aspartate aminotransferase, and carbonic anhydrase CAIII are the most useful serum markers of muscle injury, but apoptosis in muscle tissues subsequent to strenuous exercise may be also triggered by increased oxidative stress. Therefore, total antioxidant status can be used to evaluate the level of stress in muscle by other markers, such as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, malondialdehyde, sulfhydril groups, reduced glutathione, oxidized glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase and others. As the various markers provide a composite picture of muscle status, we recommend using more than one to provide a better estimation of muscle stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Brancaccio
- Servizio di Medicina dello Sport, Seconda Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
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