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Ebhodaghe SO. A short review on chitosan and gelatin-based hydrogel composite polymers for wound healing. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE, POLYMER EDITION 2022; 33:1595-1622. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2022.2068941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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2
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Xu Z, Liu Z, Zhang C, Xu D. Advance in barnacle cement with high underwater adhesion. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Xu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Beijing China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Hebei University Baoding China
| | - Zhongcheng Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Hebei University Baoding China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Beijing China
| | - Donggang Xu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Beijing China
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3
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Effect of crevice morphology on SRB activity and steel corrosion under marine foulers. Bioelectrochemistry 2021; 142:107922. [PMID: 34392136 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Localized corrosion of submerged steel H-piles was detected in a Florida bridge spanning over a brackish river. Analysis of the water showed proliferation of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB). The steel piles had coincident heavy marine growth that may support biofilms and biocorrosion. The objective of the research described here was to identify the role of the physical morphologies of macrofouling on SRB activity and the aggravation of microbiologically influences corrosion (MIC) of submerged steel bridge. Laboratory experiments were carried out in nutrient-rich environments inoculated with SRB, with both porous and laminate crevice conditions characteristic of soft and hard marine fouling. It was confirmed that SRB proliferation can occur within the crevice environments, but aeration levels under crevices with interaction with the bulk solution can affect SRB activity. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy provided separation of environmental parameters and surface reaction parameters for the complicated systems relating to corrosion under the porous and laminate crevice geometries.
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Wang D, Xu P, Wang S, Li W, Liu W. Rapidly curable hyaluronic acid-catechol hydrogels inspired by scallops as tissue adhesives for hemostasis and wound healing. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Mitchell RL, Coleman M, Davies P, North L, Pope EC, Pleydell-Pearce C, Harris W, Johnston R. Macro-to-nanoscale investigation of wall-plate joints in the acorn barnacle Semibalanus balanoides: correlative imaging, biological form and function, and bioinspiration. J R Soc Interface 2019; 16:20190218. [PMID: 31387487 PMCID: PMC6731510 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Correlative imaging combines information from multiple modalities (physical-chemical-mechanical properties) at various length scales (centimetre to nanometre) to understand the complex biological materials across dimensions (2D-3D). Here, we have used numerous coupled systems: X-ray microscopy (XRM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), optical light microscopy (LM) and focused ion beam (FIB-SEM) microscopy to ascertain the microstructural and crystallographic properties of the wall-plate joints in the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides. The exoskeleton is composed of six interlocking wall plates, and the interlocks between neighbouring plates (alae) allow barnacles to expand and grow while remaining sealed and structurally strong. Our results indicate that the ala contain functionally graded orientations and microstructures in their crystallography, which has implications for naturally functioning microstructures, potential natural strengthening and preferred oriented biomineralization. Elongated grains at the outer edge of the ala are oriented perpendicularly to the contact surface, and the c-axis rotates with the radius of the ala. Additionally, we identify for the first time three-dimensional nanoscale ala pore networks revealing that the pores are only visible at the tip of the ala and that pore thickening occurs on the inside (soft bodied) edge of the plates. The pore networks appear to have the same orientation as the oriented crystallography, and we deduce that the pore networks are probably organic channels and pockets, which are involved with the biomineralization process. Understanding these multiscale features contributes towards an understanding of the structural architecture in barnacles, but also their consideration for bioinspiration of human-made materials. The work demonstrates that correlative methods spanning different length scales, dimensions and modes enable the extension of the structure-property relationships in materials to form and function of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. L. Mitchell
- Advanced Imaging of Materials (AIM) Facility, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - M. Coleman
- Advanced Imaging of Materials (AIM) Facility, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - P. Davies
- Advanced Imaging of Materials (AIM) Facility, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - L. North
- Advanced Imaging of Materials (AIM) Facility, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - E. C. Pope
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - C. Pleydell-Pearce
- Advanced Imaging of Materials (AIM) Facility, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - W. Harris
- Carl Zeiss Microscopy, Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA
| | - R. Johnston
- Advanced Imaging of Materials (AIM) Facility, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
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Burris JN, Lenaghan SC, Stewart CN. Climbing plants: attachment adaptations and bioinspired innovations. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2018; 37:565-574. [PMID: 29188422 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2240-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Climbing plants have unique adaptations to enable them to compete for sunlight, for which they invest minimal resources for vertical growth. Indeed, their stems bear relatively little weight, as they traverse their host substrates skyward. Climbers possess high tensile strength and flexibility, which allows them to utilize natural and manmade structures for support and growth. The climbing strategies of plants have intrigued scientists for centuries, yet our understanding about biochemical adaptations and their molecular undergirding is still in the early stages of research. Nonetheless, recent discoveries are promising, not only from a basic knowledge perspective, but also for bioinspired product development. Several adaptations, including nanoparticle and adhesive production will be reviewed, as well as practical translation of these adaptations to commercial applications. We will review the botanical literature on the modes of adaptation to climb, as well as specialized organs-and cellular innovations. Finally, recent molecular and biochemical data will be reviewed to assess the future needs and new directions for potential practical products that may be bioinspired by climbing plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason N Burris
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37996-4561, USA
| | - Scott C Lenaghan
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - C Neal Stewart
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37996-4561, USA.
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7
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Jonker JL, Morrison L, Lynch EP, Grunwald I, von Byern J, Power AM. The chemistry of stalked barnacle adhesive (Lepas anatifera). Interface Focus 2015; 5:20140062. [PMID: 25657841 PMCID: PMC4275876 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2014.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The results of the first chemical analysis of the adhesive of Lepas anatifera, a stalked barnacle, are presented. A variety of elements were identified in scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) of the adhesive, including Na, Mg, Ca, Cl, S, Al, Si, K and Fe; however, protein-metal interactions were not detected in Raman spectra of the adhesive. Elemental signatures from SEM-EDS of L. anatifera adhesive glands were less varied. Phosphorous was mostly absent in adhesive samples; supporting previous studies showing that phosphoserines do not play a significant role in adult barnacle adhesion. Disulfide bridges arising from Cys dimers were also investigated; Raman analysis showed weak evidence for S-S bonds in L. anatifera. In addition, there was no calcium carbonate signal in the attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectra of L. anatifera adhesive, unlike several previous studies in other barnacle species. Significant differences were observed between the Raman spectra of L. anatifera and Balanus crenatus; these and a range of Raman peaks in the L. anatifera adhesive are discussed. Polysaccharide was detected in L. anatifera adhesive but the significance of this awaits further experiments. The results demonstrate some of the diversity within barnacle species in the chemistry of their adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimie-Leigh Jonker
- School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
| | - Liam Morrison
- School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
| | - Edward P. Lynch
- School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
- Department of Mineral Resources, Geological Survey of Sweden, 75128 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingo Grunwald
- Department Adhesive Bonding and Surfaces, Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials (IFAM), Group BioInspired Materials, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Janek von Byern
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anne Marie Power
- School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
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Zheden V, Klepal W, von Byern J, Bogner FR, Thiel K, Kowalik T, Grunwald I. Biochemical analyses of the cement float of the goose barnacle Dosima fascicularis--a preliminary study. BIOFOULING 2014; 30:949-963. [PMID: 25237772 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2014.954557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The goose barnacle Dosima fascicularis produces an excessive amount of adhesive (cement), which has a double function, being used for attachment to various substrata and also as a float (buoy). This paper focuses on the chemical composition of the cement, which has a water content of 92%. Scanning electron microscopy with EDX was used to measure the organic elements C, O and N in the foam-like cement. Vibrational spectroscopy (FTIR, Raman) provided further information about the overall secondary structure, which tended towards a β-sheet. Disulphide bonds could not be detected by Raman spectroscopy. The cystine, methionine, histidine and tryptophan contents were each below 1% in the cement. Analyses of the cement revealed a protein content of 84% and a total carbohydrate content of 1.5% in the dry cement. The amino acid composition, 1D/2D-PAGE and MS/MS sequence analysis revealed a de novo set of peptides/proteins with low homologies with other proteins such as the barnacle cement proteins, largely with an acidic pI between 3.5 and 6.0. The biochemical composition of the cement of D. fascicularis is similar to that of other barnacles, but it shows interesting variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Zheden
- a University of Vienna, Faculty of Life Sciences, Core Facility Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research , Vienna , Austria
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9
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Ahmed N, Murosaki T, Kurokawa T, Kakugo A, Yashima S, Nogata Y, Gong JP. Prolonged morphometric study of barnacles grown on soft substrata of hydrogels and elastomers. BIOFOULING 2014; 30:271-279. [PMID: 24447274 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2013.863280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A long-term investigation of the shell shape and the basal morphology of barnacles grown on tough, double-network (DN) hydrogels and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer was conducted in a laboratory environment. The elastic modulus of these soft substrata varied between 0.01 and 0.47 MPa. Polystyrene (PS) (elastic modulus, 3 GPa) was used as a hard substratum control. It was found that the shell shape and the basal plate morphology of barnacles were different on the rigid PS substratum compared to the soft substrata of PDMS and DN hydrogels. Barnacles on the PS substratum had a truncated cone shape with a flat basal plate while on soft PDMS and DN gels, barnacles had a pseudo-cylindrical shape and their basal plates showed curvature. In addition, a large adhesive layer was observed under barnacles on PDMS, but not on DN gels. The effect of substratum stiffness is discussed in terms of barnacle muscle contraction, whereby the relative stiffness of the substratum compared to that of the muscle is considered as the key parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafees Ahmed
- a Laboratory of Soft & Wet Matter, Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
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Vedaprakash L, Dineshram R, Ratnam K, Lakshmi K, Jayaraj K, Mahesh Babu S, Venkatesan R, Shanmugam A. Experimental studies on the effect of different metallic substrates on marine biofouling. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 106:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Barnacles are intriguing, not only with respect to their importance as fouling organisms, but also in terms of the mechanism of underwater adhesion, which provides a platform for biomimetic and bioinspired research. These aspects have prompted questions regarding how adult barnacles attach to surfaces under water. The multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary nature of the studies makes an overview covering all aspects challenging. This mini-review, therefore, attempts to bring together aspects of the adhesion of adult barnacles by looking at the achievements of research focused on both fouling and adhesion. Biological and biochemical studies, which have been motivated mainly by understanding the nature of the adhesion, indicate that the molecular characteristics of barnacle adhesive are unique. However, it is apparent from recent advances in molecular techniques that much remains undiscovered regarding the complex event of underwater attachment. Barnacles attached to silicone-based elastomeric coatings have been studied widely, particularly with respect to fouling-release technology. The fact that barnacles fail to attach tenaciously to silicone coatings, combined with the fact that the mode of attachment to these substrata is different to that for most other materials, indicates that knowledge about the natural mechanism of barnacle attachment is still incomplete. Further research on barnacles will enable a more comprehensive understanding of both the process of attachment and the adhesives used. Results from such studies will have a strong impact on technology aimed at fouling prevention as well as adhesion science and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kamino
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, Kisarazu, Japan.
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12
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Burden DK, Barlow DE, Spillmann CM, Orihuela B, Rittschof D, Everett RK, Wahl KJ. Barnacle Balanus amphitrite adheres by a stepwise cementing process. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:13364-13372. [PMID: 22721507 DOI: 10.1021/la301695m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Barnacles adhere permanently to surfaces by secreting and curing a thin interfacial adhesive underwater. Here, we show that the acorn barnacle Balanus amphitrite adheres by a two-step fluid secretion process, both contributing to adhesion. We found that, as barnacles grow, the first barnacle cement secretion (BCS1) is released at the periphery of the expanding base plate. Subsequently, a second, autofluorescent fluid (BCS2) is released. We show that secretion of BCS2 into the interface results, on average, in a 2-fold increase in adhesive strength over adhesion by BCS1 alone. The two secretions are distinguishable both spatially and temporally, and differ in morphology, protein conformation, and chemical functionality. The short time window for BCS2 secretion relative to the overall area increase demonstrates that it has a disproportionate, surprisingly powerful, impact on adhesion. The dramatic change in adhesion occurs without measurable changes in interface thickness and total protein content. A fracture mechanics analysis suggests the interfacial material's modulus or work of adhesion, or both, were substantially increased after BCS2 secretion. Addition of BCS2 into the interface generates highly networked amyloid-like fibrils and enhanced phenolic content. Both intertwined fibers and phenolic chemistries may contribute to mechanical stability of the interface through physically or chemically anchoring interface proteins to the substrate and intermolecular interactions. Our experiments point to the need to reexamine the role of phenolic components in barnacle adhesion, long discounted despite their prevalence in structural membranes of arthropods and crustaceans, as they may contribute to chemical processes that strengthen adhesion through intermolecular cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Burden
- Chemistry Division, Code 6176, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5342, USA
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13
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Barlow DE, Wahl KJ. Optical spectroscopy of marine bioadhesive interfaces. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2012; 5:229-51. [PMID: 22524229 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061010-113844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Marine organisms have evolved extraordinarily effective adhesives that cure underwater and resist degradation. These underwater adhesives differ dramatically in structure and function and are composed of multiple proteins assembled into functional composites. The processes by which these bioadhesives cure--conformational changes, dehydration, polymerization, and cross-linking--are challenging to quantify because they occur not only underwater but also in a buried interface between the substrate and the organism. In this review, we highlight interfacial optical spectroscopy approaches that can reveal the biochemical processes and structure of marine bioadhesives, with particular emphasis on macrofoulers such as barnacles and mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Barlow
- Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5342, USA
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14
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Lenaghan SC, Zhang M. Real-time observation of the secretion of a nanocomposite adhesive from English ivy (Hedera helix). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 183:206-211. [PMID: 22195595 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Many advances have been made in the study of micro- to nano-scale attachment mechanisms in animals; however, little interest has been focused on identifying similar phenomenon in plants. In 2008, our group discovered that surfaces where ivy attached had uniform nanoparticles that were hypothesized to contribute to its amazing attaching strength. In this study, we visualized the secretion of adhesive from the root hairs of English ivy adventitious roots using a novel video microscopy apparatus. In addition, we were able to correlate the deposited adhesive with uniform nanoparticles through atomic force microscopy (AFM). This conclusively demonstrated that the nanoparticles were associated with the adhesive forming a natural nanocomposite. This discovery relays the importance of studying plant attachment for bio-inspiration of novel nano-scale attachment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Lenaghan
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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15
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Construction and nanomechanical properties of the exoskeleton of the barnacle, Amphibalanus reticulatus. J Struct Biol 2011; 176:360-9. [PMID: 21911065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Barnacles are some of the major inhabitants of intertidal zones and have calcite-based exoskeleton to anchor and armor their tissues. Structural characterization studies of the specie Ambhibalanus reticulatus were performed to understand the construction of the exoskeleton which forms a light-weight yet stiff structure. The parietal shell is constructed of six compartments to yield a truncated cone geometry, which is neatly fixed onto the basal shell that attaches the organism to the substrate surface. The connections among the different compartments happen through sutured edges and also have chemical interlocking to make the junctions impermeable. Also, the shell parts are furnished with hollow channels reducing the overall mass of the construction. The structure and functions of different parts of the exoskeleton are identified and outlined. Finally, the mechanical properties such as modulus, hardness and fracture toughness of the exoskeleton obtained by indentation techniques are discussed.
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Raman S, Kumar R. Interfacial morphology and nanomechanics of cement of the barnacle, Amphibalanus reticulatus on metallic and non-metallic substrata. BIOFOULING 2011; 27:569-577. [PMID: 21660775 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2011.589027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The barnacle exhibits a high degree of control over its attachment onto different types of solid surface. The structure and composition of barnacle cement have been reported previously, but mostly for barnacles growing on low surface energy materials. This article focuses on the strategies used by barnacles when they attach to engineering materials such as polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), titanium (Ti) and stainless steel 316L (SS316L). Adhesion to these substrata is compared in terms of morphological structure, thickness and functional groups of the primary cement, the molting cycle and the nanomechanical properties of the cement. Structural characterization studies using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in conjunction with nanomechanical characterization and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) are used to understand the differences in the adhesion of primary barnacle cement to the different substrata. The results provide new insights into understanding the mechanisms at work across the barnacle-substratum interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Raman
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras (IIT Madras), Chennai, India
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Melzer B, Steinbrecher T, Seidel R, Kraft O, Schwaiger R, Speck T. The attachment strategy of English ivy: a complex mechanism acting on several hierarchical levels. J R Soc Interface 2010; 7:1383-9. [PMID: 20462880 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2010.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
English ivy (Hedera helix L.) is able to grow on vertical substrates such as trees, rocks and house plaster, thereby attaching so firmly to the surface that when removed by force typically whole pieces of the climbing substrate are torn off. The structural details of the attachment process are not yet entirely understood. We studied the attachment process of English ivy in detail and suggest a four-phase process to describe the attachment strategy: (i) initial physical contact, (ii) form closure of the root with the substrate, (iii) chemical adhesion, and (iv) shape changes of the root hairs and form-closure with the substrate. These four phases and their variations play an important role in the attachment to differently structured surfaces. We demonstrate that, in English ivy, different mechanisms work together to allow the plant's attachment to various climbing substrates and reveal the importance of micro-fibril orientation in the root hairs for the attachment based on structural changes at the subcellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Melzer
- Plant Biomechanics Group AG Speck, Botanic Garden Uni-Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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18
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Sangeetha R, Kumar R, Doble M, Venkatesan R. Barnacle cement: An etchant for stainless steel 316L? Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2010; 79:524-530. [PMID: 20638997 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Localized corrosion of stainless steel beneath the barnacle-base is an unsolved issue for the marine industry. In this work, we clearly bring out for the first time the role of the barnacle cement in acting as an etchant, preferentially etching the grain boundaries, and initiating the corrosion process in stainless steel 316L. The investigations include structural characterization of the cement and corroded region, and also chemical characterization of the corrosion products generated beneath the barnacle-base. Structural characterization studies using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals the morphological changes in the cement structure across the interface of the base-plate and the substrate, modification of the steel surface by the cement and the corrosion pattern beneath the barnacle-base. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of the corrosion products show that they are composed of mainly oxides of iron thereby implying that the corrosion is aerobic in nature. A model for the etching and corrosion mechanism is proposed based on our observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sangeetha
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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