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Bhattacharjee P, Madden PW, Patriarca E, Ahearne M. Optimization and evaluation of oxygen-plasma-modified, aligned, poly (Є-caprolactone) and silk fibroin nanofibrous scaffold for corneal stromal regeneration. BIOMATERIALS AND BIOSYSTEMS 2023; 12:100083. [PMID: 37731910 PMCID: PMC10507194 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbiosy.2023.100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The shortage of human donor corneas for transplantation necessitates the exploration of tissue engineering approaches to develop corneal substitutes. However, these substitutes must possess the necessary strength, transparency, and ability to regulate cell behaviour before they can be used in patients. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of an oxygen plasma surface-modified poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) combined with silk fibroin (SF) nanofibrous scaffold for corneal stromal regeneration. To fabricate the electrospun scaffolds, PCL and SF blends were used on a rotating mandrel. The optimization of the blend aimed to replicate the structural and functional properties of the human cornea, focusing on nanofibre alignment, mechanical characteristics, and in vitro cytocompatibility with human corneal stromal keratocytes. Surface modification of the scaffold resulted in improved transparency and enhanced cell interaction. Based on the evaluation, a composite nanofibrous scaffold with a 1:1 blend of PCL and SF was selected for a more comprehensive analysis. The biological response of keratocytes to the scaffold was assessed through cellular adhesion, proliferation, cytoskeletal organization, gene expression, and immunocytochemical staining. The scaffold facilitated the adhesion of corneal stromal cells, supporting cell proliferation, maintaining normal cytoskeletal organization, and promoting increased expression of genes associated with healthy corneal stromal keratocytes. These findings highlight the potential of a surface-modified PCL/SF blend (1:1) as a promising scaffolding material for corneal stromal regeneration. The developed scaffold not only demonstrated favourable biological interactions with corneal stromal cells but also exhibited characteristics aligned with the requirements for successful corneal tissue engineering. Further research and refinement of these constructs could lead to significant advancements in addressing the shortage of corneas for transplantation, ultimately improving the treatment outcomes for patients in need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Promita Bhattacharjee
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peter W. Madden
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Enzo Patriarca
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark Ahearne
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Chatree K, Sriboonaied P, Phetkong C, Wattananit W, Chanchao C, Charoenpanich A. Distinctions in bone matrix nanostructure, composition, and formation between osteoblast-like cells, MG-63, and human mesenchymal stem cells, UE7T-13. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15556. [PMID: 37153435 PMCID: PMC10160763 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoblast-like cells and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are frequently employed as osteoprogenitor cell models for evaluating novel biomaterials in bone healing and tissue engineering. In this study, the characterization of UE7T-13 hMSCs and MG-63 human osteoblast-like cells was examined. Both cells can undergo osteogenesis and produce calcium extracellular matrix; however, calcium nodules produced by MG-63 lacked a central mass and appeared flatter than UE7T-13. The absence of growing calcium nodules in MG-63 was discovered by SEM-EDX to be associated with the formation of alternating layers of cells and calcium extracellular matrix. The nanostructure and composition analysis showed that UE7T-13 had a finer nanostructure of calcium nodules with a higher calcium/phosphate ratio than MG-63. Both cells expressed high intrinsic levels of collagen type I alpha 1 chain, while only UE7T-13 expressed high levels of alkaline phosphatase, biomineralization associated (ALPL). High ALP activity in UE7T-13 was not further enhanced by osteogenic induction, but in MG-63, low intrinsic ALP activity was greatly induced by osteogenic induction. These findings highlight the differences between the two immortal osteoprogenitor cell lines, along with some technical notes that should be considered while selecting and interpreting the pertinent in vitro model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonwan Chatree
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Patsawee Sriboonaied
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Chinnatam Phetkong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Witoon Wattananit
- Scientific and Technological Equipment Centre, Faculty of Science, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Chanpen Chanchao
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Adisri Charoenpanich
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- Corresponding author.
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Potential for combined delivery of riboflavin and all-trans retinoic acid, from silk fibroin for corneal bioengineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 105:110093. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Gohil SV, Kumar N. An injectable and biomimetic multi-phase nanocomposite for non-invasive bone tissue engineering: fabrication and mechanistic evaluation. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shalini V. Gohil
- Department of Pharmaceutics; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER); Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar Punjab India 160062
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; UConn Health Center; Farmington Connecticut USA 06030
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER); Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar Punjab India 160062
- Department of Applied Sciences; Chandigarh Engineering College (CEC); Landran Mohali Punjab India 140307
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Narayanan G, Vernekar VN, Kuyinu EL, Laurencin CT. Poly (lactic acid)-based biomaterials for orthopaedic regenerative engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 107:247-276. [PMID: 27125191 PMCID: PMC5482531 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative engineering converges tissue engineering, advanced materials science, stem cell science, and developmental biology to regenerate complex tissues such as whole limbs. Regenerative engineering scaffolds provide mechanical support and nanoscale control over architecture, topography, and biochemical cues to influence cellular outcome. In this regard, poly (lactic acid) (PLA)-based biomaterials may be considered as a gold standard for many orthopaedic regenerative engineering applications because of their versatility in fabrication, biodegradability, and compatibility with biomolecules and cells. Here we discuss recent developments in PLA-based biomaterials with respect to processability and current applications in the clinical and research settings for bone, ligament, meniscus, and cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Narayanan
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Varadraj N Vernekar
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Emmanuel L Kuyinu
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Cato T Laurencin
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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Zhang Z, Eyster TW, Ma PX. Nanostructured injectable cell microcarriers for tissue regeneration. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:1611-28. [PMID: 27230960 PMCID: PMC5619097 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable polymer microspheres have emerged as cell carriers for the regeneration and repair of irregularly shaped tissue defects due to their injectability, controllable biodegradability and capacity for drug incorporation and release. Notably, recent advances in nanotechnology allowed the manipulation of the physical and chemical properties of the microspheres at the nanoscale, creating nanostructured microspheres mimicking the composition and/or structure of natural extracellular matrix. These nanostructured microspheres, including nanocomposite microspheres and nanofibrous microspheres, have been employed as cell carriers for tissue regeneration. They enhance cell attachment and proliferation, promote positive cell-carrier interactions and facilitate stem cell differentiation for target tissue regeneration. This review highlights the recent advances in nanostructured microspheres that are employed as injectable, biomimetic and cell-instructive cell carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanpeng Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
| | - Thomas W Eyster
- Department of Biologic & Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
| | - Peter X Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
- Department of Biologic & Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
- Macromolecular Science & Engineering Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
- Materials Science & Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
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Bhattacharjee P, Naskar D, Maiti TK, Bhattacharya D, Kundu SC. Non-mulberry silk fibroin grafted poly (Є-caprolactone)/nano hydroxyapatite nanofibrous scaffold for dual growth factor delivery to promote bone regeneration. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 472:16-33. [PMID: 26998786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS This study aims at developing biodegradable, mineralized, nanofibrous scaffolds for use in bone regeneration. Scaffolds are loaded with combinations of bone morphogenic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and evaluated in vitro for enhancement in osteoinductivity. EXPERIMENTS Poly(Є-caprolactone) (PCL) doped with different portions of nano-hydroxyapatite is electrospun into nanofibrous scaffolds. Non-mulberry silk fibroin (NSF) obtained from Antheraea mylitta is grafted by aminolysis onto them. Scaffolds prepared have three concentrations of nano-hydroxyapatite: 0% (NSF-PCL), 25% (NSF-PCL/n25), and 50% (NSF-PCL/n50). Growth factor loading is carried out in three different combinations, solely rhBMP-2 (BN25), solely TGF-β (TN25) and rhBMP-2+TGF-β (T/B N25) via carbodiimide coupling. FINDINGS NSF-PCL/n25 showed the best results in examination of mechanical properties, bioactivity, and cell viability. Hence only NSF-PCL/n25 is selected for loading growth factors and subsequent detailed in vitro experiments using MG-63 cell-line. Both growth factors show sustain release kinetics from the matrix. The T/B N25 scaffolds support cellular activity, proliferation, and triggering of bone-associated genes' expression better and promote earlier cell differentiation. Dual growth factor loaded NSF grafted electrospun PCL/nHAp scaffolds show promise for further development into a suitable scaffold for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Promita Bhattacharjee
- Materials Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Deboki Naskar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Tapas K Maiti
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Debasis Bhattacharya
- Materials Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.
| | - Subhas C Kundu
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.
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Gohil SV, Kuo C, Adams DJ, Maye P, Rowe DW, Nair LS. Evaluation of the donor cell contribution in rh
BMP
‐2 mediated bone formation with chitosan thermogels using fluorescent protein reporter mice. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:928-41. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shalini V. Gohil
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUConn HealthFarmington Connecticut06030
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, The Raymond Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering SciencesUConn HealthFarmington Connecticut06030
| | - Chia‐Ling Kuo
- Connecticut Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of ConnecticutFarmington Connecticut06030
| | - Douglas J. Adams
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUConn HealthFarmington Connecticut06030
| | - Peter Maye
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, Department of Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dental MedicineUConn HealthFarmington Connecticut06030
| | - David W. Rowe
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, Department of Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dental MedicineUConn HealthFarmington Connecticut06030
| | - Lakshmi S. Nair
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUConn HealthFarmington Connecticut06030
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, The Raymond Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering SciencesUConn HealthFarmington Connecticut06030
- Departments of Material Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Material ScienceUniversity of ConnecticutStorrs Connecticut06269
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Bhattacharjee P, Naskar D, Maiti TK, Bhattacharya D, Kundu SC. Non-mulberry silk fibroin grafted poly(ε-caprolactone) nanofibrous scaffolds mineralized by electrodeposition: an optimal delivery system for growth factors to enhance bone regeneration. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra01790h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanofibrous PCL matrix with non-mulberry silk fibroin grafting and electrodeposited nHAp was used successfully as dual growth factor delivery medium for in vitro osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deboki Naskar
- Department of Biotechnology
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- India
| | - Tapas K. Maiti
- Department of Biotechnology
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- India
| | | | - Subhas C. Kundu
- Department of Biotechnology
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- India
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Bhattacharjee P, Naskar D, Kim HW, Maiti TK, Bhattacharya D, Kundu SC. Non-mulberry silk fibroin grafted PCL nanofibrous scaffold: Promising ECM for bone tissue engineering. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Potential of inherent RGD containing silk fibroin–poly (Є-caprolactone) nanofibrous matrix for bone tissue engineering. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 363:525-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2232-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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12
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Bhattacharjee P, Kundu B, Naskar D, Maiti TK, Bhattacharya D, Kundu SC. Nanofibrous nonmulberry silk/PVA scaffold for osteoinduction and osseointegration. Biopolymers 2015; 103:271-84. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Promita Bhattacharjee
- Materials Science Centre; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur 721302 India
| | - Banani Kundu
- Department of Biotechnology; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur 721302 India
| | - Deboki Naskar
- Department of Biotechnology; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur 721302 India
| | - Tapas K. Maiti
- Department of Biotechnology; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur 721302 India
| | - Debasis Bhattacharya
- Materials Science Centre; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur 721302 India
| | - Subhas C. Kundu
- Department of Biotechnology; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur 721302 India
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Dewetting based fabrication of fibrous micro-scaffolds as potential injectable cell carriers. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 48:663-72. [PMID: 25579969 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although regenerative medicine utilizing tissue scaffolds has made enormous strides in recent years, many constraints still hamper their effectiveness. A limitation of many scaffolds is that they form surface patches, which are not particularly effective for some types of "wounds" that are deep within tissues, e.g., stroke and myocardial infarction. In this study, we reported the generation of fibrous micro-scaffolds feasible for delivering cells by injection into the tissue parenchyma. The micro-scaffolds (widths<100μm) were made by dewetting of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) thin films containing parallel strips, and cells were seeded to form cell/polymer micro-constructs during or post the micro-scaffold fabrication process. Five types of cells including rat induced vascular progenitor cells were assessed for the formation of the micro-constructs. Critical factors in forming fibrous micro-scaffolds via dewetting of polymer thin films were found to be properties of polymers and supporting substrates, temperature, and proteins in the culture medium. Also, the ability of cells to attach to the micro-scaffolds was essential in forming cell/polymer micro-constructs. Both in vitro and in vivo assessments of injecting these micro-scaffolding constructs showed, as compared to free cells, enhanced cell retention at the injected site, which could lead to improved tissue engineering and regeneration.
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Du K, Shi X, Gan Z. Rapid biomimetic mineralization of hydroxyapatite-g-PDLLA hybrid microspheres. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:15293-15301. [PMID: 24236612 DOI: 10.1021/la404209u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite-graft-poly(D,L-lactide) (HA-g-PDLLA) nanoparticles were synthesized here to fabricate hybrid microspheres with diameter in the range of 150-200 μm by emulsion solvent evaporation techniques. The as-obtained microspheres were treated with alkaline solution in order to selectively degrade the PDLLA layer which covered on the surface of hybrid microspheres and instead to generate a dense coating of HA nanoparticles. The hybrid microspheres with enriched HA nanoparticles on the surface were further immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) solution to evaluate the bone-forming ability of the bioactive hybrid microspheres via the in vitro biomimetic mineralization process. The resultant microspheres were analyzed by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to understand the nucleation and growth of bioactive calcium phosphate (Ca-P) crystals as a function of surface treatment. Results in this work clearly demonstrated that the existing HA nanoparticles on the surface of hybrid microspheres after alkaline treatment greatly affect the growth of the bone-like Ca-P crystals in SBF solutions. The biomimetic hybrid microspheres were found to be excellent candidates for use as injectable scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Du
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100190, China
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Is macroporosity absolutely required for preliminary in vitro bone biomaterial study? A comparison between porous materials and flat materials. J Funct Biomater 2011; 2:308-37. [PMID: 24956447 PMCID: PMC4030915 DOI: 10.3390/jfb2040308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porous materials are highly preferred for bone tissue engineering due to space for blood vessel ingrowth, but this may introduce extra experimental variations because of the difficulty in precise control of porosity. In order to decide whether it is absolutely necessary to use porous materials in in vitro comparative osteogenesis study of materials with different chemistries, we carried out osteoinductivity study using C3H/10T1/2 cells, pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), on seven material types: hydroxyapatite (HA), α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) and b-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) in both porous and dense forms and tissue culture plastic. For all materials under test, dense materials give higher alkaline phosphatase gene (Alp) expression compared with porous materials. In addition, the cell density effects on the 10T1/2 cells were assessed through alkaline phosphatase protein (ALP) enzymatic assay. The ALP expression was higher for higher initial cell plating density and this explains the greater osteoinductivity of dense materials compared with porous materials for in vitro study as porous materials would have higher surface area. On the other hand, the same trend of Alp mRNA level (HA > β-TCP > α-TCP) was observed for both porous and dense materials, validating the use of dense flat materials for comparative study of materials with different chemistries for more reliable comparison when well-defined porous materials are not available. The avoidance of porosity variation would probably facilitate more reproducible results. This study does not suggest porosity is not required for experiments related to bone regeneration application, but emphasizes that there is often a tradeoff between higher clinical relevance, and less variation in a less complex set up, which facilitates a statistically significant conclusion. Technically, we also show that the base of normalization for ALP activity may influence the conclusion and there may be ALP activity from serum, necessitating the inclusion of "no cell" control in ALP activity assay with materials. These explain the opposite conclusions drawn by different groups on the effect of porosity.
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Abstract
The application of nanotechnology has opened a new realm of advancement in the field of regenerative medicine and has provided hope for the culmination of long-felt needs by the development of an ideal means to control the biochemical and mechanical microenvironment for successful cell delivery and tissue regeneration. Both top-down and bottom-up approaches have been widely used in the advancement of this field, be it by improvement in scaffolds for cell growth, development of new and efficient delivery devices, cellular modification and tracking applications or by development of nanodevices such as biosensors. The current review elaborates the various nanomaterials used in regenerative medicine with a special focus on the development of this field during the last 5 years and the recent advances in their aforementioned applications. Furthermore, the key issues and challenges in using nanotechnology-based approaches are highlighted with an outlook on the likely future of nano-assisted regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Sector-67, SAS Nagar (Mohali) 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Abraham J Domb
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy-Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Sector-67, SAS Nagar (Mohali) 160062, Punjab, India
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