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Zhai Z, Liu Y, Li C, Wang D, Wu H. Electronic Noses: From Gas-Sensitive Components and Practical Applications to Data Processing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4806. [PMID: 39123852 PMCID: PMC11314697 DOI: 10.3390/s24154806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Artificial olfaction, also known as an electronic nose, is a gas identification device that replicates the human olfactory organ. This system integrates sensor arrays to detect gases, data acquisition for signal processing, and data analysis for precise identification, enabling it to assess gases both qualitatively and quantitatively in complex settings. This article provides a brief overview of the research progress in electronic nose technology, which is divided into three main elements, focusing on gas-sensitive materials, electronic nose applications, and data analysis methods. Furthermore, the review explores both traditional MOS materials and the newer porous materials like MOFs for gas sensors, summarizing the applications of electronic noses across diverse fields including disease diagnosis, environmental monitoring, food safety, and agricultural production. Additionally, it covers electronic nose pattern recognition and signal drift suppression algorithms. Ultimately, the summary identifies challenges faced by current systems and offers innovative solutions for future advancements. Overall, this endeavor forges a solid foundation and establishes a conceptual framework for ongoing research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Zhai
- National Institute of Metrology of China, Beijing 100029, China; (Z.Z.); (D.W.)
| | - Yaqian Liu
- Inner Mongolia Institute of Metrology Testing and Research, Hohhot 010020, China
| | - Congju Li
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China;
| | - Defa Wang
- National Institute of Metrology of China, Beijing 100029, China; (Z.Z.); (D.W.)
| | - Hai Wu
- National Institute of Metrology of China, Beijing 100029, China; (Z.Z.); (D.W.)
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2
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Gonçalves WB, Teixeira WSR, Sampaio ANDCE, Martins OA, Cervantes EP, Mioni MDSR, Gruber J, Pereira JG. Combination of the electronic nose with microbiology as a tool for rapid detection of Salmonella. J Microbiol Methods 2023; 212:106805. [PMID: 37558057 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2023.106805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the most important foodborne pathogens and its analysis in raw and processed products is mandatory in the food industry. Although microbiological analysis is the standard practice for Salmonella determination, these assays are commonly laborious and time-consuming, thus, alternative techniques based on easy operation, few manipulation steps, low cost, and reduced time are desirable. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of an e-nose based on ionogel composites (ionic liquid + gelatine + Fe3O4 particles) as a complementary tool for the conventional microbiological detection of Salmonella. We used the proposed methodology for differentiating Salmonella from Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus in nonselective medium: pre-enrichment in brain heart infusion (BHI) (incubation at 35 °C, 24 h) and enrichment in tryptone soy agar (TSA) (incubation at 35 °C, 24 h), whereas Salmonella differentiation from E. coli and P. fluorescens was also evaluated in selective media, bismuth sulfite agar (BSA), xylose lysine deoxycholate agar (XLD), and brilliant green agar (BGA) (incubation at 35 °C, 24 h). The obtained data were compared by principal component analysis (PCA) and different machine learning algorithms: multilayer perceptron (MLP), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), instance-based (IBk), and Logistic Model Trees (LMT). For the nonselective media, under optimized conditions, taking merged data of BHI + TSA (total incubation time of 48 h), an accuracy of 85% was obtained with MLP, LDA, and LMT, while five separated clusters were presented in PCA, each cluster corresponding to a bacterium. In addition, for evaluation of the e-nose for discrimination of Salmonella using selective media, considering the combination of BSA + XLD and total incubation of 72 h, the PCA showed three separated and well-defined clusters corresponding to Salmonella, E. coli, and P. fluorescens, and an accuracy of 100% was obtained for all classifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wellington Belarmino Gonçalves
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Wanderson Sirley Reis Teixeira
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), 18618-681, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| | - Aryele Nunes da Cruz Encide Sampaio
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), 18618-681, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| | - Otávio Augusto Martins
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), 18618-681, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| | - Evelyn Perez Cervantes
- Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Mateus de Souza Ribeiro Mioni
- Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução e Saúde Única, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jonas Gruber
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Juliano Gonçalves Pereira
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), 18618-681, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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3
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Wang Y, Wang D, Lv Z, Zeng Q, Fu X, Chen Q, Luo Z, Luo C, Wang D, Zhang W. Analysis of the volatile profiles of kiwifruits experiencing soft rot using E-nose and HS-SPME/GC–MS. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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4
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Vallejos S, Trigo-López M, Arnaiz A, Miguel Á, Muñoz A, Mendía A, García JM. From Classical to Advanced Use of Polymers in Food and Beverage Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224954. [PMID: 36433081 PMCID: PMC9699061 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymers are extensively used in food and beverage packaging to shield against contaminants and external damage due to their barrier properties, protecting the goods inside and reducing waste. However, current trends in polymers for food, water, and beverage applications are moving forward into the design and preparation of advanced polymers, which can act as active packaging, bearing active ingredients in their formulation, or controlling the head-space composition to extend the shelf-life of the goods inside. In addition, polymers can serve as sensory polymers to detect and indicate the presence of target species, including contaminants of food quality indicators, or even to remove or separate target species for later quantification. Polymers are nowadays essential materials for both food safety and the extension of food shelf-life, which are key goals of the food industry, and the irruption of smart materials is opening new opportunities for going even further in these goals. This review describes the state of the art following the last 10 years of research within the field of food and beverage polymer's applications, covering present applications, perspectives, and concerns related to waste generation and the circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saúl Vallejos
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza de Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.V.); (A.M.)
| | - Miriam Trigo-López
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza de Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Ana Arnaiz
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza de Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Miguel
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza de Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Asunción Muñoz
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza de Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.V.); (A.M.)
| | - Aránzazu Mendía
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza de Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - José Miguel García
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza de Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
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5
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Pulluri KK, Kumar VN. Qualitative and Quantitative Detection of Food Adulteration Using a Smart E-Nose. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7789. [PMID: 36298140 PMCID: PMC9609363 DOI: 10.3390/s22207789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Food adulteration is the most serious problem found in the food industry as it harms people's healths and undermines their beliefs. The present study is focused on designing and developing a smart electronic nose (SE-Nose) for the qualitative and quantitative fast-track detection of food adulteration. The SE-Nose methodology is comprised of a dataset, sample slicing window protocol, normalization, pattern recognition, and output blocks. The dataset pork adulteration in beef is used to validate the SE-Nose methodology. The sample slicing window protocol extracts the early part of the signal. The sample slicing window protocol and pattern recognition models (classification and regression models) together achieved the high-performance and fast-track detection of pork adulteration in beef. With classification models, the qualitative analysis of adulteration is measured, and with regression models, the quantitative analysis of adulteration is measured. An accuracy of 99.996% and an RMSE of 0.02864 were achieved with the SVM classification and regression model. The recognition time in detecting pork adulteration in beef with SVM models is 40 s. With the proposed SE-Nose methodology, the recognition time is reduced by one-third. To validate the classification and regression models, a 10-fold cross-validation method was used.
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Abstract
Healthcare is undergoing large transformations, and it is imperative to leverage new technologies to support the advent of personalized medicine and disease prevention. It is now well accepted that the levels of certain biological molecules found in blood and other bodily fluids, as well as in exhaled breath, are an indication of the onset of many human diseases and reflect the health status of the person. Blood, urine, sweat, or saliva biomarkers can therefore serve in early diagnosis of diseases such as cancer, but also in monitoring disease progression, detecting metabolic disfunctions, and predicting response to a given therapy. For most point-of-care sensors, the requirement that patients themselves can use and apply them is crucial not only regarding the diagnostic part, but also at the sample collection level. This has stimulated the development of such diagnostic approaches for the non-invasive analysis of disease-relevant analytes. Considering these timely efforts, this review article focuses on novel, sensitive, and selective sensing systems for the detection of different endogenous target biomarkers in bodily fluids as well as in exhaled breath, which are associated with human diseases.
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7
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MacDougall S, Bayansal F, Ahmadi A. Emerging Methods of Monitoring Volatile Organic Compounds for Detection of Plant Pests and Disease. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12040239. [PMID: 35448299 PMCID: PMC9025064 DOI: 10.3390/bios12040239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Each year, unwanted plant pests and diseases, such as Hendel or potato soft rot, cause damage to crops and ecosystems all over the world. To continue to feed the growing population and protect the global ecosystems, the surveillance and management of the spread of these pests and diseases are crucial. Traditional methods of detection are often expensive, bulky and require expertise and training. Therefore, inexpensive, portable, and user-friendly methods are required. These include the use of different gas-sensing technologies to exploit volatile organic compounds released by plants under stress. These methods often meet these requirements, although they come with their own set of advantages and disadvantages, including the sheer number of variables that affect the profile of volatile organic compounds released, such as sensitivity to environmental factors and availability of soil nutrients or water, and sensor drift. Furthermore, most of these methods lack research on their use under field conditions. More research is needed to overcome these disadvantages and further understand the feasibility of the use of these methods under field conditions. This paper focuses on applications of different gas-sensing technologies from over the past decade to detect plant pests and diseases more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha MacDougall
- Faculty of Sustainable Design Engineering, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada;
| | - Fatih Bayansal
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Iskenderun Technical University, Hatay TR-31200, Turkey;
| | - Ali Ahmadi
- Faculty of Sustainable Design Engineering, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada;
- Department of Biomedical Science, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-902-566-0521
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8
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Sierra-Padilla A, García-Guzmán JJ, López-Iglesias D, Palacios-Santander JM, Cubillana-Aguilera L. E-Tongues/Noses Based on Conducting Polymers and Composite Materials: Expanding the Possibilities in Complex Analytical Sensing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:4976. [PMID: 34372213 PMCID: PMC8347095 DOI: 10.3390/s21154976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Conducting polymers (CPs) are extensively studied due to their high versatility and electrical properties, as well as their high environmental stability. Based on the above, their applications as electronic devices are promoted and constitute an interesting matter of research. This review summarizes their application in common electronic devices and their implementation in electronic tongues and noses systems (E-tongues and E-noses, respectively). The monitoring of diverse factors with these devices by multivariate calibration methods for different applications is also included. Lastly, a critical discussion about the enclosed analytical potential of several conducting polymer-based devices in electronic systems reported in literature will be offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Sierra-Padilla
- Institute of Research on Electron Microscopy and Materials (IMEYMAT), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), University of Cadiz, Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, Polígono del Río San Pedro S/N, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain; (A.S.-P.); (L.C.-A.)
| | - Juan José García-Guzmán
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cadiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario ‘Puerta del Mar’, Universidad de Cadiz, 11009 Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain;
| | - David López-Iglesias
- Institute of Research on Electron Microscopy and Materials (IMEYMAT), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), University of Cadiz, Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, Polígono del Río San Pedro S/N, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain; (A.S.-P.); (L.C.-A.)
| | - José María Palacios-Santander
- Institute of Research on Electron Microscopy and Materials (IMEYMAT), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), University of Cadiz, Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, Polígono del Río San Pedro S/N, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain; (A.S.-P.); (L.C.-A.)
| | - Laura Cubillana-Aguilera
- Institute of Research on Electron Microscopy and Materials (IMEYMAT), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), University of Cadiz, Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, Polígono del Río San Pedro S/N, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain; (A.S.-P.); (L.C.-A.)
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9
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An electronic nose supported by an artificial neural network for the rapid detection of aflatoxin B1 and fumonisins in maize. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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10
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John AT, Murugappan K, Nisbet DR, Tricoli A. An Outlook of Recent Advances in Chemiresistive Sensor-Based Electronic Nose Systems for Food Quality and Environmental Monitoring. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:2271. [PMID: 33804960 PMCID: PMC8036444 DOI: 10.3390/s21072271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An electronic nose (Enose) relies on the use of an array of partially selective chemical gas sensors for identification of various chemical compounds, including volatile organic compounds in gas mixtures. They have been proposed as a portable low-cost technology to analyse complex odours in the food industry and for environmental monitoring. Recent advances in nanofabrication, sensor and microcircuitry design, neural networks, and system integration have considerably improved the efficacy of Enose devices. Here, we highlight different types of semiconducting metal oxides as well as their sensing mechanism and integration into Enose systems, including different pattern recognition techniques employed for data analysis. We offer a critical perspective of state-of-the-art commercial and custom-made Enoses, identifying current challenges for the broader uptake and use of Enose systems in a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alishba T. John
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Research School of Chemistry, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia;
| | - Krishnan Murugappan
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Research School of Chemistry, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia;
| | - David R. Nisbet
- Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Research School of Chemistry and the John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia;
| | - Antonio Tricoli
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Research School of Chemistry, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia;
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia
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11
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Abstract
Detection, identification, and quantification of plant diseases by sensor techniques are expected to enable a more precise disease control, as sensors are sensitive, objective, and highly available for disease assessment. Recent progress in sensor technology and data processing is very promising; nevertheless, technical constraints and issues inherent to variability in host-pathogen interactions currently limit the use of sensors in various fields of application. The information from spectral [e.g., RGB (red, green, blue)], multispectral, and hyperspectral sensors that measure reflectance, fluorescence, and emission of radiation or from electronic noses that detect volatile organic compounds released from plants or pathogens, as well as the potential of sensors to characterize the health status of crops, is evaluated based on the recent literature. Phytopathological aspects of remote sensing of plant diseases across different scales and for various purposes are discussed, including spatial disease patterns, epidemic spread of pathogens, crop characteristics, and links to disease control. Future challenges in sensor use are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich-Christian Oerke
- INRES, Plant Diseases and Crop Protection, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany;
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12
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Ezhilan M, Nesakumar N, Babu KJ, Srinandan CS, Rayappan JBB. A Multiple Approach Combined with Portable Electronic Nose for Assessment of Post-harvest Sapota Contamination by Foodborne Pathogens. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-020-02473-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Agriopoulou S, Stamatelopoulou E, Varzakas T. Advances in Analysis and Detection of Major Mycotoxins in Foods. Foods 2020; 9:E518. [PMID: 32326063 PMCID: PMC7230321 DOI: 10.3390/foods9040518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are the most widely studied biological toxins, which contaminate foods at very low concentrations. This review describes the emerging extraction techniques and the current and alternatives analytical techniques and methods that have been used to successfully detect and identify important mycotoxins. Some of them have proven to be particularly effective in not only the detection of mycotoxins, but also in detecting mycotoxin-producing fungi. Chromatographic techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with various detectors like fluorescence, diode array, UV, liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, have been powerful tools for analyzing and detecting major mycotoxins. Recent progress of the development of rapid immunoaffinity-based detection techniques such as immunoassays and biosensors, as well as emerging technologies like proteomic and genomic methods, molecular techniques, electronic nose, aggregation-induced emission dye, quantitative NMR and hyperspectral imaging for the detection of mycotoxins in foods, have also been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Theodoros Varzakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece; (S.A.); (E.S.)
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14
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Rapid and Non-Destructive Detection of Compression Damage of Yellow Peach Using an Electronic Nose and Chemometrics. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20071866. [PMID: 32230958 PMCID: PMC7181052 DOI: 10.3390/s20071866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The rapid and non-destructive detection of mechanical damage to fruit during postharvest supply chains is important for monitoring fruit deterioration in time and optimizing freshness preservation and packaging strategies. As fruit is usually packed during supply chain operations, it is difficult to detect whether it has suffered mechanical damage by visual observation and spectral imaging technologies. In this study, based on the volatile substances (VOCs) in yellow peaches, the electronic nose (e-nose) technology was applied to non-destructively predict the levels of compression damage in yellow peaches, discriminate the damaged fruit and predict the time after the damage. A comparison of the models, established based on the samples at different times after damage, was also carried out. The results show that, at 24 h after damage, the correct answer rate for identifying the damaged fruit was 93.33%, and the residual predictive deviation in predicting the levels of compression damage and the time after the damage, was 2.139 and 2.114, respectively. The results of e-nose and gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC–MS) showed that the VOCs changed after being compressed—this was the basis of the e-nose detection. Therefore, the e-nose is a promising candidate for the detection of compression damage in yellow peach.
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15
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Jodat YA, Kiaee K, Vela Jarquin D, De la Garza Hernández RL, Wang T, Joshi S, Rezaei Z, de Melo BAG, Ge D, Mannoor MS, Shin SR. A 3D-Printed Hybrid Nasal Cartilage with Functional Electronic Olfaction. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1901878. [PMID: 32154068 PMCID: PMC7055567 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201901878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Advances in biomanufacturing techniques have opened the doors to recapitulate human sensory organs such as the nose and ear in vitro with adequate levels of functionality. Such advancements have enabled simultaneous targeting of two challenges in engineered sensory organs, especially the nose: i) mechanically robust reconstruction of the nasal cartilage with high precision and ii) replication of the nose functionality: odor perception. Hybrid nasal organs can be equipped with remarkable capabilities such as augmented olfactory perception. Herein, a proof-of-concept for an odor-perceptive nose-like hybrid, which is composed of a mechanically robust cartilage-like construct and a biocompatible biosensing platform, is proposed. Specifically, 3D cartilage-like tissue constructs are created by multi-material 3D bioprinting using mechanically tunable chondrocyte-laden bioinks. In addition, by optimizing the composition of stiff and soft bioinks in macro-scale printed constructs, the competence of this system in providing improved viability and recapitulation of chondrocyte cell behavior in mechanically robust 3D constructs is demonstrated. Furthermore, the engineered cartilage-like tissue construct is integrated with an electrochemical biosensing system to bring functional olfactory sensations toward multiple specific airway disease biomarkers, explosives, and toxins under biocompatible conditions. Proposed hybrid constructs can lay the groundwork for functional bionic interfaces and humanoid cyborgs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasamin A. Jodat
- Division of Engineering in MedicineDepartment of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBrigham and Women's HospitalCambridgeMA02139USA
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringStevens Institute of TechnologyHobokenNJ07030USA
| | - Kiavash Kiaee
- Division of Engineering in MedicineDepartment of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBrigham and Women's HospitalCambridgeMA02139USA
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringStevens Institute of TechnologyHobokenNJ07030USA
| | - Daniel Vela Jarquin
- Division of Engineering in MedicineDepartment of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBrigham and Women's HospitalCambridgeMA02139USA
- Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de MonterreyCalle del Puente #222 Col. Ejidos de Huipulco, Tlalpan C.P.14380MéxicoD.F.Mexico
| | - Rosakaren Ludivina De la Garza Hernández
- Division of Engineering in MedicineDepartment of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBrigham and Women's HospitalCambridgeMA02139USA
- Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de MonterreyAv. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Tecnológico64849MonterreyN.L.Mexico
| | - Ting Wang
- Division of Engineering in MedicineDepartment of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBrigham and Women's HospitalCambridgeMA02139USA
- School of MedicineJiangsu UniversityZhenjiangJiangsu212013China
| | - Sudeep Joshi
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringStevens Institute of TechnologyHobokenNJ07030USA
| | - Zahra Rezaei
- Division of Engineering in MedicineDepartment of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBrigham and Women's HospitalCambridgeMA02139USA
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum EngineeringSharif University of TechnologyAzadi Ave11365‐11155TehranIran
| | - Bruna Alice Gomes de Melo
- Division of Engineering in MedicineDepartment of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBrigham and Women's HospitalCambridgeMA02139USA
- Department of Engineering of Materials and BioprocessesSchool of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of CampinasCampinasSão Paulo13083‐852Brazil
| | - David Ge
- Division of Engineering in MedicineDepartment of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBrigham and Women's HospitalCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Manu S. Mannoor
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringStevens Institute of TechnologyHobokenNJ07030USA
| | - Su Ryon Shin
- Division of Engineering in MedicineDepartment of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBrigham and Women's HospitalCambridgeMA02139USA
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17
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Freshness Evaluation of Three Kinds of Meats Based on the Electronic Nose. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19030605. [PMID: 30709028 PMCID: PMC6387179 DOI: 10.3390/s19030605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to use an electronic nose set up in our lab to detect and predict the freshness of pork, beef and mutton. Three kinds of freshness, including fresh, sub-fresh and putrid, was established by human sensory evaluation and was used as a reference for the electronic nose’s discriminant factor analysis. The principal component analysis results showed the electronic nose could distinguish well pork, beef and mutton samples with different storage times. In the PCA figures, three kinds of meats samples all presented an approximate parabola trend during 7 days’ storage time. The discriminant factor analysis showed electronic nose could distinguish and judge well the freshness of samples (accuracy was 89.5%, 84.2% and 94.7% for pork, beef and mutton, respectively). Therefore, the electronic nose is promising for meat fresh detection application.
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Hu W, Wan L, Jian Y, Ren C, Jin K, Su X, Bai X, Haick H, Yao M, Wu W. Electronic Noses: From Advanced Materials to Sensors Aided with Data Processing. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2018:1800488. [DOI: 10.1002/admt.201800488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Hu
- School of Aerospace Science and TechnologyXidian University Shaanxi 710126 P. R. China
| | - Liangtian Wan
- The Key Laboratory for Ubiquitous Network and Service Software of Liaoning ProvinceSchool of SoftwareDalian University of Technology Dalian 116620 China
| | - Yingying Jian
- School of Advanced Materials and NanotechnologyXidian University Shaanxi 710126 P. R. China
| | - Cong Ren
- School of Advanced Materials and NanotechnologyXidian University Shaanxi 710126 P. R. China
| | - Ke Jin
- School of Aerospace Science and TechnologyXidian University Shaanxi 710126 P. R. China
| | - Xinghua Su
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringChang'an University Xi'an 710061 China
| | - Xiaoxia Bai
- School of Advanced Materials and NanotechnologyXidian University Shaanxi 710126 P. R. China
| | - Hossam Haick
- School of Advanced Materials and NanotechnologyXidian University Shaanxi 710126 P. R. China
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology InstituteTechnion‐Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - Mingshui Yao
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Wu
- School of Advanced Materials and NanotechnologyXidian University Shaanxi 710126 P. R. China
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20
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Gajendiran M, Choi J, Kim SJ, Kim K, Shin H, Koo HJ, Kim K. Conductive biomaterials for tissue engineering applications. J IND ENG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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21
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Kulikov OV, Siriwardane DA, McCandless GT, Mahmood SF, Novak BM. Self-assembling Morphologies Obtained from Helical Polycarbodiimide Copolymers and Their Triazole Derivatives. J Vis Exp 2017:55124. [PMID: 28287569 PMCID: PMC5408759 DOI: 10.3791/55124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A facile method for the preparation of polycarbodiimide-based secondary structures (e.g., nano-rings, "craters," fibers, looped fibers, fibrous networks, ribbons, worm-like aggregates, toroidal structures, and spherical particles) is described. These aggregates are morphologically influenced by extensive hydrophobic side chain-side chain interactions of the singular polycarbodiimide strands, as inferred by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Polycarbodiimide-g-polystyrene copolymers (PS-PCDs) were prepared by a combination of synthetic methods, including coordination-insertion polymerization, copper(I)-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) "click" chemistry, and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). PS-PCDs were found to form specific toroidal architectures at low concentrations in CHCl3. To determine the influence of a more polar solvent medium (i.e., THF and THF/EtOH) on polymer aggregation behavior, a number of representative PS-PCD composites have been tested to show discrete concentration-dependent spherical particles. These fundamental studies are of practical interest to the development of experimental procedures for desirable architectures by directed self-assembly in thin film. These architectures may be exploited as drug carriers, whereas other morphological findings represent certain interest in the area of novel functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V Kulikov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas;
| | | | | | | | - Bruce M Novak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas;
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Lotfivand N, Abdolzadeh V, Hamidon MN. Artificial olfactory system with fault-tolerant sensor array. ISA TRANSACTIONS 2016; 63:425-435. [PMID: 27038885 DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Numerous applications of artificial olfaction resulting from research in many branches of sciences have caused considerable interest in the enhancement of these systems. In this paper, we offer an architecture which is suitable for critical applications, such as medical diagnosis, where reliability and precision are deemed important. The proposed architecture is able to tolerate failures in the sensors of the array. In this study, the discriminating ability of the proposed architecture in detecting complex odors, as well as the performance of the proposed architecture in encountering sensor failure, were investigated and compared with the generic architecture. The results demonstrated that by applying the proposed architecture in the artificial olfactory system, the performance of system in the healthy mode was identical to the classic structure. However, in the faulty situation, the proposed architecture implied high identification ability of odor samples, while the generic architecture showed very poor performance in the same situation. Based on the results, it was possible to achieve high odor identification through the developed artificial olfactory system using the proposed architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Lotfivand
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Vida Abdolzadeh
- Young Researchers and Elite club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University,Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mohd Nizar Hamidon
- Institute of Advanced Technology, University Putra Malaysia,43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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23
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Rodrigues R, Hümmelgen IA. Tristimulus analysis for sensors set with either positive or negative sensitivities—determination of the relative concentration of an analyte in a binary mixture. J Solid State Electrochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-016-3124-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Cordeiro JR, Li RWC, Takahashi ÉS, Rehder GP, Ceccantini G, Gruber J. Wood identification by a portable low-cost polymer-based electronic nose. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra22246c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid and reliable identification of woods is a difficult task, yet extremely necessary for the control of illegal logging or trade of protected species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana R. Cordeiro
- Departamento de Química Fundamental
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade de São Paulo
- 05513-970 São Paulo
- Brazil
| | - Rosamaria W. C. Li
- Departamento de Química Fundamental
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade de São Paulo
- 05513-970 São Paulo
- Brazil
| | - Érica S. Takahashi
- Departamento de Química Fundamental
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade de São Paulo
- 05513-970 São Paulo
- Brazil
| | | | - Gregório Ceccantini
- Departamento de Botânica
- Instituto de Biociências
- Universidade de São Paulo
- 05508-090 São Paulo
- Brazil
| | - Jonas Gruber
- Departamento de Química Fundamental
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade de São Paulo
- 05513-970 São Paulo
- Brazil
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Qiu S, Wang J, Tang C, Du D. Comparison of ELM, RF, and SVM on E-nose and E-tongue to trace the quality status of mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.). J FOOD ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Konduru T, Rains GC, Li C. Detecting sour skin infected onions using a customized gas sensor array. J FOOD ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Hines D, Karunwi O, Harrell WR, Guiseppi-Elie A. Choice of Electrode Metal Influences the Chemoresistive Vapor Response of Brominated SWCNTs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201500022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deon Hines
- Center for Bioelectronics, Biosensors and Biochips; Clemson University; Anderson SC 29625 USA
- Department of Chemistry and CASI; The City College of New York; NY 10031 USA
| | - Olukayode Karunwi
- Center for Bioelectronics, Biosensors and Biochips; Clemson University; Anderson SC 29625 USA
- Department of Bioengineering; Clemson University; Clemson SC 29634 USA
| | - William R. Harrell
- Holcombe Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Clemson University; Clemson SC 29634 USA
| | - Anthony Guiseppi-Elie
- Center for Bioelectronics, Biosensors and Biochips; Clemson University; Anderson SC 29625 USA
- Department of Bioengineering; Clemson University; Clemson SC 29634 USA
- Holcombe Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Clemson University; Clemson SC 29634 USA
- ABTECH Scientific, Inc.; 800 East Leigh Street; Richmond VA 23219 USA
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Leo M, Distante C, Bernabei M, Persaud K. An efficient approach for preprocessing data from a large-scale chemical sensor array. SENSORS 2014; 14:17786-806. [PMID: 25254304 PMCID: PMC4208249 DOI: 10.3390/s140917786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, an artificial olfactory system (Electronic Nose) that mimics the biological olfactory system is introduced. The device consists of a Large-Scale Chemical Sensor Array (16, 384 sensors, made of 24 different kinds of conducting polymer materials) that supplies data to software modules, which perform advanced data processing. In particular, the paper concentrates on the software components consisting, at first, of a crucial step that normalizes the heterogeneous sensor data and reduces their inherent noise. Cleaned data are then supplied as input to a data reduction procedure that extracts the most informative and discriminant directions in order to get an efficient representation in a lower dimensional space where it is possible to more easily find a robust mapping between the observed outputs and the characteristics of the odors in input to the device. Experimental qualitative proofs of the validity of the procedure are given by analyzing data acquired for two different pure analytes and their binary mixtures. Moreover, a classification task is performed in order to explore the possibility of automatically recognizing pure compounds and to predict binary mixture concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Leo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Optics, via della Libertà 3 Arnesano (Lecce), 73010, Italy.
| | - Cosimo Distante
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Optics, via della Libertà 3 Arnesano (Lecce), 73010, Italy.
| | - Mara Bernabei
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Krishna Persaud
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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Zhang Z, Liu L, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Wang Q. Effect of carbon dioxide enrichment on health-promoting compounds and organoleptic properties of tomato fruits grown in greenhouse. Food Chem 2013; 153:157-63. [PMID: 24491715 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of carbon dioxide (CO2) enrichment on the main health-promoting compounds and organoleptic characteristics of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits grown in greenhouse. The contents of health-promoting compounds, including lycopene, β-carotene, and ascorbic acid, as well as the flavour, indicated by sugars, titrable acidity, and sugar/acid ratio, were markedly increased in CO2 enrichment fruits. Furthermore, CO2 enrichment significantly enhanced other organoleptic characteristics, including colour, firmness, aroma, and sensory attributes in tomato fruits. The results indicated that CO2 enrichment has potential in promoting the nutritional value and organoleptic characteristics of tomatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Yongsong Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Qiaomei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China.
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