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Safari S, Amiri A, Badiei A. Selective detection of aspartic acid in human serum by a fluorescent probe based on CuInS 2@ZnS quantum dots. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 291:122294. [PMID: 36630810 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The importance of amino acids identification in biological systems has created expectation to develop a sensitive method for their detection. In this work, an efficient core-shell fluorescent quantum dots (QDs) probe based on CuInS2 (CIS) core and ZnS shell with the formula of CIS@ZnS QDs were synthesised and characterised by FT-IR, UV-Vis, TEM and DLS techniques. The probe was used for detection of Aspartic Acid (Asp) in an aqueous media. The probe shows a remarkable fluorescence response toward Asp over the other amino acids such as valine (Val), glycine (Gly), phenylalanine (Phe), leucine (Leu), alanine (Ala), serine (Ser), isoleucine (Iso), threonine (Thr), methionine (Met), Glutamic acid (Glu), histidine (His), arginine (Arg), cysteine (Cys), asparagine (Asn), glutamine (Gln), citrolline (Cit), sarcosine (Sar) and ornithine (Orn) the fluorescence intensity quenches significantly upon addition of Asp in an aqueous media. The CIS@ZnS QDs probe showed a selective and sensitive response by fluorescence quenching toward Asp in the concentration range of 8.3 × 10-7 M to 3.3 × 10-4 M with the detection limit of 7.8 × 10-8 M. The application of the sensor in determination of Asp in real human serum sample was also investigated. Based on our library search, the all reported fluorescent sensors for detection of Asp, either show a remarkable sensitivity to Glu acid. Luckily, this is the first presented optical probe able to detect just Asp from the solutions containing various amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Safari
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Amiri
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Alireza Badiei
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Imanzadeh H, Sefid-Sefidehkhan Y, Afshary H, Afruz A, Amiri M. Nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors for detection of amino acids. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 230:115390. [PMID: 37079932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and muscle tissue. They also play a significant role in physiological processes related to energy, recovery, mood, muscle and brain function, fat burning and stimulating growth hormone or insulin secretion. Accurate determination of amino acids in biological fluids is necessary because any changes in their normal ranges in the body warn diseases like kidney disease, liver disease, type 2 diabetes and cancer. To date, many methods such as liquid chromatography, fluorescence mass spectrometry, etc. have been used for the determination of amino acids. Compared with the above techniques, electrochemical systems using modified electrodes offer a rapid, accurate, cheap, real-time analytical path through simple operations with high selectivity and sensitivity. Nanomaterials have found many interests to create smart electrochemical sensors in different application fields e.g. biomedical, environmental, and food analysis because of their exceptional properties. This review summarizes recent advances in the development of nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors in 2017-2022 for the detection of amino acids in various matrices such as serum, urine, blood and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Imanzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | | | - Hosein Afshary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Ali Afruz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mandana Amiri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
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Baghal Behyar M, Hasanzadeh M, Seidi F, Shadjou N. Sensing of Amino Acids: Critical role of nanomaterials for the efficient biomedical analysis. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Mustafa YL, Keirouz A, Leese HS. Molecularly Imprinted Polymers in Diagnostics: Accessing Analytes in Biofluids. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:7418-7449. [DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00703g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bio-applied molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are biomimetic materials with tailor-made synthetic recognition sites, mimicking biological counterparts known for their sensitive and selective analyte detection. MIPs, specifically designed for biomarker analysis...
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Huy BT, Huong LTC, Linh PK, Huyen NTK, Tran NA, Tuan ND, Dao VD, Lee YI. Novel aspartic chiral optical sensor based on β-cyclodextrin-functionalized CdTe nanoparticles. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2021.109036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Parshina A, Kolganova T, Safronova E, Osipov A, Lapshina E, Yelnikova A, Bobreshova O, Yaroslavtsev A. Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membranes Thermally Treated and Modified by Dopants with Proton-Acceptor Properties for Asparaginate and Potassium Ions Determination in Pharmaceuticals. MEMBRANES 2019; 9:membranes9110142. [PMID: 31671647 PMCID: PMC6918371 DOI: 10.3390/membranes9110142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The influence of incorporation of the dopants with proton-acceptor properties into perfluorosulfonic acid cation exchange membranes (MF-4SC and Nafion), and their treatment conditions on the characteristics of Donnan potential (DP)-sensors (analytical signal is the Donnan potential) in the aqueous solutions containing asparaginate and potassium ions in a wide pH range was investigated. A silica, surface modified by 3-aminopropyl and 3-(2-imidazolin-1-yl)-propyl groups, was used as the dopant. The membranes were subjected to mechanical deformation and thermal treatment at various relative humidities. The relationship between water uptake and diffusion permeability of membranes subjected to modification and treatment and the cross sensitivity of DP-sensors based on them to counter and co-ions was studied. The multisensory systems for the simultaneous determination of asparaginate and potassium ions in a concentration range from 1.0 × 10-4 to 1.0 × 10-2 M and pH range from 4 to 8 were developed. An array of cross-sensitive DP-sensors based on MF-4SC membranes containing 3 wt.% SiO2 modified by 10 mol.% 3-aminopropyl and 3-(2-imidazolin-1-yl)-propyl was used for the potassium asparaginate hemihydrate and magnesium asparaginate pentahydrate determination in Panangin® (with an error of 2 and 4%, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Parshina
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Voronezh State University, Universitetskaya pl., 1, Voronezh 394018, Russia.
| | - Tatyana Kolganova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Voronezh State University, Universitetskaya pl., 1, Voronezh 394018, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina Safronova
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry RAS, Leninsky pr., 31, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Alexander Osipov
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry RAS, Leninsky pr., 31, Moscow 119991, Russia.
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1(3), Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina Lapshina
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Voronezh State University, Universitetskaya pl., 1, Voronezh 394018, Russia.
| | - Anastasia Yelnikova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Voronezh State University, Universitetskaya pl., 1, Voronezh 394018, Russia.
| | - Olga Bobreshova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Voronezh State University, Universitetskaya pl., 1, Voronezh 394018, Russia.
| | - Andrey Yaroslavtsev
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry RAS, Leninsky pr., 31, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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Gui R, Guo H, Jin H. Preparation and applications of electrochemical chemosensors based on carbon-nanomaterial-modified molecularly imprinted polymers. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:3325-3363. [PMID: 36133548 PMCID: PMC9419493 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00455f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The past few decades have witnessed a rapid development in electrochemical chemosensors (ECCSs). The integration of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) has endowed ECCSs with high selectivity and sensitivity toward target detection. Due to the integrated merits of MIPs and CNMs, CNM-modified MIPs as ECCSs have been widely reported and have excellent detection applications. This review systematically summarized the general categories, preparation strategies, and applications of ECCSs based on CNM-modified MIPs. The categories include CNM-modified MIPs often hybridized with various materials and CNM-encapsulated or CNM-combined imprinting silica and polymers on working electrodes or other substrates. The preparation strategies include the polymerization of MIPs on CNM-modified substrates, co-polymerization of MIPs and CNMs on substrates, drop-casting of MIPs on CNM-modified substrates, self-assembly of CNMs/MIP complexes on substrates, and so forth. We discussed the in situ polymerization, electro-polymerization, and engineering structures of CNM-modified MIPs. With regard to potential applications, we elaborated the detection mechanisms, signal transducer modes, target types, and electrochemical sensing of targets in real samples. In addition, this review discussed the present status, challenges, and prospects of CNM-modified MIP-based ECCSs. This comprehensive review is desirable for scientists from broad research fields and can promote the further development of MIP-based functional materials, CNM-based hybrid materials, advanced composites, and hybrid materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rijun Gui
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Intellectual Property Research Institute, Qingdao University Shandong 266071 PR China +86 532 85953981 +86 532 85953981
| | - Huijun Guo
- Advanced Fiber and Composites Research Institute, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology Jilin 132022 PR China
| | - Hui Jin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Intellectual Property Research Institute, Qingdao University Shandong 266071 PR China +86 532 85953981 +86 532 85953981
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Microwave Assisted Synthesis of N-Doped Carbon Dots: an Easy, Fast and Cheap Sensor for Determination of Aspartic Acid in Sport Supplements. J Fluoresc 2019; 29:751-756. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-019-02387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Radi AE, Wahdan T, El-Basiony A. Electrochemical Sensors Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Pharmaceuticals Analysis. CURR ANAL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411014666180501100131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
<P>Background: The electrochemical sensing of drugs in pharmaceutical formulations and biological matrices using molecular-imprinting polymer (MIP) as a recognition element combined with different electrochemical signal transduction has been widely developed. The MIP electrochemical sensors based on nanomaterials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, nanoparticles, as well as other electrode modifiers incorporated into the MIPs to enhance the performance of the sensor, have been discussed. The recent advances in enantioselective sensing using MIP-based electrochemical sensors have been described. </P><P> Methods: The molecular imprinting has more than six decades of history. MIPs were introduced in electrochemistry only in the 1990s by Mosbach and coworkers. This review covers recent literature published a few years ago. The future outlook for sensing, miniaturization and development of portable devices for multi-analyte detection of the target analytes was also given. </P><P> Results: The growing pharmaceutical interest in molecularly imprinted polymers is probably a direct consequence of its major advantages over other analytical techniques, namely, increased selectivity and sensitivity of the method. Due to the complexity of biological samples and the trace levels of drugs in biological samples, molecularly imprinted polymers have been used to improve the response signal, increase the sensitivity, and decrease the detection limit of the sensors. The emergence of nanomaterials opened a new horizon in designing integrated electrochemical systems. The success of obtaining a high-performance electrochemical sensor based on MIPs lies in the kind of material that builds up the detection platform. </P><P> Conclusion: The novel approaches to produce MIP materials, combined with electrochemical transduction to develop sensors for screening different pharmaceutically active compounds have been overviewed. MIPs may appear indispensable for sensing in harsh conditions, or sensing that requires longterm stability unachievable by biological receptors. The electrochemical sensors provide several benefits including low costs, shortening analysis time, simple design; portability; miniaturization, easy-touse, can be tailored using a simple procedure for particular applications. The performance of sensor can be improved by incorporating some conductive nanomaterials as AuNPs, CNTs, graphene, nanowires and magnetic nanoparticles in the polymeric matrix of MIP-based sensors. The application of new electrochemical sensing scaffolds based on novel multifunctional-MIPs is expected to be widely developed and used in the future.</P>
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd-Egawad Radi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dumyat University, Dumyat, Egypt
| | - Tarek Wahdan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, El-Arish, Egypt
| | - Amir El-Basiony
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dumyat University, Dumyat, Egypt
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Mastronardi E, Monreal C, DeRosa MC. Personalized Medicine for Crops? Opportunities for the Application of Molecular Recognition in Agriculture. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:6457-6461. [PMID: 28985063 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This perspective examines the detection of rhizosphere biomarkers, namely, root exudates and microbial metabolites, using molecular recognition elements, such as molecularly imprinted polymers, antibodies, and aptamers. Tracking these compounds in the rhizosphere could provide valuable insight into the status of the crop and soil in a highly localized way. The outlook and potential impact of the combination of molecular recognition and other innovations, such as nanotechnology and precision agriculture, and the comparison to advances in personalized medicine are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Mastronardi
- Department of Chemistry , Carleton University , 1125 Colonel By Drive , Ottawa , Ontario K1S 5B6 , Canada
| | - Carlos Monreal
- Agriculture and Agrifood Canada , 960 Carling Avenue , Neatby Building, Ottawa , Ontario K1Y 4X2 , Canada
| | - Maria C DeRosa
- Department of Chemistry , Carleton University , 1125 Colonel By Drive , Ottawa , Ontario K1S 5B6 , Canada
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George JM, Antony A, Mathew B. Metal oxide nanoparticles in electrochemical sensing and biosensing: a review. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:358. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-018-2894-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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David IG, Popa DE, Buleandra M. Pencil Graphite Electrodes: A Versatile Tool in Electroanalysis. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2017; 2017:1905968. [PMID: 28255500 PMCID: PMC5307002 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1905968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to their electrochemical and economical characteristics, pencil graphite electrodes (PGEs) gained in recent years a large applicability to the analysis of various types of inorganic and organic compounds from very different matrices. The electrode material of this type of working electrodes is constituted by the well-known and easy commercially available graphite pencil leads. Thus, PGEs are cheap and user-friendly and can be employed as disposable electrodes avoiding the time-consuming step of solid electrodes surface cleaning between measurements. When compared to other working electrodes PGEs present lower background currents, higher sensitivity, good reproducibility, and an adjustable electroactive surface area, permitting the analysis of low concentrations and small sample volumes without any deposition/preconcentration step. Therefore, this paper presents a detailed overview of the PGEs characteristics, designs and applications of bare, and electrochemically pretreated and chemically modified PGEs along with the corresponding performance characteristics like linear range and detection limit. Techniques used for bare or modified PGEs surface characterization are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia Gabriela David
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Panduri Av. 90–92, District 5, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dana-Elena Popa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Panduri Av. 90–92, District 5, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Buleandra
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Panduri Av. 90–92, District 5, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
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Zoppe JO, Ataman NC, Mocny P, Wang J, Moraes J, Klok HA. Surface-Initiated Controlled Radical Polymerization: State-of-the-Art, Opportunities, and Challenges in Surface and Interface Engineering with Polymer Brushes. Chem Rev 2017; 117:1105-1318. [PMID: 28135076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 598] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The generation of polymer brushes by surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization (SI-CRP) techniques has become a powerful approach to tailor the chemical and physical properties of interfaces and has given rise to great advances in surface and interface engineering. Polymer brushes are defined as thin polymer films in which the individual polymer chains are tethered by one chain end to a solid interface. Significant advances have been made over the past years in the field of polymer brushes. This includes novel developments in SI-CRP, as well as the emergence of novel applications such as catalysis, electronics, nanomaterial synthesis and biosensing. Additionally, polymer brushes prepared via SI-CRP have been utilized to modify the surface of novel substrates such as natural fibers, polymer nanofibers, mesoporous materials, graphene, viruses and protein nanoparticles. The last years have also seen exciting advances in the chemical and physical characterization of polymer brushes, as well as an ever increasing set of computational and simulation tools that allow understanding and predictions of these surface-grafted polymer architectures. The aim of this contribution is to provide a comprehensive review that critically assesses recent advances in the field and highlights the opportunities and challenges for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin O Zoppe
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nariye Cavusoglu Ataman
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Piotr Mocny
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jian Wang
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John Moraes
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Iacob BC, Bodoki E, Florea A, Bodoki AE, Oprean R. Simultaneous Enantiospecific Recognition of Several β-Blocker Enantiomers Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Electrochemical Sensor. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2755-63. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504036m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan-Cezar Iacob
- Analytical
Chemistry Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4, Louis Pasteur Street, 400349, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ede Bodoki
- Analytical
Chemistry Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4, Louis Pasteur Street, 400349, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adrian Florea
- Cell
and Molecular Biology Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6, Louis Pasteur Street, 400349, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andreea Elena Bodoki
- General
and Inorganic Chemistry Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 12, Ion Creanga Street, 400010, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Radu Oprean
- Analytical
Chemistry Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4, Louis Pasteur Street, 400349, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Tiwari MP, Prasad A. Molecularly imprinted polymer based enantioselective sensing devices: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 853:1-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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